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Paparella A, Kongala PR, Serio A, Rossi C, Shaltiel-Harpaza L, Husaini AM, Ibdah M. Challenges and Opportunities in the Sustainable Improvement of Carrot Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2092. [PMID: 39124210 PMCID: PMC11314595 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
From an agricultural perspective, carrots are a significant tap root vegetable crop in the Apiaceae family because of their nutritional value, health advantages, and economic importance. The edible part of a carrot, known as the storage root, contains various beneficial compounds, such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and other nutrients. It has a crucial role in human nutrition as a significant vegetable and raw material in the nutraceutical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The cultivation of carrot fields is susceptible to a wide range of biotic and abiotic hazards, which can significantly damage the plants' health and decrease yield and quality. Scientific research mostly focuses on important biotic stressors, including pests, such as nematodes and carrot flies, as well as diseases, such as cavity spots, crown or cottony rot, black rot, and leaf blight, caused by bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. The emerging challenges in the field include gaining a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between hosts and pathogens in the carrot-pathogen system, identifying the elements that contribute to disease development, expanding knowledge of systemic treatments, exploring host resistance mechanisms, developing integrated control programs, and enhancing resistance through breeding approaches. In fact, the primary carrot-growing regions in tropical and subtropical climates are experiencing abiotic pressures, such as drought, salinity, and heat stress, which limit carrot production. This review provides an extensive, up-to-date overview of the literature on biotic and abiotic factors for enhanced and sustainable carrot production, considering the use of different technologies for the shelf-life extension of carrots. Therefore, it addresses the current issues in the carrot production chain, opening new perspectives for the exploration of carrots both as a food commodity and as a source of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Paparella
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Prasada Rao Kongala
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Annalisa Serio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Liora Shaltiel-Harpaza
- Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel Hai College, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Amjad M. Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar 19005, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
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Ismail J, Shebaby WN, Daher J, Boulos JC, Taleb R, Daher CF, Mroueh M. The Wild Carrot ( Daucus carota): A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:93. [PMID: 38202401 PMCID: PMC10781147 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Daucus carota L., a member of the Apiaceae family, comprises 13 subspecies, with one being cultivated (D. carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) and the remaining being wild. Traditionally, the wild carrot has been recognized for its antilithic, diuretic, carminative, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties and has been employed in the treatment of urinary calculus, cystitis, gout, prostatitis, and cancer. While extensive literature is available on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic evaluations of the cultivated carrot, limited information has been published on the wild carrot. A thorough search was conducted on the phytochemical composition, folk-medicine uses, and pharmacological properties of wild carrot subspecies (Daucus carota L. ssp. carota). Various electronic databases were consulted, and the literature spanning from 1927 to early 2023 was reviewed. Thirteen wild Daucus carota subspecies were analyzed, revealing over 310 compounds, including terpenoids, phenylpropenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, with 40 constituting more than 3% of the composition. This review also highlights the antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, hypolipidemic, and hepato- and gastroprotective properties of wild carrot subspecies. Existing in vitro and in vivo studies support their traditional uses in treating infections, inflammation, and cancer. However, further research on other subspecies is required to confirm additional applications. Well-designed preclinical and clinical trials are still necessary to establish the safety and efficacy of wild Daucus carota for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ismail
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon; (J.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Wassim N. Shebaby
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon; (J.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Joey Daher
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon;
| | - Joelle C. Boulos
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Robin Taleb
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon; (R.T.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Costantine F. Daher
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon; (R.T.); (C.F.D.)
- Alice Ramez Chagoury School of Nursing, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Mroueh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon; (J.I.); (M.M.)
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Fragkouli R, Antonopoulou M, Asimakis E, Spyrou A, Kosma C, Zotos A, Tsiamis G, Patakas A, Triantafyllidis V. Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends. Metabolites 2023; 13:967. [PMID: 37755247 PMCID: PMC10535963 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and implementation of safe natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgent needs that will provide ecological solutions for the control of plant diseases, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, and weeds to ensure the economic stability of farmers and food security, as well as protection of the environment and human health. Unambiguously, production of botanical pesticides will allow for the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources and finally decrease the use of chemical inputs and burden. This is further underlined by the strict regulations on pesticide residues in agricultural products and is in harmony with the Farm to Fork strategy, which aims to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2030. Thus, the present work aims to compile the scientific knowledge of the last 5 years (2017-February 2023) regarding the Mediterranean plants that present biopesticidal effects. The literature review revealed 40 families of Mediterranean plants with at least one species that have been investigated as potential biopesticides. However, only six families had the highest number of species, and they were reviewed comprehensively in this study. Following a systematic approach, the extraction methods, chemical composition, biopesticidal activity, and commonly used assays for evaluating the antimicrobial, pesticidal, repellant, and herbicidal activity of plant extracts, as well as the toxicological and safety aspects of biopesticide formulation, are discussed in detail. Finally, the aspects that have not yet been investigated or are under-investigated and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Fragkouli
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (R.F.); (C.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.A.); (E.A.); (A.S.); (A.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Elias Asimakis
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.A.); (E.A.); (A.S.); (A.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Alexandra Spyrou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.A.); (E.A.); (A.S.); (A.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Chariklia Kosma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (R.F.); (C.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasios Zotos
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.A.); (E.A.); (A.S.); (A.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.A.); (E.A.); (A.S.); (A.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Angelos Patakas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (R.F.); (C.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Vassilios Triantafyllidis
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (R.F.); (C.K.); (A.P.)
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Khemis E, Mustapha MB, Chaieb I, Ascrizzi R, Flamini G, Harrath AH, Jannet HB, Zardi-Bergaoui A. Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity against Tribolium Castaneum of Thapsia garganica L. Seed Essential Oil. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200646. [PMID: 36649489 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the several side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, and the development of pest resistance to insecticides, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. Recently, the use of essential oil obtained from aromatic plants has shown significant potential for insect pest management. For this reason, the essential oil isolated from seeds of Thapsia garganica L. was investigated for the first time for its chemical profile, and its toxicity and repellency effects against Tribolium castaneum adults. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of 18 organic volatiles representing 96.8 % of the total constituents. The main compounds were 1,4-dimethylazulene (51.3 %) followed by methyl palmitate (8.2 %), methyl linoleate (6.2 %) and costol (5.1 %). Concerning the repellent effect, results revealed that SEO (Seed Essential Oil) was very repellent towards T. castaneum adults, with 100 % repellency after 2 h of exposure. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited remarkable contact toxicity against T. castaneum (93.3 % of mortality) at the concentration of 10 % (v/v). The median lethal dose (LD50 ) of the topical application of the seed essential oil was 4.4 %. These encouraging outcomes suggested that the essential oil from T. garganica seeds could be considered a potent natural alternative to residual persistent and toxic insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Khemis
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mayssa Ben Mustapha
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ikbel Chaieb
- University of Sousse, Regional Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, 57, ChottMariem, TN-4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Afifa Zardi-Bergaoui
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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Doll KM, Muturi EJ, Flor-Weiler LB. Combining TEMPO and methyl undecenoate to produce an effective anti-mosquito compound with convenient spin-labeling. Exp Parasitol 2022; 244:108440. [PMID: 36495953 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A general method to spin-label a fatty acid was demonstrated as well as an assay of the effectiveness of methyl 10-undecenoate and the spin-labeled version, against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. The LC50s were 66 and 58 μL/120 mL (55 and 48 ppm) respectively, and the LC90s were 108 and 90 μL/120 mL (113 and 90) ppm. This shows that the spin-label has very little effect on the larvicidal activity of the compound. This opens the possibility of the use of spin-labeling as a tool to determine mechanisms of larvicidal effectiveness, as it can be employed without altering the system under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Doll
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bio-Oils Research Unit, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Ephantus J Muturi
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Lina B Flor-Weiler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
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Kostić I, Lazarević J, Šešlija Jovanović D, Kostić M, Marković T, Milanović S. Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2194. [PMID: 34686003 PMCID: PMC8538750 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)) is a serious pest of hardwood forests. In the search for an environmentally safe means of its control, we assessed the impact of different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) from the seeds of three Apiaceae plants (anise Pimpinella anisum, dill Anethum graveolens, and fennel Foeniculum vulgare) on behavior, mortality, molting and nutritional physiology of gypsy moth larvae (GML). EOs efficacy was compared with commercial insecticide NeemAzal®-T/S (neem). The main compounds in the Eos were trans-anethole in anise; carvone, limonene, and α-phellandrene in dill; and trans-anethole and fenchone in fennel seed. At 1% EOs concentration, anise and fennel were better antifeedants and all three EOs were more toxic than neem. Neem was superior in delaying 2nd to 3rd larval molting. In the 4th instar, 0.5%, anise and fennel EOs decreased relative consumption rate more than neem, whereas all three EOs were more effective in reducing growth rate, approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of food into body mass leading to higher metabolic costs to GML. Decrease in consumption and metabolic parameters compared to control GML confirmed that adverse effects of the EOs stem from both pre- and post-ingestive mechanisms. The results indicate the potential of three EOs to be used for gypsy moth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kostić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Darka Šešlija Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Miroslav Kostić
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatjana Marković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; or
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Sousa RMOF, Cunha AC, Fernandes-Ferreira M. The potential of Apiaceae species as sources of singular phytochemicals and plant-based pesticides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112714. [PMID: 33845406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Apiaceae Lindl. (=Umbelliferae Juss.), which includes several economical important vegetables, herbs, and spices, is one of the most numerous plant family. Umbelliferous crops (namely anise, fennel, carrot, coriander, parsley, etc.) are also valuable sources of botanical flavoring agents and fragrances. In addition, Apiaceae species yield a wide variety of distinctive specialized metabolites (i.e, volatile phenylpropanoids, furanocoumarins, sesquiterpene coumarins, polyacetylenes, and phthalides), some of them been described as uncommon natural phytochemicals exclusive of the family, which offers a great potential for bioprospection. Numerous studies have pointed out the outstanding biological activity of extracts and several classes of phytochemicals from Apiaceae species. Emphasis has been given to essential oils (EOs) and their constituents activities, most likely because this type of plant added value product benefits from a larger acceptance and application potential in integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated vector management (IVM) programs. Several species of the family offer a variety of unique compounds with great potential as biopesticidal and/or synergizing agents. Investigations covering their activity toward agricultural pests and phytopathogens have increased in the last years, nevertheless the interest remains strongly focus on arthropod species, predominantly those acting as vectors of human diseases. From our survey, it is patent the gap of knowledge concerning the potential molluscicidal properties of Apiaceae extracts/phytochemicals, as well as their herbicidal activities against invasive plant species. In this review, we propose to highlight the potential of Apiaceae species as suitable sources of bioactive phytochemicals with great relevance within the frame of plant-based pesticides R&D, and will discuss their applicability in real-world scenarios considering the recent developments regarding the design of stable formulations incorporating Apiaceae bioactive products. We expect that this review will encourage researchers to consider undervalued Apiaceae species as alternative sources of bioactive compounds and will give a contribute to the field by suggesting new research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Marie O F Sousa
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production, Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana C Cunha
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Biology Department & CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production, Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; MAPPROD Lda, Rua António de Mariz, 22, 4715-279, Braga, Portugal.
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Xiang JY, Chi YY, Han JX, Xiang H, Xie Q. The Toxicity and Attenuation Methods of Toxic Chinese Materia Medica for its Reasonable Application: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:41-67. [PMID: 33416023 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over a millennia, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat various diseases in China. In recent years, more and more Chinese materia medica (CMM) have been studied in scientific research projects, applied in clinical practice, and their extracts have even appeared in some health products. However, the toxicity of some CMM is often overlooked, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc. In this review, the toxic components and their toxicological mechanisms of some toxic CMM were listed according to the chemical structure classification of toxic components. Afterwards, the traditional methods (processing and compatibility) and modern methods (structural modification, biotransformation, etc.) of attenuation of CMM were discussed. Since ancient times, it has been said that "fight fire with fire, fight poison with poison," and toxic CMM are of great significance in the treatment of difficult and severe diseases. The rational application of toxic CMM and their components in clinical practice was also exemplified in this review. While the pharmacological effects of TCMs have been emphasized, the scientific attenuation and rational application of toxic components should be concerned. We hope this review can provide a reference for future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yu Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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Luz TRSA, de Mesquita LSS, Amaral FMMD, Coutinho DF. Essential oils and their chemical constituents against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105705. [PMID: 32956639 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focused on the toxicity of essential oils and their constituents against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae, a key vector of important arboviral diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, zika, and yellow fever. This review is based on original articles obtained by searching major databases in the last six years. Our literature review shows that 337 essential oils from 225 plant species have been tested for larvicidal bioactivity. More than 60% of these essential oils were considered active (LC50<100 µg/mL). Most species belong to the families Lamiaceae (19.3%), Lauraceae (9.9%), and Myrtaceae (9.4%). The plants studied for their larvicidal activity against A. aegypti were mainly collected in India and Brazil (30 and 20%, respectively) and the parts of the plants most used were the leaves. Less than 10% of essential oils were evaluated for toxicity against non-target organisms and with the aim to demonstrate safe use. The most used plant parts are leaves and the main compounds of essential oils were described. The most active essential oils are rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbons. Here, factors affecting bioactivity (chemical composition, plant parts, and harvesting site) of essential oils and their constituents, as well as safety to non-target organisms are discussed. Essential oils have considerable potential against A. aegypti. This review shows that essential oils might be used to control arboviruses, and further studies on safety and formulations for application in the field should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássio Rômulo Silva Araújo Luz
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy and Biotechnology in Health (LaFiBioS), Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Ludmilla Santos Silva de Mesquita
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy and Biotechnology in Health (LaFiBioS), Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Flavia Maria Mendonça do Amaral
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy and Biotechnology in Health (LaFiBioS), Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Denise Fernandes Coutinho
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy and Biotechnology in Health (LaFiBioS), Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Muturi EJ, Hay WT, Doll KM, Ramirez JL, Selling G. Insecticidal Activity of Commiphora erythraea Essential Oil and Its Emulsions Against Larvae of Three Mosquito Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1835-1842. [PMID: 32474606 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of essential oils as ecofriendly tools for vector management is one of the mainstreams for biopesticide research. We evaluated the larvicidal properties of Commiphora erythraea (opoponax) essential oil and its fractions against Culex restuans Theobald, Culex pipiens L., and Aedes aegypti L. The use of bio-based amylose-N-1-hexadecylammonium chloride inclusion complex (Hex-Am) and amylose-sodium palmitate inclusion complex (Na-Palm) as emulsifiers for C. erythraea essential oil was also investigated. Bisabolene was the most abundant chemical constituent in the whole essential oil (33.9%), fraction 2 (62.5%), and fraction 4 (23.8%) while curzerene (32.6%) and α-santalene (30.1%) were the dominant chemical constituents in fractions 1 and 3, respectively. LC50 values for the whole essential oil were 19.05 ppm for Cx. restuans, 22.61 ppm for Cx. pipiens, and 29.83 ppm for Ae. aegypti and differed significantly. None of the four C. erythraea essential oil fractions were active against mosquito larvae. Two CYP450 genes (CYP6M11 and CYP6N12) and one GST gene (GST-2) were significantly upregulated in Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to C. erythraea essential oil suggesting their potential involvement in metabolic pathways for C. erythraea essential oil. Essential oil emulsions produced with Hex-Am were more toxic than the whole essential oil while those produced with Na-Palm had similar toxicity as the whole essential oil. These findings demonstrate that C. erythraea essential oil is a promising source of mosquito larvicide and that the use of Hex-Am as an emulsifier can enhance the insecticidal properties of C. erythraea essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, NCAUR, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL
| | - William T Hay
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, NCAUR, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL
| | - Kenneth M Doll
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, NCAUR, Bio-Oils Research Unit, Peoria, IL
| | - Jose L Ramirez
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, NCAUR, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL
| | - Gordon Selling
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, NCAUR, Plant Polymer Research Unit, Peoria, IL
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de Souza MA, da Silva L, Dos Santos MAC, Macêdo MJF, Lacerda-Neto LJ, Coutinho HDM, de Oliveira LCC, Cunha FAB. Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4092-4111. [PMID: 32767924 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200806100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti is responsible for the transmission of arboviruses, which compromise public health. In the search for synthetic product alternatives, essential oils (OEs) have been highlighted by many researchers as natural insecticides. This systematic review (SR) was performed according to PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and its objective was to evaluate studies addressing OEs with larvicidal properties against Ae. aegypti, through electronic database searches (Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo), covering an overview of the plant sources OEs, which plant parts were used, the extraction methods, analytical techniques, major and/or secondary constituents with greater percentages, as well as the LC50s responsible for larval mortality. Following study analysis, plants distributed across 32 families, 90 genera and 175 species were identified. The Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae families obtained the highest number of species with toxic properties against larvae from this vector. Practically all plant parts were found to be used for OE extraction. Hydrodistillation and steam distillation were the main extraction methods identified, with GC-MS/GC-FID representing the main analytical techniques used to reveal their chemical composition, especially of terpene compounds. In this context, OEs are promising alternatives for the investigation of natural, ecologically correct and biodegradable insecticides with the potential to be used in Ae. aegypti control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael A de Souza
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Larissa da Silva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Maria A C Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Márcia J F Macêdo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Luiz J Lacerda-Neto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Lígia C C de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
| | - Francisco A B Cunha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil
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A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System: A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8035301. [PMID: 32508955 PMCID: PMC7246407 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8035301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds have a long history of use as medicines in most recorded cultures. An increasing interest in these therapeutic volatile molecules in both scientific and lay communities has led to the advancement of essential oils as phytomedicines. Recent discoveries suggest essential oils augment the endocannabinoid system in a positive manner to mitigate various pathologies. However, the exact mechanisms whereby essential oils influence endocannabinoid system activity are not fully known, these studies provide a glimpse into their involvement and warrant further evaluation. Additional study of the interaction between essential oils and the endocannabinoid system may lead to promising phytomedicines for the treatment of diseases and conditions involving dysregulation or activation of the endocannabinoid system.
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