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Shaikh RQ, Das S, Chaurasiya A, Ashtamy MG, Sheikh AB, Fernandes M, Tiwari S, Unnikrishnan AG, Kulkarni MJ. Discovery of Free Glycated Amines and Glycated Urea in Diabetic Plasma: Potential Implications in Diabetes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24907-24915. [PMID: 38882103 PMCID: PMC11171088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The role of protein glycation in the pathogenesis of diabetes has been well established. Akin to proteins, free amino acids and other small-molecule amines are also susceptible to glycation in hyperglycemic conditions and may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, information about glycation of free amino acids and other small-molecule amines is relatively obscure. In the quest to discover small-molecule glycated amines in the plasma, we have synthesized glycated amino acids, glycated creatine, and glycated urea, and by using a high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer, a mass spectral library was developed comprising the precursor and predominant fragment masses of glycated amines. Using this information, we report the discovery of the glycation of free lysine, arginine, and leucine/isoleucine from the plasma of diabetic patients. This has great physiological significance as glycation of these amino acids may create their deficiency and affect vital physiological processes such as protein synthesis, cell signaling, and insulin secretion. Also, these glycated amino acids could serve as potential markers of diabetes and its complications. While other amines, such as creatinine and urea, accumulate in the plasma and act as biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy. For the first time, we report the detection of glycated urea in diabetic plasma, which is confirmed by matching the precursor and fragment masses with the in vitro synthesized glycated urea by using 12C6 and 13C6-glucose. Further, we quantified glycated urea detected in two forms, monoglycated urea (MGU) and diglycated urea (DGU), by a targeted mass spectrometric approach in the plasma of healthy, diabetic, and diabetic nephropathy subjects. Both MGU and DGU showed a positive correlation with clinical parameters, such as blood glucose and HbA1c. Given that urea gets converted to glycated urea in hyperglycemic conditions, it is crucial to quantify MGU and DGU along with the urea for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy and study their physiological role in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashdajabeen Q Shaikh
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sancharini Das
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Murali G Ashtamy
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amreen B Sheikh
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Moneesha Fernandes
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shalbha Tiwari
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Chellaram Diabetes Institute, Pune 411021, India
| | - Ambika G Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Chellaram Diabetes Institute, Pune 411021, India
| | - Mahesh J Kulkarni
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
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Wang Y, Lu C, Augusto Monteiro Cardoso Lopes M, Chen L, Luo Y, Wu W, Gu X. A Cross-Sectional Study of Atherosclerosis in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Ketosis-Prone Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:933-941. [PMID: 35370412 PMCID: PMC8965103 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s349467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence, clinical and metabolic characteristics of atherosclerosis (AS) in newly diagnosed patients with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPT2D) or non-ketotic type 2 diabetes (NKPT2D). PATIENTS AND METHODS About 1072 subjects with non-autoimmune new-onset diabetes were included in the cross-sectional study. Patients were classified as non-ketotic type 2 diabetes (NKPT2D, n = 662) or ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPT2D, n = 410). Blood samples were collected to determine the levels of glucose, HbA1c, insulin and C-peptide. Routine liver and kidney function tests were also performed. AS was determined by vascular ultrasonography. RESULTS The levels of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were significant higher in the KPT2D group when compared to the NKPT2D group (P<0.001). The levels of fasting C-peptide, 2 h C-peptide and HOMA-β were lower in the KPT2D group than those in NKPT2D group (P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed for HOMA-IR between the two groups. The onset age of the patients with KPT2D was significantly lower compared to NKPT2D patients (38±13 vs 49±14, P<0.001). After adjusting age of the two groups, the KPT2D patients had a higher prevalence of AS compared to the NKPT2D patients (31.4% vs 21.1%, P=0.005). In both groups, age and gender were independent risk factors for AS, whereas estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was an independent risk factor in the NKPT2D patients and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (2h-PPG) was an independent risk factor in the KPT2D patients. CONCLUSION AS was more prevalent in KPT2D patients compared to the NKPT2D cohort, which was independent of age and gender. These data suggest that KPT2D patients may have a higher risk of macrovascular complications compared to NKPT2D of the same age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyin Lu
- The First Clinical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Lingqiao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xuemei Gu, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Road, Wenzhou, 325006, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-577-55579385, Fax +86-577-88069555, Email
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