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Kochs S, Franssen S, Pimpini L, van den Hurk J, Valente G, Roebroeck A, Jansen A, Roefs A. IT IS A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE: ATTENTIONAL FOCUS RATHER THAN DIETARY RESTRAINT DRIVES BRAIN RESPONSES TO FOOD STIMULI. Neuroimage 2023; 273:120076. [PMID: 37004828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain responses to food are thought to reflect food's rewarding value and to fluctuate with dietary restraint. We propose that brain responses to food are dynamic and depend on attentional focus. Food pictures (high-caloric/low-caloric, palatable/unpalatable) were presented during fMRI-scanning, while attentional focus (hedonic/health/neutral) was induced in 52 female participants varying in dietary restraint. The level of brain activity was hardly different between palatable versus unpalatable foods or high-caloric versus low-caloric foods. Activity in several brain regions was higher in hedonic than in health or neutral attentional focus (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). Palatability and calorie content could be decoded from multi-voxel activity patterns (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). Dietary restraint did not significantly influence brain responses to food. So, level of brain activity in response to food stimuli depends on attentional focus, and may reflect salience, not reward value. Palatability and calorie content are reflected in patterns of brain activity.
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Kasai K, Yagishita S, Tanaka SC, Koike S, Murai T, Nishida A, Yamasaki S, Ando S, Kawakami N, Kanehara A, Morita K, Kumakura Y, Takahashi Y, Sawai Y, Uno A, Sakakibara E, Okada N, Okamoto Y, Nochi M, Kumagaya S, Fukuda M. Personalized values in life as point of interaction with the world: Developmental/neurobehavioral basis and implications for psychiatry. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2022; 1:e12. [PMID: 38868641 PMCID: PMC11114269 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience has dealt with short-term decision making but has not defined either daily or longer-term life actions. The individual brain interacts with the society/world, but where that point of action is and how it interacts has never been an explicit scientific question. Here, we redefine value as an intrapersonal driver of medium- and long-term life actions. Value has the following three aspects. The first is value as a driving force of action, a factor that commits people to take default-mode or intrinsic actions daily and longer term. It consists of value memories based on past experiences, and a sense of values, the source of choosing actions under uncertain circumstances. It is also a multilayered structure of unconscious/automatic and conscious/self-controlled. The second is personalized value, which focuses not only on the value of human beings in general, but on the aspect that is individualized and personalized, which is the foundation of diversity in society. Third, the value is developed through the life course. It is necessary to clarify how values are personalized through the internalization of parent-child, peer, and social experiences through adolescence, a life stage almost neglected in neuroscience. This viewpoint describes the brain and the behavioral basis of adolescence in which the value and its personalization occur, and the importance of this personalized value as a point of interaction between the individual brain and the world. Then the significance of personalized values in psychiatry is discussed, and the concept of values-informed psychiatry is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- The International Research Center for Neurointelligence at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced StudyThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human MindTokyoJapan
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, Graduate School of Art and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Department of Structural Physiology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Saori C. Tanaka
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institutes InternationalKyotoJapan
- Division of Information Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyNaraJapan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- The International Research Center for Neurointelligence at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced StudyThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human MindTokyoJapan
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, Graduate School of Art and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science & MedicineTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Research Center for Social Science & MedicineTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Akiko Kanehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yousuke Kumakura
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- St Luke's International HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Sawai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Akito Uno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Eisuke Sakakibara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- The International Research Center for Neurointelligence at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced StudyThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasumasa Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Masahiro Nochi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of EducationThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shin‐ichiro Kumagaya
- Tojisha‐Kenkyu Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Graduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityGunmaJapan
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