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Amini MR, Askarpour M, Ghalandari H, Gholizadeh M, Pouraram H. Effect of ketogenic diet on blood pressure: A GRADE-Assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:823-837. [PMID: 38310076 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of mortality around the world. High blood pressure (BP) or hypertension is one of the most significant predisposing factors to CVDs. Ketogenic diets (KDs) have been the center of attention for their possible health benefits. The aim of this analysis is to study the impact of KDs on BP through the existing literature. DATA SYNTHESIS We investigated the impact of KDs on systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) conducted in the format of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four online databases (PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception up to November 2022. Subgroup analyses were carried out to find the sources of heterogeneities. Twenty-three RCTs with 1664 participants were identified. KDs did not exert any significant impacts on SBP (WMD: -0.87 mmHg, 95% CI: -2.05, 0.31) nor DBP (WMD: -0.11 mmHg, 95% CI -1.14, 0.93). Subgroup analyses did not reveal any further information. Also, non-linear dose-response analysis could not detect any associations between the percentage of calorie intake from fat in the KD format and BP levels. CONCLUSION KDs do not seem to be effective in improving BP. Nonetheless, further investigations are recommended to examine the proportion of fat intake needed to induce favorable clinical impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Amini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moein Askarpour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghalandari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gholizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industries, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Pouraram
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Hall WL, Alkoblan A, Gibson PS, D'Annibale M, Coekaerts A, Bauer M, Bruce JH, Lecomte B, Penhoat A, Laugerette F, Michalski MC, Salt LJ, Wilde PJ, Berry SE. Postprandial lipid and vascular responses following consumption of a commercially-relevant interesterified palmitic acid-rich spread in comparison to functionally-equivalent non-interesterified spread and spreadable butter: a randomised controlled trial in healthy adults. Food Funct 2024; 15:2733-2750. [PMID: 38380649 PMCID: PMC10911404 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Background: Interesterification is an industrial processing technique used widely where hard fats are essential for functionality and consumer acceptability, e.g. margarines and lower fat spreads. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare acute cardiovascular effects of functionally equivalent spreads (similar solid fat content) made with interesterified (IE) or non-IE palm-based fats, or spreadable butter. Methods: A randomised, controlled, 4-armed crossover, double-blind study (25 men, 25 women; 35-75 years; healthy; mean BMI 24.5, SD 3.8), compared effects of mixed nutrient meals containing 50 g fat from functionally equivalent products [IE spread, non-IE spread and spreadable butter (SB), with rapeseed oil (RO) as a reference treatment: with 16.7%, 27.9%, 19.3% and 4% palmitic acid, respectively] on 8 h postprandial changes in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and endothelial dysfunction (flow-mediated dilatation; FMD). Circulating reactive oxygen species (estimated using a neutrophil oxidative burst assay), glucose, insulin, NEFA, lipoprotein particle profiles, inflammatory markers (glycoprotein acetylation (Glyc-A) and IL-6), and biomarkers of endotoxemia were measured. Results: Postprandial plasma TAG concentrations after test meals were similar. However following RO versus the 3 spreads, there were significantly higher postprandial apolipoprotein B concentrations, and small HDL and LDL particle concentrations, and lower postprandial extra-large, large, and medium HDL particle concentrations, as well as smaller average HDL and LDL particle sizes. There were no differences following IE compared to the other spreads. Postprandial FMD% did not decrease after high-fat test meals, and there were no differences between treatments. Postprandial serum IL-6 increased similarly after test meals, but RO provoked a greater increase in postprandial concentrations of glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), as well as 8 h sCD14, an endotoxemia marker. All other postprandial outcomes were not different between treatments. Conclusions: In healthy adults, a commercially-available IE-based spread did not evoke a different postprandial triacylglycerol, lipoprotein subclass, oxidative stress, inflammatory or endotoxemic response to functionally-equivalent, but compositionally-distinct alternative spreads. Clinical trial registry number: NCT03438084 (https://ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Aseel Alkoblan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philippa S Gibson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Maria D'Annibale
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Astrid Coekaerts
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | - Mathilde Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
| | | | - Beryle Lecomte
- CarMeN Laboratory INRAE, INSERM U1060, INRAE UMR1397, University of Lyon, France
| | - Armelle Penhoat
- CarMeN Laboratory INRAE, INSERM U1060, INRAE UMR1397, University of Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- CarMeN Laboratory INRAE, INSERM U1060, INRAE UMR1397, University of Lyon, France
| | | | - Louise J Salt
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, UK
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, UK
| | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Stamford St., London, UK.
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Kim HK, Kang EY, Go GW. Recent insights into dietary ω-6 fatty acid health implications using a systematic review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1365-1376. [PMID: 36060573 PMCID: PMC9433510 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Heart Association suggests that consuming ω-6 fatty acids (5-10% of total energy) can prevent cardiovascular disease by improving lipoprotein profiles. However, some studies warn of deleterious effects of these due to eicosanoid biosynthesis. We explored the five years for clinical evidence of ω-6 fatty acids on several diseases including inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Predefined criteria identified a total of 21 articles in 5 databases. Some studies indicated that dietary arachidonic acid was not related to increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In cohort studies, ω-6 fatty acids prevented the onset of digestive and lung cancer. ω-6 Fatty acids improved blood lipoprotein profiles. Moreover, consuming ω-6 fatty acids delayed diabetes mellitus and chronic renal disease and had positive effects on muscle recovery and glaucoma. In conclusion, ω-6 fatty acids have beneficial effects on cancers, blood lipoprotein profiles, diabetes, renal disease, muscle function, and glaucoma without inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Eun Young Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Gwang-woong Go
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
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Association of Dietary Pattern with Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Postmenopausal Women in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study from 2001 to 2015. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142911. [PMID: 35889868 PMCID: PMC9321164 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy diet and inappropriate lifestyle contribute to an imbalance in cardiometabolic profiles among postmenopausal women. This research aimed to analyze the association between dietary pattern and changes in cardiovascular risk factors among postmenopausal Taiwanese women using binary logistic regression. This cross-sectional study involved 5689 postmenopausal Taiwanese women aged 45 years and above, and the data were obtained from Mei Jau Health Management Institution database between 2001 and 2015. The cardiovascular risk dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of processed food, rice/flour products, organ meat, and sauce was derived by reduced rank regression. Participants in the highest quartile of the cardiovascular risk dietary pattern were more likely to have high levels of systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.08-1.53), diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.01-1.62), atherogenic index of plasma (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49), triglycerides (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.17-1.62), and fasting blood glucose (Q3: OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.07-1.97). However, this dietary pattern was not correlated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Therefore, adherence to the cardiovascular risk dietary pattern increases the risk of having higher levels of blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.
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Fewkes JJ, Kellow NJ, Cowan SF, Williamson G, Dordevic AL. A single, high-fat meal adversely affects postprandial endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:699-729. [PMID: 35665799 PMCID: PMC9437993 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a predictive risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and is assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Although it is known that NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction occurs after consuming a high-fat meal, the magnitude of the effect and the factors that affect the response are unquantified. OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the quantitative effects of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function and determined the factors that modify the FMD response. METHODS Six databases were systematically searched for original research published up to January 2022. Eligible studies measured fasting and postprandial FMD following consumption of a high-fat meal. Meta-regression was used to analyze the effect of moderator variables. RESULTS There were 131 studies included, of which 90 were suitable for quantitative meta-analysis. A high-fat meal challenge transiently caused endothelial dysfunction, decreasing postprandial FMD at 2 hours [-1.02 percentage points (pp); 95% CI: -1.34 to -0.70 pp; P < 0.01; I2 = 93.3%], 3 hours [-1.04 pp; 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.59 pp; P < 0.001; I2 = 84.5%], and 4 hours [-1.19 pp; 95% CI: -1.53 to -0.84 pp; P < 0.01; I2 = 94.6%]. Younger, healthy-weight participants exhibited a greater postprandial reduction in the FMD percentage change than older, heavier, at-risk groups after a high-fat meal ( P < 0.05). The percentage of fat in the meals was inversely associated with the magnitude of postprandial changes in FMD at 3 hours (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A single, high-fat meal adversely impacts endothelial function, with the magnitude of the impact on postprandial FMD moderated by the fasting FMD, participant age, BMI, and fat content of the meal. Recommendations are made to standardize the design of future postprandial FMD studies and optimize interpretation of results, as high-fat meals are commonly used in clinical studies as a challenge to assess endothelial function and therapeutics. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020187244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita J Fewkes
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie F Cowan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Aimee L Dordevic
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Sheashea M, Xiao J, Farag MA. MUFA in metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors: is MUFA the opposite side of the PUFA coin? Food Funct 2021; 12:12221-12234. [PMID: 34779464 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-9 fatty acids represent some of the main mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) found in plant and animal sources. They can be synthesized endogenously in the human body, but they do not fully provide all the body's requirements. Consequently, they are considered as partially essential fatty acids. MUFA represent a healthier alternative to saturated animal fats and have several health benefits, including the prevention of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications. This review concentrates on the major MUFA pharmacological activities in the context of MetS management, including alleviating cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dyslipidemia, central obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The beneficial effects of MUFA for CVD were found to be consistent with those of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for the alleviation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and triacylglcerol (TAG) levels, albeit MUFA had a more favorable effect on decreasing night systolic blood pressure (SBP). To reduce the obesity profile, the use of MUFA was found to induce a higher oxidation rate with a higher energy expenditure, compared with PUFA. For NAFLD, PUFA was found to be a better potential drug candidate for the improvement of liver steatosis in children than MUFA. Any advantageous outcomes from using MUFA for diabetes and insulin resistance (IR) compared to using PUFA were found to be either non-significant or resulted from a small number of meta-analyses. Such an increase in the number of studies of the mechanisms of action require more clinical and epidemiological studies to confirm the beneficial outcomes, especially over a long-term treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sheashea
- Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. .,College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt. .,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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7
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Rathnayake KM, Weech M, Lovegrove JA, Jackson KG. Glu298Asp (rs1799983) Polymorphism Influences Postprandial Vascular Reactivity and the Insulin Response to Meals of Varying Fat Composition in Postmenopausal Women: Findings from the Randomized, Controlled Dietary Intervention and VAScular function (DIVAS)-2 Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:848-856. [PMID: 33693945 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous acute studies suggest the Glu298Asp polymorphism (rs1799983) may influence vascular reactivity in response to long-chain n-3 PUFA intake. However, the effects of this genotype on postprandial vascular function after meals rich in SFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and MUFAs are unclear. OBJECTIVES This study determined the impact of the Glu298Asp polymorphism on changes in vascular function and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in response to sequential meals of varying fat composition. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, crossover, acute study, 32 postmenopausal women (mean ± SD age: 58 ± 5 y; BMI: 25.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2) consumed mixed meals (breakfast: 0 min, 50 g fat; lunch: 330 min, 30 g fat) containing SFAs, n-6 PUFAs, or MUFAs on 3 occasions. Blood samples for cardiometabolic disease risk markers and real-time measures of vascular reactivity [including flow-mediated dilatation (FMD; primary outcome)] were collected/performed before and regularly for 480 min after breakfast. Participants were retrospectively genotyped for the Glu298Asp (rs1799983) polymorphism. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS For the postprandial %FMD response, a test fat × genotype interaction was observed for the AUC (P = 0.019) but not incremental AUC (IAUC), with the AUC being ∼24% greater after MUFA- than after SFA- and n-6 PUFA-rich meals in the Glu298 homozygotes (P ≤ 0.026). Test fat × genotype interactions were also evident for postprandial insulin (P ≤ 0.005), with the MUFA-rich meals demonstrating significantly higher AUC (12.8%/14.9%), IAUC (14.6%/20.0%), and maximum concentration (20.0%/34.5%) than the SFA- and n-6 PUFA-rich meals, respectively, in Asp298 carriers (P < 0.05). Genotype did not influence other study outcome measures in response to the test fats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the Glu298Asp polymorphism may represent a potential determinant of the inter-individual variability in postprandial responsiveness of %FMD and insulin to acute meal fat composition in postmenopausal women. Further studies are required to confirm these observations.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02144454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari M Rathnayake
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom.,Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Sri Lanka
| | - Michelle Weech
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
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Markey O, Vasilopoulou D, Kliem KE, Fagan CC, Grandison AS, Sutton R, Humphries DJ, Todd S, Jackson KG, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Postprandial Fatty Acid Profile, but Not Cardiometabolic Risk Markers, Is Modulated by Dairy Fat Manipulation in Adults with Moderate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The Randomized Controlled REplacement of SaturatEd fat in dairy on Total cholesterol (RESET) Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:1755-1768. [PMID: 33758921 PMCID: PMC8327197 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic consumption of dairy products with an SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched content was shown to impact favorably on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). However, their acute effect on postprandial cardiometabolic risk biomarkers requires investigation. OBJECTIVE The effects of sequential high-fat mixed meals rich in fatty acid (FA)-modified or conventional (control) dairy products on postprandial FMD (primary outcome) and systemic cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults with moderate cardiovascular risk (≥50% above the population mean) were compared. METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, 52 participants [mean ± SEM age: 53 ± 2 y; BMI (kg/m2) 25.9 ± 0.5] consumed a high-dairy-fat breakfast (0 min; ∼50 g total fat: modified: 25 g SFAs, 20 g MUFAs; control: 32 g SFAs, 12 g MUFAs) and lunch (330 min; ∼30 g total fat; modified: 15 g SFAs, 12 g MUFAs; control: 19 g SFAs, 7 g MUFAs). Blood samples were obtained before and until 480 min after breakfast, with FMD assessed at 0, 180, 300, and 420 min. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Postprandial changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers were comparable between the different dairy meals, with the exception of a tendency for a 4% higher AUC for the %FMD response following the modified-dairy-fat meals (P = 0.075). Plasma total lipid FA analysis revealed that incremental AUC responses were 53% lower for total SFAs, 214% and 258% higher for total cis-MUFAs (predominantly cis-9 18:1), and trans-18:1, respectively, following the modified relative to the control dairy meals (all P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In adults at moderate cardiovascular risk, acute consumption of sequential high-fat meals containing FA-modified dairy products had little impact on postprandial endothelial function or systemic cardiometabolic biomarkers, but a differential effect on the plasma total lipid FA profile, relative to conventional dairy fat meals.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02089035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Present address for OM: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy, and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Colette C Fagan
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Sutton
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David J Humphries
- Animal, Dairy, and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Liu H, Zhu H, Xia H, Yang X, Yang L, Wang S, Wen J, Sun G. Different effects of high-fat diets rich in different oils on lipids metabolism, oxidative stress and gut microbiota. Food Res Int 2020; 141:110078. [PMID: 33641963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the different effects of high-fat (HF) diets rich in different oils on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and gut mirobiota. C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) control group (CG) was fed with normal diet, (2) olive oil (OO) group was fed with high-fat diet containing OO, (3) lard oil (LO) group was fed with high-fat diet containing LO, (4) soybean oil (SO) group was fed with high-fat diet containing SO. After 12 weeks, serum lipids, and oxidative stress indices were analyzed. Gut microbiota analysis was carried out based on the sequencing results of 16S rRNA. High fat diet can increase serum and liver lipids and upregulate sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c related genes expression. Serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in LO group were significantly higher than those in CG and OO groups. In CG, the family Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae had the large effect sizes. HF diets resulted in the increase of Actinobacteria and Enterococcaceae abundance, and the decrease of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria Lactobacillales and microbiota diversity. The abundance of Actinobacteria and Lactobacillales is the link to the serum TC and MDA levels. HF diets have the harmful influence on the serum lipids, oxidative stress and endothelial function. They can also cause gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hangju Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 2100009, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ligang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Schönknecht YB, Crommen S, Stoffel-Wagner B, Coenen M, Fimmers R, Holst JJ, Simon MC, Stehle P, Egert S. Acute Effects of Three Different Meal Patterns on Postprandial Metabolism in Older Individuals with a Risk Phenotype for Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901035. [PMID: 32223057 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study is to investigate acute postprandial responses to intake of meals typical for Mediterranean and Western diets. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, overweight and obese participants with a risk phenotype for cardiometabolic diseases consumed three different isoenergetic meals: Western diet-like high-fat (WDHF), Western diet-like high-carbohydrate (WDHC), and Mediterranean diet (MED) meal. Blood samples are collected at fasting and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h postprandially and analyzed for parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, oxidation, and antioxidant status. RESULTS Compared to MED and WDHF meals, intake of a WDHC meal results in prolonged and elevated increases in glucose and insulin. Elevations for triglycerides are enhanced after the WDHF meal compared to the MED and the WDHC meal. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and interleukin-6 increase postprandially without meal differences. Apart from vitamin C showing an increase after the MED meal and a decrease after WDHF and WDHC meals, antioxidant markers decrease postprandially without meal differences. Plasma interleukin-1β is not affected by meal intake. CONCLUSIONS Energy-rich meals induce hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, an inflammatory response, and a decrease in antioxidant markers. A meal typical for the Mediterranean diet results in favorable effects on glycemic, insulinemic, and lipemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik B Schönknecht
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Silke Crommen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Martin Coenen
- Clinical Study Core Unit, Study Center Bonn, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 50599, Germany
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Diekmann C, Huber H, Preuß M, Preuß P, Predel HG, Stoffel-Wagner B, Fimmers R, Stehle P, Egert S. Moderate Postmeal Walking Has No Beneficial Effects Over Resting on Postprandial Lipemia, Glycemia, Insulinemia, and Selected Oxidative and Inflammatory Parameters in Older Adults with a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Phenotype: A Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1930-1941. [PMID: 31318033 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that postprandial events, as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), are influenced by meal composition and exercise. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of walking versus rest on postprandial metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative events following the consumption of test meals reflecting 2 different dietary patterns in older adults with an increased CVD risk. METHODS A randomized crossover trial was conducted in 26 men and women (aged 70 ± 5 y; BMI 30.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2). Each adult participated in 4 treatments combining 1 of 2 iso-energetic (4300 kJ) meals [Western diet high-fat meal (WD): total fat, 59.4 g; saturated fatty acids, 32.0 g, dietary fiber, 4.2 g; or Mediterranean-type diet meal (MD): total fat, 40.1 g; saturated fatty acids, 5.1 g; dietary fiber, 14.5 g] with 30 min walking (4.6 ± 0.1 km/h) or rest. Primary (serum triglycerides) and secondary [serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs); parameters of glucose metabolism, inflammation, endothelial activation, oxidation; blood pressure/heart rate] outcomes were measured at fasting and 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 h postprandially. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Triglycerides were higher after the WD than after the MD [AUC in mmol/L × min: Western diet high-fat meal plus postprandial walking (WD-W), 218 ± 15.2; Western diet high-fat meal plus postprandial resting (WD-R), 207 ± 12.6; Mediterranean-type diet meal plus postprandial walking (MD-W), 139 ± 9.83; Mediterranean-type diet meal plus postprandial resting (MD-R), 149 ± 8.15; P < 0.001]. No meal or activity effect was observed for NEFAs based on AUC data (WD-W, -43.5 ± 7.08; WD-R, -49.2 ± 6.94; MD-W, -48.0 ± 11.6; MD-R, -67.6 ± 7.58). Plasma glucose was higher after the MD than after the WD (WD-W, 222 ± 34.9; WD-R, 177 ± 32.8; MD-W, 314 ± 44.4; MD-R, 275 ± 57.8; P < 0.001), as was serum insulin (AUC in nmol/L × min: WD-W, 82.0 ± 10.3; WD-R, 88.6 ± 12.8; MD-W, 129 ± 14.7; MD-R, 138 ± 20.5; P < 0.001). Plasma IL-6 was higher after walking than after resting (AUC in pg/mL × min: WD-W, 72.0 ± 34.0; WD-R, 14.3 ± 38.8; MD-W, 70.8 ± 39.4; MD-R, 5.60 ± 26.0; P < 0.05). Plasma vitamin C was higher after the MD than after the WD (P < 0.001) and after walking than after resting (P < 0.05; AUC in mg/L × min: WD-W, -305 ± 59.6; WD-R, -396 ± 84.0; MD-W, 113 ± 56.4; MD-R, -44.5 ± 48.1). We observed no meal or activity effects on parameters of oxidation and endothelial adhesion molecules. Our data revealed no significant meal × activity effects on all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In older adults with an increased CVD risk, the MD was associated with superior effects on several postprandial parameters (e.g., triglycerides), in comparison to the WD. Data revealed no relevant differences regarding the effects of postmeal walking and resting. None of the 4 treatments can be rated as superior regarding their acute effects on the shown postprandial metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory parameters. The trial was registered at German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS; http://www.germanctr.de and http://www.drks.de) under identifier DRKS00012409.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Diekmann
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Huber
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Preuß
- Human Resources Development and Career, Healthy Campus Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Preuß
- University Sports, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Informatics and Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biometry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Stehle
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Du Y, Taylor CG, Zahradka P. Modulation of endothelial cell responses and vascular function by dietary fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:614-629. [PMID: 31228246 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy and functional endothelial cells play important roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis, whereas endothelial dysfunction initiates and exacerbates vascular disease progression. Interventional studies with dietary fatty acids have shown that these molecules have varying effects on vascular function. It is hypothesized that the actions of dietary fatty acids on vascular function may be mediated in part through endothelial cells. This review summarizes the results of studies that have examined the acute and chronic effects of dietary fatty acids on endothelial function and vascular properties in humans, as well as the potential mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate endothelial function. Altogether, this article provides an extensive review of how fatty acids contribute to vascular function through their ability to modulate endothelial cells and discusses relationships between dietary fatty acids and endothelial cells in the context of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Impact of the Apolipoprotein E (epsilon) Genotype on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers and Responsiveness to Acute and Chronic Dietary Fat Manipulation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092044. [PMID: 31480637 PMCID: PMC6770634 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (APO) E (ε) genotype is considered to play an important role in lipid responses to dietary fat manipulation but the impact on novel cardiometabolic risk markers is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the relationship between the APOE genotype and cardiometabolic risk markers in response to acute and chronic dietary fat intakes. Associations with fasting (baseline) outcome measures (n = 218) were determined using data from the chronic DIVAS (n = 191/195 adults at moderate cardiovascular disease risk) and acute DIVAS-2 (n = 27/32 postmenopausal women) studies examining the effects of diets/meals varying in saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid composition. Participants were retrospectively genotyped for APOE (rs429358, rs7412). For baseline cardiometabolic outcomes, E4 carriers had higher fasting total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C: HDL-C ratios, but lower C-reactive protein (CRP) than E3/E3 and E2 carriers (p ≤ 0.003). Digital volume pulse stiffness index was higher in E2 carriers than the E3/E3 group (p = 0.011). Following chronic dietary fat intake, the significant diet × genotype interaction was found for fasting triacylglycerol (p = 0.010), with indication of a differential responsiveness to MUFA intake between the E3/E3 and E4 carriers (p = 0.006). Test fat × genotype interactions were observed for the incremental area under the curve for the postprandial apolipoprotein B (apoB; p = 0.022) and digital volume pulse reflection index (DVP-RI; p = 0.030) responses after the MUFA-rich meals, with a reduction in E4 carriers and increase in the E3/E3 group for the apoB response, but an increase in E4 carriers and decrease in the E3/E3 group for the DVP-RI response. In conclusion, baseline associations between the APOE genotype and fasting lipids and CRP confirm previous findings, although a novel interaction with digital volume pulse arterial stiffness was observed in the fasted state and differential postprandial apoB and DVP-RI responses after the MUFA-rich meals. The reported differential impact of the APOE genotype on cardiometabolic markers in the acute and chronic state requires confirmation.
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Abstract
CVD remains the greatest cause of death globally, and with the escalating prevalence of metabolic diseases, including type-2 diabetes, CVD mortality is predicted to rise. While the replacement of SFA has been the cornerstone of effective dietary recommendations to decrease CVD risk since the 1980s, the validity of these recommendations have been recently challenged. A review of evidence for the impact of SFA reduction revealed no effect on CVD mortality, but a significant reduction in risk of CVD events (7-17%). The greatest effect was found when SFA were substituted with PUFA, resulting in 27% risk reduction in CVD events, with no effect of substitution with carbohydrate or protein. There was insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to conclude upon the impact of SFA replacement with MUFA on CVD and metabolic outcomes. However, there was high-quality evidence that reducing SFA lowered serum total, and specifically LDL-cholesterol, a key risk factor for CVD, with greatest benefits achieved by replacing SFA with unsaturated fats. The exchange of SFA with either PUFA or MUFA, also produced favourable effects on markers of glycaemia, reducing HbA1c, a long-term marker of glycaemic control. In conclusion, the totality of evidence supports lowering SFA intake and replacement with unsaturated fats to reduce the risk of CVD events, and to a lesser extent, cardiometabolic risk factors, which is consistent with current dietary guidelines.
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