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Aminian O, Moinfar Z, Eftekhari S, Esser A, Schettgen T, Felten M, Kaifie A, Kraus T. Association of plasma levels of lipid and polychlorinated biphenyls in Iranian adult. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03775. [PMID: 32322735 PMCID: PMC7160561 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continues over the world through seafood consumption and indoor exposure to building materials containing PCB. This study aimed to assess the relationship between plasma level of PCB congeners and lipid profile and Body Mass Index (BMI) as well. Methods The study population consisted of 181 Iranian adults. Data on BMI, plasma concentration of PCB congeners and serum level of lipid profile including Triglyceride, low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins, recruited from database of a project entitled “Occupational and environmental exposure to PCBs in Iran”. Multiple linear regression analysis of associations between different quartiles of PCB congeners and various lipid fractions and BMI have been conducted. Results A linear increase in average serum Triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels of participants in first, second, third and fourth quartiles of some PCB congeners was obtained. Following adjustment for age, gender, diet and other variables, only the association between different quartiles of PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 118 and PCB sum and TG remained statistically significant. Conclusion The study showed a significant positive relation between plasma PCBs concentrations and serum level of TG in the study population with normal PCBs levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Aminian
- Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Moinfar
- Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Eftekhari
- Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Felten
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kaifie
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University Aachen, Germany
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Murugesan P, Senthilkumar J, Balasubramanian K, Aruldhas MM, Arunakaran J. Impact of polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254 on testicular antioxidant system in adult rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:61-6. [PMID: 15850280 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht500oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the reproductive toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds through determination of testicular lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in rats exposed to Aroclor 1254. Adult male rats were administered Aroclor 1254 at a dose of 2 mg/kg per day ip for 30 days. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after last dosing and the serum and other tissues collected and processed for relevant determinations. The body weight and the weights of the testis, epididymis, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle and the serum testosterone and estradiol were significantly decreased in Aroclor 1254 treated rats. The testicular lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical were significantly elevated whereas, testicular antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly decreased. The non-enzymatic antioxidants, vitamin C and vitamin E, were also decreased. These results suggest that Aroclor 1254 induces an increase in the lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical and diminish in the antioxidant defense system in rats, indicating that the free radical-dependent mechanism may play an important role in the testicular toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murugesan
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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Menzie J, Prentice H, Wu JY. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Taurine against Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci 2013; 3:877-907. [PMID: 24961429 PMCID: PMC4061860 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke exhibits a multiplicity of pathophysiological mechanisms. To address the diverse pathophysiological mechanisms observed in ischemic stroke investigators seek to find therapeutic strategies that are multifaceted in their action by either investigating multipotential compounds or by using a combination of compounds. Taurine, an endogenous amino acid, exhibits a plethora of physiological functions. It exhibits antioxidative properties, stabilizes membrane, functions as an osmoregulator, modulates ionic movements, reduces the level of pro-inflammators, regulates intracellular calcium concentration; all of which contributes to its neuroprotective effect. Data are accumulating that show the neuroprotective mechanisms of taurine against stroke pathophysiology. In this review, we describe the neuroprotective mechanisms employed by taurine against ischemic stroke and its use in clinical trial for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Menzie
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Howard Prentice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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Goncharov A, Haase RF, Santiago-Rivera A, Morse G, McCaffrey RJ, Rej R, Carpenter DO. High serum PCBs are associated with elevation of serum lipids and cardiovascular disease in a Native American population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 106:226-39. [PMID: 18054906 PMCID: PMC2258089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the relationships among the concentration of total serum polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), various PCB congener groupings, and three pesticides to total serum lipids in humans with and without self-reported cardiovascular disease. Blood samples were obtained from 335 adult Akwesasne Mohawks, and were analyzed for 101 PCB congeners, mirex, dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene (DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), as well as serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Structural equation modeling, following the definition of latent variables by means of confirmatory factor analysis, was used to analyze the relationships between serum lipids with PCBs and heart disease. There were significant associations among PCBs, lipids, age, and body mass index (BMI), a fact which justified the application of the structural equation model. Gender of the participant was unrelated to any of the remaining study variables. The results of this study are consistent with a model in which age is considered as both an exogenous explanatory variable and a biological driving mechanism for the acquisition of PCBs. Moreover, the results of this study are consistent with the conclusion that PCBs, acting through P450 enzymes, are directly responsible for increased synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides, substances known to be major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Goncharov
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144
| | - Richard F. Haase
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Azara Santiago-Rivera
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Gayle Morse
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222
- Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne via Hogansburg, NY 13655
| | | | - Robert J. McCaffrey
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Robert Rej
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509 and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144
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Venkataraman P, Muthuvel R, Krishnamoorthy G, Arunkumar A, Sridhar M, Srinivasan N, Balasubramanian K, Aruldhas MM, Arunakaran J. PCB (Aroclor 1254) enhances oxidative damage in rat brain regions: protective role of ascorbic acid. Neurotoxicology 2006; 28:490-8. [PMID: 17141323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PCBs are one of the environmental toxicants and neurotoxic compounds which induce the production of free radicals leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a contributing factor to alteration caused in neurodegenerative processes. The ability of Vitamin C to retard oxidative processes has been recognized for many years. Therefore, the present experiment was carried out to determine the antioxidant role of ascorbate on Aroclor 1254 induced oxidative stress in brain regions of albino rats. One group of rats received corn oil as vehicle for 30 days as control. The other group of rats were administered Aroclor 1254 at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw/day intraperitoneally for 30 days. One group of rats received Vitamin C (100 mg/kg bw/day) orally simultaneously with Aroclor 1254 for 30 days. The brain was dissected to cerebral cortex (Cc), cerebellum (C) and hippocampus (H). Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Vitamin C were estimated. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and acetylcholine esterase activity (AchE) were determined. Activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, AchE and the concentration of GSH, Vitamin C were decreased while an increase in H(2)O(2) and LPO were observed in brain regions of PCB treated animals. Vitamin C administration retrieved all the parameters except GST, significantly. These results suggest that PCB induces oxidative stress in rat brain by decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, which can be protected by Vitamin C treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Venkataraman
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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Murugesan P, Muthusamy T, Balasubramanian K, Arunakaran J. Studies on the protective role of vitamin C and E against polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254)--induced oxidative damage in Leydig cells. Free Radic Res 2006; 39:1259-72. [PMID: 16298753 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500308154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Free radical production and lipid peroxidation are potentially important mediators in testicular physiology and toxicology. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are global environmental contaminants that cause disruption of the endocrine system in human and animals. The present study was conducted to elucidate the protective role of vitamin C and E against Aroclor 1254-induced changes in Leydig cell steroidogenesis and antioxidant system. Adult male rats were dosed for 30 days with daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 2 mg/kg Aroclor or vehicle (corn oil). One group of rats was treated with vitamin C (100 mg/kg bw/day) while the other group was treated with vitamin E (50 mg/kg bw/day) orally, simultaneously with Aroclor 1254 for 30 days. One day after the last treatment, animals were euthanized and blood was collected for the assay of serum hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), testosterone and estradiol. Testes were quickly removed and Leydig cells were isolated in aseptic condition. Purity of Leydig cells was determined by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) staining method. Purified Leydig cells were used for quantification of cell surface LH receptors and steroidogenic enzymes such as cytochrome P(450) side chain cleavage enzyme (P(450)scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta- HSD). Leydig cellular enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C and E were assayed. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also estimated in Leydig cells. Aroclor 1254 treatment significantly reduced the serum LH, TSH, PRL, T(3), T(4), testosterone and estradiol. In addition to this, Leydig cell surface LH receptors, activities of the steroidogenic enzymes such as cytochrome P(450)scc, 3beta-HSD, 17beta-HSD, antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPX, GR, gamma-GT, GST and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C and E were significantly diminished whereas, LPO and ROS were markedly elevated. However, the simultaneous administration of vitamin C and E in Aroclor 1254 exposed rats resulted a significant restoration of all the above-mentioned parameters to the control level. These observations suggest that vitamin C and E have ameliorative role against adverse effects of PCB on Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Murugesan
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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Muthuvel R, Venkataraman P, Krishnamoorthy G, Gunadharini DN, Kanagaraj P, Jone Stanley A, Srinivasan N, Balasubramanian K, Aruldhas MM, Arunakaran J. Antioxidant effect of ascorbic acid on PCB (Aroclor 1254) induced oxidative stress in hypothalamus of albino rats. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 365:297-303. [PMID: 16248992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCBs are one of the environmental toxicants and neurotoxic compounds which induce the production of free radicals leading to oxidative stress. Vitamin C is well known as an outstanding antioxidant. We determined the protective role of ascorbate on hypothalamic antioxidant system of Aroclor 1254 exposed rats. METHODS The rats were injected Aroclor 1254 at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw/day intraperitoneally for 30 days. One group of rats received vitamin C (100 mg/kg bw/day) orally simultaneously with Aroclor 1254 for 30 days. Twenty-four hours after last treatment, the animals were killed and hypothalamic region was separated from brain tissue. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and vitamin C were estimated. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity were determined. Serum gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were also assayed. RESULTS Activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, AchE and the concentration of vitamin C were decreased while an increase in H(2)O(2) and LPO were observed in hypothalamus of PCB treated animals. LH and FSH concentrations were also decreased in serum of PCB exposed animals. Vitamin C administration retrieved all the parameters significantly except serum hormonal profiles. CONCLUSION PCB induces oxidative stress in hypothalamus by decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, which can be protected by vitamin C treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Muthuvel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Madras, Taramani campus, Chennai 600113, India
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Ritchie JM, Vial SL, Fuortes LJ, Robertson LW, Guo H, Reedy VE, Smith EM. Comparison of proposed frameworks for grouping polychlorinated biphenyl congener data applied to a case-control pilot study of prostate cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 98:104-113. [PMID: 15721890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the commercial synthesis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been banned in the United States for several decades, they are persistent in the environment with exposure mainly being through diet. The biologic and toxic effects of PCBs and their metabolites are due in part to their ability to interact with several cellular and nuclear receptors, thereby altering signaling pathways and gene transcription. These effects include endocrine modulation and disruption. Therefore, the natural history of cancer in tissues expressing these receptors may be modulated by PCB congeners, which are known to have estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and other hormonal effects. Several frameworks for grouping PCB congeners based on these interactions have been proposed. We conducted a hospital-based, case-control pilot study of 58 prostate cancer cases and 99 controls to evaluate the association between the proposed PCB groupings and the risk of prostate cancer. Serum samples were analyzed for a total of 30 PCBs. In multivariate analyses, the odds of prostate cancer among men with the highest concentrations of moderately chlorinated PCBs or PCBs with phenobarbital-like activities (constitutively active receptor (CAR) agonists) was over two times that among men with the lowest concentrations. Increasing trends in risk across the concentration levels were also observed. These results suggest that a higher burden of PCBs that are CAR agonists may be positively associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer and they encourage further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Ritchie
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Schaffer S, Azuma J, Takahashi K, Mozaffari M. Why is taurine cytoprotective? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 526:307-21. [PMID: 12908615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0077-3_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
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Okazaki Y, Katayama T. Effects of dietary carbohydrate and myo-inositol on metabolic changes in rats fed 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT). J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:81-9. [PMID: 12667599 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary carbohydrate [starch or sucrose (500 g/kg diet)] and myo-inositol (2 g/kg diet) on metabolic changes in rats fed 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) (0.7 g/kg diet). Dietary DDT enhanced serum and hepatic lipids and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), elevated hepatic activities of lipogenic enzymes such as malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS), increased hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as aminopyrine N-demethylase, glutathione S-transferase and 4-nitrophenol-UDP glucuronosyltransferase (4NP-UDPGT) and raised hepatic ascorbic acid and serum copper. Dietary sucrose promoted the increases in hepatic concentrations of total lipids, triglyceride and cholesterol, hepatic activity of ME, hepatic TBA-RS, cytochrome P-450 content and serum copper due to DDT feeding when compared to DDT administered in a starch based diet. Dietary myo-inositol significantly depressed the rises in hepatic concentrations of total lipids, triglyceride and cholesterol and the activities of ME and G6PD due to DDT feeding regardless of dietary carbohydrate quality. Dietary starch supplemented with myo-inositol potentiated the enhancements in hepatic activities of Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase and 4NP-UDPGT due to DDT feeding. These results suggest that dietary starch and myo-inositol can protect DDT fed rats against an accumulation of hepatic lipids, which might be mainly ascribed to the depression of hepatic lipogenesis. In addition, the present study implies that the supplementation of myo-inositol to high starch diet might improve the function of drug-metabolizing enzymes exposed to DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Okazaki
- Department of Human Life Sciences Education, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8524, Japan
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Lima L, Obregon F, Cubillos S, Fazzino F, Jaimes I. Taurine as a micronutrient in development and regeneration of the central nervous system. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 4:439-43. [PMID: 11843263 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2001.11747379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is an amino acid known to possess trophic properties in the central nervous system. The relevance of its presence in maternal milk is related to its role as an essential nutrient. Taurine deficiency around birth produces anatomical and functional modifications in the brain and in the retina. In addition, taurine favors neuron proliferation and survival, as well as neurite extension. The mechanisms by which taurine exerts its trophic role in the regenerating retina are related to increases in calcium fluxes, to modifications of protein phosphorylation, and to influence of the target organ. Moreover, taurine-zinc interaction might be crucial in the development of structures such as the hippocampal formation. Thus, taurine can be considered as one of the determinant nutritional molecules during development and regeneration of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lima
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Apolipoprotein A-I gene expression is upregulated by polychlorinated biphenyls in rat liver. J Nutr Biochem 2000; 11:568-573. [PMID: 11137894 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) increase serum cholesterol level (especially high density lipoprotein cholesterol) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) level in rats. The effect of PCB on serum apo A-I and hepatic apo A-I gene expression and the relationship between apo A-I and drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats were investigated. Serum levels of cholesterol and apo A-I were increased by dietary addition of PCB in a dose-dependent manner (0-500 mg/kg diet). Hepatic apo A-I mRNA level was also elevated by PCB in a similar fashion. Serum level of cholesterol gradually increased during feeding period of PCB (200 mg/kg diet, 105 days) and reached a two-fold higher level in PCB group than in controls. The levels of serum apo A-I and hepatic apo A-I mRNA linearly elevated during feeding period of PCB and were increased 3- or 4-fold, respectively, compared to controls. Although acute administration (16 hr) of PCB, 3-methylcholanthrene, and phenobarbital induced cytochrome P-450 gene expression in the liver, hepatic apo A-I gene expression was not increased by these xenobiotics. These results indicated that the serum levels of cholesterol and apo A-I had positive correlation with hepatic level of apo A-I mRNA in rats fed PCB, and that hepatic apo A-I gene expression was dependent upon intake of PCB but was not directly related to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. This study demonstrated that xenobiotic-induced hyper-alpha-cholesterolemia would be caused by the increased apo A-I gene expression and cholesterol synthesis in the liver, coordinately.
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