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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Endres JR, Hirka G, Vértesi A, Béres E, Szakonyiné IP. A toxicological evaluation of lithium orotate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104973. [PMID: 34146638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lithium orotate, the salt of lithium and orotic acid, has been marketed for decades as a supplemental source of lithium with few recorded adverse events. Nonetheless, there have been some concerns in the scientific literature regarding orotic acid, and pharmaceutical lithium salts are known to have a narrow therapeutic window, albeit, at lithium equivalent therapeutic doses 5.5-67 times greater than typically recommended for supplemental lithium orotate. To our knowledge, the potential toxicity of lithium orotate has not been investigated in preclinical studies; thus, we conducted a battery of genetic toxicity tests and an oral repeated-dose toxicity test in order to further explore its safety. Lithium orotate was not mutagenic or clastogenic in bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration tests, respectively, and did not exhibit in vivo genotoxicity in a micronucleus test in mice. In a 28-day, repeated-dose oral toxicity study, rats were administered 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg body weight/day of lithium orotate by gavage. No toxicity or target organs were identified; therefore, a no observed adverse effect level was determined as 400 mg/kg body weight/day. These results are supportive of the lack of a postmarket safety signal from several decades of human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045, Budapest, Hungary; Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
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Keiding S, Vinterby A. Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. Biochem J 1976; 160:715-20. [PMID: 1016251 PMCID: PMC1164290 DOI: 10.1042/bj1600715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The galactose-elimination rate in perfused livers from starved rats was decreased in the presence of ethanol (2-28mM) to one-third of the control values. Orotate injections partly reversed the effect of ethanol, so that the galactose-elimination rate was about two-thirds of the control values. Orotate alone had no effect on the galactose-elimination rate. 2. Ethanol increased [galactose 1-phosphate] and [UDP-galactose], and decreased (UDP-glucose] and [UTP], both with and without orotate. Orotate increased [UTP], [UDP-galactose], both with and without ethanol. The increase of [galactose 1-phosphate] in the presence of ethanol was inhibited by orotate. Orotate alone had no appreciable effect on [galactose 1-phosphate]. 3. Both the effect of ethanol and that of orotate on the galactose-elimination rate can be accounted for by assuming inhibition of galactokinase by galactose 1-phosphate with Ki about 0.2mM, the inhibition being either non-competitive or uncompetitive. 4. The primary effect of ethanol seems to be inhibition of UDP-glucose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), followed by accumulation of UDP-galactose, trapping of UDP-glucose and increase of [galactose 1-phosphate]. Orotate decreased the effect of ethanol, probably by increasing [UDP-glucose].
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Singh VN, Singh M, Venkitasubramanian T. Early effects of feeding excess vitamin A: mechanism of fatty liver production in rats. J Lipid Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Rajalakshmi S, Adams WR, Handschumacher RE. Isolation and characterization of low density structures from orotic acid-induced fatty livers. J Cell Biol 1969; 41:625-36. [PMID: 5783877 PMCID: PMC2107756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.41.2.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrifugation of a sucrose homogenate of the livers of female albino rats fed a 1.5% orotic acid diet for 3 wk yielded a pellicle containing low density structures. In morphology and biochemical properties these structures resembled those portions of endoplasmic reticulum which accumulated lipid. Electron microscopy indicated large droplets of lipid bounded by a membrane with attached ribosome-like particles. The presence of ribosomes in these structures was established by treatment with deoxycholate and centrifugation. The proportion of 18S and 29S RNA was the same as that found in the ribosomes from normal liver; however, the distribution of radioactivity between the 18S and the 29S RNA after injection of 8-(14)C-adenine was distinctly different. The RNA isolated from these structures contained a higher guanylic acid to cytidylic acid ratio than that found in the microsomes of the normal liver. It is proposed that these low density structures may be those portions of the endoplasmic reticulum in which there exists a defect responsible for the block in the assembly or secretion of plasma lipoprotein.
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Selective Inhibition of Hepatic but Not Intestinal β-Lipoprotein Production and Triglyceride Transport in Rats Given Orotic Acid. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6866-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ethionine Fatty Liver12 1The author's research work included in this review was supported by funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases and National Institute of General Medical Sciences, U. S. Public Health Service, the American Cancer Society, the Life Insurance Medical Research Fund, and the Beaver County Cancer Society. 2The invaluable assistance of Mrs. Virginia Newman is gratefully acknowledged. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9941-2.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Musil F, Sůva J. Veränderungen der veresterten Fettsäuren des Serums und der Leber sowie des Cholesterins bei Ratten nach Applikation von Orotsäure und hepatotoxischen Stoffen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19660680908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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