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Saraiva JF, Souto RNP, Scarpassa VM. Molecular taxonomy and evolutionary relationships in the Oswaldoi-Konderi complex (Anophelinae: Anopheles: Nyssorhynchus) from the Brazilian Amazon region. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193591. [PMID: 29505595 PMCID: PMC5837296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Anopheles oswaldoi sensu lato comprises a cryptic species complex in South America. Anopheles konderi, which was previously raised to synonymy with An. oswaldoi, has also been suggested to form a species complex. An. oswaldoi has been incriminated as a malaria vector in some areas of the Brazilian Amazon, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, but was not recognized as a vector in the remaining regions in its geographic distribution. The role of An. konderi as a malaria vector is unknown or has been misattributed to An. oswaldoi. The focus of this study was molecular identification to infer the evolutionary relationships and preliminarily delimit the geographic distribution of the members of these complexes in the Brazilian Amazon region. The specimens were sampled from 18 localities belonging to five states in the Brazilian Amazon and sequenced for two molecular markers: the DNA barcode region (COI gene of mitochondrial DNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2 ribosomal DNA). COI (83 sequences) and ITS2 (27 sequences) datasets generated 43 and 10 haplotypes, respectively. Haplotype networks and phylogenetic analyses generated with the barcode region (COI gene) recovered five groups corresponding to An. oswaldoi s.s., An. oswaldoi B, An. oswaldoi A, An. konderi and An. sp. nr. konderi; all pairwise genetic distances were greater than 3%. The group represented by An. oswaldoi A exhibited three strongly supported lineages. The molecular dating indicated that the diversification process in these complexes started approximately 2.8 Mya, in the Pliocene. These findings confirm five very closely related species and present new records for these species in the Brazilian Amazon region. The paraphyly observed for the An. oswaldoi complex suggests that An. oswaldoi and An. konderi complexes may comprise a unique species complex named Oswaldoi-Konderi. Anopheles oswaldoi B may be a potential malaria vector in the extreme north of the Brazilian Amazon, whereas evidence of sympatry for the remaining species in other parts of the Brazilian Amazon (Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia) precluded identification of probable vectors in those areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ferreira Saraiva
- Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Nonato Picanço Souto
- Laboratório de Arthropoda, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Vera Margarete Scarpassa
- Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ruiz-Lopez F, Wilkerson RC, Ponsonby DJ, Herrera M, Sallum MAM, Velez ID, Quiñones ML, Flores-Mendoza C, Chadee DD, Alarcon J, Alarcon-Ormasa J, Linton YM. Systematics of the oswaldoi complex (Anopheles, Nyssorhynchus) in South America. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:324. [PMID: 24499562 PMCID: PMC3843595 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective malaria control relies on accurate identification of those Anopheles mosquitoes responsible for the transmission of Plasmodium parasites. Anopheles oswaldoi s.l. has been incriminated as a malaria vector in Colombia and some localities in Brazil, but not ubiquitously throughout its Neotropical range. This evidence together with variable morphological characters and genetic differences supports that An. oswaldoi s.l. compromises a species complex. The recent fully integrated redescription of An. oswaldoi s.s. provides a solid taxonomic foundation from which to molecularly determine other members of the complex. METHODS DNA sequences of the Second Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2 - rDNA) (n = 192) and the barcoding region of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI - mtDNA) (n = 110) were generated from 255 specimens of An. oswaldoi s.l. from 33 localities: Brazil (8 localities, including the lectotype series of An. oswaldoi), Ecuador (4), Colombia (17), Trinidad and Tobago (1), and Peru (3). COI sequences were analyzed employing the Kimura-two-parameter model (K2P), Bayesian analysis (MrBayes), Mixed Yule-Coalescent model (MYC, for delimitation of clusters) and TCS genealogies. RESULTS Separate and combined analysis of the COI and ITS2 data sets unequivocally supported four separate species: two previously determined (An. oswaldoi s.s. and An. oswaldoi B) and two newly designated species in the Oswaldoi Complex (An. oswaldoi A and An. sp. nr. konderi). The COI intra- and inter-specific genetic distances for the four taxa were non-overlapping, averaging 0.012 (0.007 to 0.020) and 0.052 (0.038 to 0.064), respectively. The concurring four clusters delineated by MrBayes and MYC, and four independent TCS networks, strongly confirmed their separate species status. In addition, An. konderi of Sallum should be regarded as unique with respect to the above. Despite initially being included as an outgroup taxon, this species falls well within the examined taxa, suggesting a combined analysis of these taxa would be most appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Through novel data and retrospective comparison of available COI and ITS2 DNA sequences, evidence is shown to support the separate species status of An. oswaldoi s.s., An. oswaldoi A and An. oswaldoi B, and at least two species in the closely related An. konderi complex (An. sp. nr. konderi, An. konderi of Sallum). Although An. oswaldoi s.s. has never been implicated in malaria transmission, An. oswaldoi B is a confirmed vector and the new species An. oswaldoi A and An. sp. nr. konderi are circumstantially implicated, most likely acting as secondary vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA
| | - David J Ponsonby
- Department of Geographical and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - Manuela Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidad de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Dario Velez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martha L Quiñones
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Dave D Chadee
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Joubert Alarcon
- Servicio Nacional de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores Artrópodos, Ministerio Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Joubert Alarcon-Ormasa
- Servicio Nacional de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores Artrópodos, Ministerio Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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