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García-Trevijano ER, Ortiz-Zapater E, Gimeno A, Viña JR, Zaragozá R. Calpains, the proteases of two faces controlling the epithelial homeostasis in mammary gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1249317. [PMID: 37795261 PMCID: PMC10546029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1249317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are calcium-dependent Cys-proteases ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues with a processive, rather than degradative activity. They are crucial for physiological mammary gland homeostasis as well as for breast cancer progression. A growing number of evidences indicate that their pleiotropic functions depend on the cell type, tissue and biological context where they are expressed or dysregulated. This review considers these standpoints to cover the paradoxical role of calpain-1 and -2 in the mammary tissue either, under the physiological conditions of the postlactational mammary gland regression or the pathological context of breast cancer. The role of both calpains will be examined and discussed in both conditions, followed by a brief snapshot on the present and future challenges for calpains, the two-gateway proteases towards tissue homeostasis or tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. García-Trevijano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Gimeno
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Lambers TT, Wissing J, Roggekamp J. In vitro gastric digestion of an experimental infant formula containing both intact and hydrolyzed milk proteins. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00269-2. [PMID: 37225578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Milk protein hydrolysates may have several benefits for digestion and digestion-related complications in infants, whereas intact milk proteins have been demonstrated to provide functionality beyond their nutritional value. In this study, in vitro digestion of an experimental infant formula containing both intact milk proteins and a milk protein hydrolysate was determined. Relative to an intact milk protein control formula, the experimental formula displayed a higher initial protein digestion during simulated gastric digestion as illustrated by a larger proportion of smaller peptides and higher level of available amino groups during digestion. Gastric protein coagulation was not affected by the hydrolysate addition. Further in vivo studies should demonstrate whether partial replacement of the protein source by a hydrolysate and observed differences in in vitro protein digestion result in overall altered protein digestion and absorption kinetics or affect functional gastrointestinal disorders as has been demonstrated for full hydrolysate formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim T Lambers
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
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Bhat SA, Ahmad SM, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Mobashir M, Dar MA, Mumtaz PT, Shah RA, Dar TA, Shabir N, Bhat HF, Ganai NA. Comparative milk proteome analysis of Kashmiri and Jersey cattle identifies differential expression of key proteins involved in immune system regulation and milk quality. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:161. [PMID: 32059637 PMCID: PMC7023774 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exploration of the bioactive components of bovine milk has gained global interest due to their potential applications in human nutrition and health promotion. Despite advances in proteomics profiling, limited studies have been carried out to fully characterize the bovine milk proteome. This study explored the milk proteome of Jersey and Kashmiri cattle at day 90 of lactation using high-resolution mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics nano-scale LC-MS/Q-TOF technique. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017412. Results Proteins from whey were fractionated by precipitation into high and low abundant proteins. A total of 81 high-abundant and 99 low-abundant proteins were significantly differentially expressed between Kashmiri and Jersey cattle, clearly differentiating the two breeds at the proteome level. Among the top differentiating proteins, the Kashmiri cattle milk proteome was characterised by increased concentrations of immune-related proteins (apelin, acid glycoprotein, CD14 antigen), neonatal developmental protein (probetacellulin), xenobiotic metabolising enzyme (flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), GLYCAM1 and HSP90AA1 (chaperone) while the Jersey milk proteome presented higher concentrations of enzyme modulators (SERPINA1, RAC1, serine peptidase inhibitor) and hydrolases (LTF, LPL, CYM, PNLIPRP2). Pathway analysis in Kashmiri cattle revealed enrichment of key pathways involved in the regulation of mammary gland development like Wnt signalling pathway, EGF receptor signalling pathway and FGF signalling pathway while a pathway (T-cell activation pathway) associated with immune system regulation was significantly enriched in Jersey cattle. Most importantly, the high-abundant FMO3 enzyme with an observed 17-fold higher expression in Kashmiri cattle milk seems to be a characteristic feature of the breed. The presence of this (FMO3) bioactive peptide/enzyme in Kashmiri cattle could be economically advantageous for milk products from Kashmiri cattle. Conclusion In conclusion, this is the first study to provide insights not only into the milk proteome differences between Kashmiri and Jersey cattle but also provides potential directions for application of specific milk proteins from Kashmiri cattle in special milk preparations like infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil A Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed M Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Novels väg 16, 17165 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mashooq A Dar
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Peerzada T Mumtaz
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Riaz A Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Tanveer A Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Hina F Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nazir A Ganai
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Dong B, Quan RC, Chen ZQ. Prolonged milk provisioning and extended maternal care in the milking spider Toxeus magnus: biological implications and questions unresolved. Zool Res 2019; 40:241-243. [PMID: 31161756 PMCID: PMC6680124 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged milk provisioning and extended parental care for nutritionally independent offspring, previously considered to only co-occur in long-lived mammals (Clutton-Brock, 1991; Royle et al., 2012), were recently reported in the reproduction of the milking spider, Toxeus magnus (Chen et al. 2018). Newly hatched T. magnus spiderlings require 53 days to develop to maturity, with an average adult body length of 6.6 mm. The mother provides milk droplets to her newly hatched spiderlings until they develop into subadults (~38 days old), during which their body lengths increase from 0.9 mm at birth to 5.3 mm at weaning. Although spiderlings can forage for themselves at around 20 days old, they remain in the breeding nest for weeks after maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui-Chang Quan
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Zhan-Qi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Yunnan 666303, China
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Ha M, Sabherwal M, Duncan E, Stevens S, Stockwell P, McConnell M, Bekhit AED, Carne A. In-Depth Characterization of Sheep (Ovis aries) Milk Whey Proteome and Comparison with Cow (Bos taurus). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139774. [PMID: 26447763 PMCID: PMC4598025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth proteomic study of sheep milk whey is reported and compared to the data available in the literature for the cow whey proteome. A combinatorial peptide ligand library kit (ProteoMiner) was used to normalize protein abundance in the sheep whey proteome followed by an in-gel digest of a 1D-PAGE display and an in-solution digestion followed by OFFGEL isoelectric focusing fractionation. The peptide fractions obtained were then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. This enabled identification of 669 proteins in sheep whey that, to our knowledge, is the largest inventory of sheep whey proteins identified to date. A comprehensive list of cow whey proteins currently available in the literature (783 proteins from unique genes) was assembled and compared to the sheep whey proteome data obtained in this study (606 proteins from unique genes). This comparison revealed that while the 233 proteins shared by the two species were significantly enriched for immune and inflammatory responses in gene ontology analysis, proteins only found in sheep whey in this study were identified that take part in both cellular development and immune responses, whereas proteins only found in cow whey in this study were identified to be associated with metabolism and cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Manya Sabherwal
- Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago & Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa-New Zealand
| | - Stewart Stevens
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Stockwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Olabi A, Jinjarak S, Jiménez-Flores R, Walker J, Daroub H. Compositional and sensory differences of products of sweet-cream and whey buttermilk produced by microfiltration, diafiltration, and supercritical CO2. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3590-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Zhang L, Boeren S, Hageman JA, van Hooijdonk T, Vervoort J, Hettinga K. Bovine milk proteome in the first 9 days: protein interactions in maturation of the immune and digestive system of the newborn. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116710. [PMID: 25693162 PMCID: PMC4333125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the milk proteome and its changes from colostrum to mature milk, samples taken at seven time points in the first 9 days from 4 individual cows were analyzed using proteomic techniques. Both the similarity in changes from day 0 to day 9 in the quantitative milk proteome, and the differences in specific protein abundance, were observed among four cows. One third of the quantified proteins showed a significant decrease in concentration over the first 9 days after calving, especially in the immune proteins (as much as 40 fold). Three relative high abundant enzymes (XDH, LPL, and RNASE1) and cell division and proliferation protein (CREG1) may be involved in the maturation of the gastro-intestinal tract. In addition, high correlations between proteins involved in complement and blood coagulation cascades illustrates the complex nature of biological interrelationships between milk proteins. The linear decrease of protease inhibitors and proteins involved in innate and adaptive immune system implies a protective role for protease inhibitor against degradation. In conclusion, the results found in this study not only improve our understanding of the role of colostrum in both host defense and development of the newborn calf but also provides guidance for the improvement of infant formula through better understanding of the complex interactions between milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A. Hageman
- Biometris-Applied Statistics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toon van Hooijdonk
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Lactation biology, microbial selection, and human diversity are central themes that could guide investment in scientific research, industrial innovation, and regulatory policy oversight to propel yogurt into the central role for health-promoting food products. The ability of yogurt to provide the nourishing properties of milk together with the live microorganisms from fermentation provides a unique combination of food assets. Academic research must now define the various targets on which these biological assets act to improve health and develop the metrics that can quantitatively document their benefits. The food industry must reconcile that yogurt and its microorganisms cannot be expected to provide measurable benefits for all consumers, at all doses, and at all times. A supportive regulatory oversight must demand safety and yet encourage innovations that support a value proposition for yogurt in health. Health valuation in the marketplace will be driven by parallel innovations, including accurate assessment technologies, validated microbial ingredients, and health-aware consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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9
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Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are increasingly incorporated into food products intended to confer health benefits in the human gut and beyond. Little is known about how the food matrix and product formulation impacts probiotic functionality, even though such information is essential to scientific understanding and regulatory substantiation of health benefits. The food format has the potential to affect probiotic survival, physiology, and potentially efficacy, but few comparative studies in humans have been conducted. Human studies should account for the effects of the food base on human health and the bioactive components present in the foods that may augment or diminish interactions of the probiotic with the human host. Some studies show that food ingredients such as prebiotics and milk components can improve probiotic survival during the shelf life of foods, which may enhance probiotic efficacy through increased dose effects. Furthermore, there are indications that synbiotic products are more effective than either probiotics or prebiotics alone. Identification of probiotic adaptations to the food and gut environments holds promise for determining the specific cell components and potential bacterial-food interactions necessary for health benefits and determining how these factors are affected by changes in food formulation and host diet. These studies, combined with controlled human studies, are important future research activities for advancing this field.
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10
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Mills S, Ross R, Hill C, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C. Milk intelligence: Mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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D'Alessandro A, Zolla L, Scaloni A. The bovine milk proteome: cherishing, nourishing and fostering molecular complexity. An interactomics and functional overview. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 7:579-97. [PMID: 20877905 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bovine milk represents an essential source of nutrients for lactating calves and a key raw material for human food preparations. A wealth of data are present in the literature dealing with massive proteomic analyses of milk fractions and independent targeted studies on specific groups of proteins, such as caseins, globulins, hormones and cytokines. In this study, we merged data from previous investigations to compile an exhaustive list of 573 non-redundant annotated protein entries. This inventory was exploited for integrated in silico studies, including functional GO term enrichment (FatiGO/Babelomics), multiple pathway and network analyses. As expected, most of the milk proteins were grouped under pathways/networks/ontologies referring to nutrient transport, lipid metabolism and objectification of the immune system response. Notably enough, another functional family was observed as the most statistically significant one, which included proteins involved in the induction of cellular proliferation processes as well as in anatomical and haematological system development. Although the latter function for bovine milk proteins has long been postulated, studies reported so far mainly focused on a handful of molecules and missed the whole overview resulting from an integrated holistic analysis. A preliminary map of the bovine milk proteins interactome was also built up, which will be refined in future as result of the widespread use of quantitative methods in protein interaction studies and consequent reduction of false-positives within associated databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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12
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de Vos P, Faas MM, Spasojevic M, Sikkema J. Encapsulation for preservation of functionality and targeted delivery of bioactive food components. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Casado B, Affolter M, Kussmann M. OMICS-rooted studies of milk proteins, oligosaccharides and lipids. J Proteomics 2009; 73:196-208. [PMID: 19793547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk has co-evolved with mammals and mankind to nourish their offspring and is a biological fluid of unique complexity and richness. It contains all necessary nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. Structure and function of biomolecules in milk such as the macronutrients (glyco-) proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides are central topics in nutritional research. Omics disciplines such as proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics enable comprehensive analysis of these biomolecule components in food science and industry. Mass spectrometry has largely expanded our knowledge on these milk bioactives as it enables identification, quantification and characterization of milk proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In this article, we describe the biological importance of milk macronutrients and review the application of proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics to the analysis of milk. Proteomics is a central platform among the Omics tools that have more recently been adapted and applied to nutrition and health research in order to deliver biomarkers for health and comfort as well as to discover beneficial food bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Casado
- Department of Bioanalytical Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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McClements DJ, Decker EA, Park Y, Weiss J. Structural Design Principles for Delivery of Bioactive Components in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:577-606. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390902841529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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van der Pijl PC, Kies AK, Ten Have GAM, Duchateau GSMJE, Deutz NEP. Pharmacokinetics of proline-rich tripeptides in the pig. Peptides 2008; 29:2196-202. [PMID: 18789987 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tripeptides may possess bioactive properties. For instance, blood pressure lowering is attributed to the proline-rich tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP), Leu-Pro-Pro (LPP), and Val-Pro-Pro (VPP). However, little is known about their absorption, distribution, and elimination characteristics. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic behavior of IPP, LPP, and VPP in a conscious pig model. Synthetic IPP, LPP, and VPP were administered intravenously or intragastrically (4.0 mg kg(-1) BW in saline) to 10 piglets (approximately 25 kg body weight) in the postabsorptive state. After intravenous dosing, the elimination half-life for IPP was significantly higher (P<0.001) than for LPP and VPP (2.5+/-0.1, 1.9+/-0.1, and 2.0+/-0.1 min, respectively). After intragastric dosing, however, the elimination half-lives were not significantly different between the peptides (9+/-1, 15+/-4, and 12+/-6 min, respectively). Maximum plasma concentrations were about 10 nmol l(-1) for the three tripeptides. The fraction dose absorbed was 0.077+/-0.010, 0.059+/-0.009, and 0.073+/-0.015%, for IPP, LPP, and VPP, respectively. Proline-rich tripeptides reach the blood circulation intact, with an absolute bioavailability of about 0.1% when administered via a saline solution. Because half-lives of absorption and elimination were maximally about 5 and 15 min, respectively, this suggests that under these conditions a bioactive effect of these tripeptides would be rather acute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C van der Pijl
- Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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Maningat PD, Sen P, Rijnkels M, Sunehag AL, Hadsell DL, Bray M, Haymond MW. Gene expression in the human mammary epithelium during lactation: the milk fat globule transcriptome. Physiol Genomics 2008; 37:12-22. [PMID: 19018045 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90341.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular physiology underlying human milk production is largely unknown because of limitations in obtaining tissue samples. Determining gene expression in normal lactating women would be a potential step toward understanding why some women struggle with or fail at breastfeeding their infants. Recently, we demonstrated the utility of RNA obtained from breast milk fat globule (MFG) to detect mammary epithelial cell (MEC)-specific gene expression. We used MFG RNA to determine the gene expression profile of human MEC during lactation. Microarray studies were performed using Human Ref-8 BeadChip arrays (Illumina). MFG RNA was collected every 3 h for 24 h from five healthy, exclusively breastfeeding women. We determined that 14,070 transcripts were expressed and represented the MFG transcriptome. According to GeneSpring GX 9, 156 ontology terms were enriched (corrected P < 0.05), which include cellular (n = 3,379 genes) and metabolic (n = 2,656) processes as the most significantly enriched biological process terms. The top networks and pathways were associated primarily with cellular activities most likely involved with milk synthesis. Multiple sampling over 24 h enabled us to demonstrate core circadian clock gene expression and the periodicity of 1,029 genes (7%) enriched for molecular functions involved in cell development, growth, proliferation, and cell morphology. In addition, we found that the MFG transcriptome was comparable to the metabolic gene expression profile described for the lactating mouse mammary gland. This paper is the first to describe the MFG transcriptome in sequential human samples over a 24 h period, providing valuable insights into gene expression in the human MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Maningat
- Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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17
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Lemay DG, Neville MC, Rudolph MC, Pollard KS, German JB. Gene regulatory networks in lactation: identification of global principles using bioinformatics. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2007; 1:56. [PMID: 18039394 PMCID: PMC2225983 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-1-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The molecular events underlying mammary development during pregnancy, lactation, and involution are incompletely understood. Results Mammary gland microarray data, cellular localization data, protein-protein interactions, and literature-mined genes were integrated and analyzed using statistics, principal component analysis, gene ontology analysis, pathway analysis, and network analysis to identify global biological principles that govern molecular events during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Conclusion Several key principles were derived: (1) nearly a third of the transcriptome fluctuates to build, run, and disassemble the lactation apparatus; (2) genes encoding the secretory machinery are transcribed prior to lactation; (3) the diversity of the endogenous portion of the milk proteome is derived from fewer than 100 transcripts; (4) while some genes are differentially transcribed near the onset of lactation, the lactation switch is primarily post-transcriptionally mediated; (5) the secretion of materials during lactation occurs not by up-regulation of novel genomic functions, but by widespread transcriptional suppression of functions such as protein degradation and cell-environment communication; (6) the involution switch is primarily transcriptionally mediated; and (7) during early involution, the transcriptional state is partially reverted to the pre-lactation state. A new hypothesis for secretory diminution is suggested – milk production gradually declines because the secretory machinery is not transcriptionally replenished. A comprehensive network of protein interactions during lactation is assembled and new regulatory gene targets are identified. Less than one fifth of the transcriptionally regulated nodes in this lactation network have been previously explored in the context of lactation. Implications for future research in mammary and cancer biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Lemay
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Ave,, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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German JB, Schanbacher FL, Lönnerdal B, Medrano JF, McGuire MA, McManaman JL, Rocke DM, Smith TP, Neville MC, Donnelly P, Lange M, Ward R. International milk genomics consortium. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ward RE, Niñonuevo M, Mills DA, Lebrilla CB, German JB. In vitro fermentation of breast milk oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus gasseri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4497-9. [PMID: 16751577 PMCID: PMC1489581 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02515-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) function as a prebiotic for bifidobacteria, yet this activity has not been adequately investigated. In this study, Bifidobacterium infantis was shown to ferment purified HMO as a sole carbon source, while another gut commensal, Lactobacillus gasseri, did not ferment HMO. Our results support the hypothesis that HMO selectively amplify bacterial populations in the infant intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ward
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Vorbach C, Capecchi MR, Penninger JM. Evolution of the mammary gland from the innate immune system? Bioessays 2006; 28:606-16. [PMID: 16700061 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a skin gland unique to the class Mammalia. Despite a growing molecular and histological understanding of the development and physiology of the mammary gland, its functional and morphological origins have remained speculative. Numerous theories on the origin of the mammary gland and lactation exist. The purpose of the mammary gland is to provide the newborn with copious amounts of milk, a unique body fluid that has a dual role of nutrition and immunological protection. Interestingly, antimicrobial enzymes, such as xanthine oxidoreductase or lysozyme, are directly involved in the evolution of the nutritional aspect of milk. We outline that xanthine oxidoreductase evolved a dual role in the mammary gland and hence provide new evidence supporting the hypothesis that the nutritional function of the milk evolved subsequent to its protective function. Therefore, we postulate that the mammary gland evolved from the innate immune system. In addition, we suggest that lactation partly evolved as an inflammatory response to tissue damage and infection, and discuss the observation that the two signaling pathways, NF-kB and Jak/Stat, play central roles in inflammation as well as in lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vorbach
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Nutrition and gene regulation. Proceedings of a symposium held at Harvard Medical School. March 13-14, 2003. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J Nutr 2004; 134:2434S-2497S. [PMID: 15459977 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2434s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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