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Kabeer S, Govindarajan N, Radhakrishnan P, Alharbi HF, Essa MM, Qoronfleh MW. Formulation of fortified instant weaning food from Musa paradisiaca (banana) and Eleusine coracana. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1203955. [PMID: 37396136 PMCID: PMC10311212 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1203955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning food is a soft, easily digestible type of food other than breast milk for infants aged 6 to 24 months. The present study was conducted to develop cereal-fruit-based complementary foods for infants and evaluate the nutritional quality of such types of foods. Few researchers have focused on formulating weaning foods from locally available, nutritious, and rich ingredients without nutrient loss to reduce malnutrition and infant morbidity rates. In this study, the formulated infant food was prepared from Musa paradisiaca (Nendran banana) and Eleusine coracana (ragi). Formulated weaning food was analyzed using various standard methods, demonstrating that it could provide adequate nutrients to growing infants for their proper growth and development. The shelf life of the weaning food was also studied for a period of 3 months at ambient conditions in two different packaging materials: aluminum and plastic (low-density polyethylene or LDPE), with the aluminum foil pouch exhibiting the best shelf life. This ready-to-serve food, which is formulated and fortified with natural ingredients containing essential macronutrients and micronutrients, could be regarded as highly effective supplementary food for infants. Furthermore, this development has the potential to introduce an affordable weaning product specifically targeted at low socioeconomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safreena Kabeer
- Department of Food Process Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nagamaniammai Govindarajan
- Department of Food Process Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preetha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Food Process Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hanan F. Alharbi
- Department of Maternity and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Research and Policy Division, Q3CG Research Institute (QRI), Ypsilanti, MI, United States
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Greer FR, Baker RD. Early Childhood Chronic Iron Deficiency and Later Cognitive Function: The Conundrum Continues. Pediatrics 2022; 150:190096. [PMID: 36412053 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Greer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert D Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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Niebla-Canelo D, Gutiérrez-Fernández ÁJ, Rubio-Armendáriz C, Hardisson A, González-Weller D, Paz-Montelongo S. Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) in Instant Soups: An Assessment of Dietary Intake. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233810. [PMID: 36496618 PMCID: PMC9738032 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Instant soups and noodles are one of the most widely consumed commercial food products. These products are made from ingredients of animal (chicken, meat) and/or vegetable origin, in addition to various food additives that prolong the shelf life of the product. It should be noted that instant soups are a dehydrated product, whose water-removal process can increase the accumulation of contaminants, such as toxic metals (Al, Cd, or Pb), that are harmful to the health of consumers. The content of toxic metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) in a total of 130 samples of instant soups of different types (poultry, meat, and vegetables) was determined by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry). The Al content (32.28 ± 19.26), the Cd content (0.027 ± 0.016), and the Pb content (0.12 ± 0.13) in the vegetable soups were worth mentioning. Considering an intake of twenty grams (recommended by the manufacturer), the dietary intake of Al (19.56% of the TWI set at 1 mg/kg bw/week), the intake of Cd (6.59% of the TWI set at 2.5 µg/kg bw/week), and the Pb intake (16.18% of the BMDL set for nephrotoxic effects at 0.63 µg/kg bw/week and 6.84% of the BMDL set for cardiovascular effects at 1.50 µg/kg bw/week) in the population aged 3-10 years, instant soups are not recommended for the population aged 3-10 years, while their consumption does not pose a health risk for adults. However, it is necessary to consider the cooking water used in the preparation of these products, as it may increase exposure to these toxic metals, in addition to the rest of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Niebla-Canelo
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, 38006 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz-Montelongo
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Andrade EDDO, Rebouças ADS, Filho JQ, Ambikapathi R, Caulfield LE, Lima AÂM, Maciel BLL. Evolution of infant feeding practices in children from 9 to 24 months, considering complementary feeding indicators and food processing: Results from the Brazilian cohort of the MAL‐ED study. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022; 18:e13413. [PMID: 35971636 PMCID: PMC9480934 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infant feeding practices impact children's nutritional and health status, influencing growth and development. This study aimed to analyse the evolution of infant feeding practices from 9 to 24 months of age, considering infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators and food processing. The infant feeding practices in children from the Brazilian site of the MAL‐ED study were evaluated at 9 (n = 193), 15 (n = 182) and 24 months (n = 164) using 24‐h dietary recalls. IYCF indicators were evaluated, and the extent of food processing was evaluated, using the NOVA classification. Breastfeeding declined significantly over time, from 77.6% at 9 months to 45.1% at 24 months. Although dietary diversity did not significantly change during the study period (80.5% at 24 months), the minimum acceptable diet significantly increased from 67.9% to 76.1% at 24 months (p < 0.0005). All the studied children consumed sweetened beverages from 9 months. Unhealthy food consumption and zero vegetable or fruit consumption significantly increased over time (p < 0.0005). Unprocessed food consumption decreased from 9 to 24 months of age (p < 0.0005), while ultra‐processed food consumption increased (p < 0.0005) during the study period. Logistic regressions showed that, at 9 months, breastfed children presented a lower risk for ultra‐processed food consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.77); and children reaching the minimum acceptable diet presented more risk for ultra‐processed food consumption (OR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.01–5.27). In conclusion, data showed a reduction in the quality of infant feeding practices over the first 2 years of life, with a decrease in breastfeeding and an increase in the consumption of unhealthy and ultra‐processed foods. Data showed a reduction in the quality of infant feeding practices over the first 2 years of life. Breastfeeding decreased over the studied period. There was an increase in the consumption of ultra‐processed and unhealthy foods, which occurred concomitantly to the increase of no consumption of fruits/vegetables. Breastfeeding was an important protective factor against a greater consumption of ultra‐processed food. National nutrition policy should consider promoting breastfeeding and increasing fresh and minimally processed food consumption in children under 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Q. Filho
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Ramya Ambikapathi
- Department of Public Health Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Laura E. Caulfield
- Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Aldo Ângelo Moreira Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Graduate Progam in Nutrition Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
- Department of Nutrition Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Pulmonary Edema, and Sodium Toxicity: A Grounded Theory. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10030059. [PMID: 36135215 PMCID: PMC9497894 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs unexpectedly in an otherwise healthy infant with no identifiable cause of death following a thorough investigation. A general hypervolemic state has been identified in SIDS, and fluid in the lungs suggests the involvement of pulmonary edema and hypoxia as the cause of death. The present perspective paper reviews pathophysiological, epidemiological, and dietary evidence in SIDS. A grounded theory is presented that proposes an association of SIDS with sodium toxicity from excessive sodium chloride intake, mediated by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and alveolar damage. The peak of SIDS cases occurs in infants 2–4 months of age, who are less efficient in excreting excessive dietary sodium load. Evidence implicating sodium toxicity in SIDS includes increased levels of sodium associated with fever and with inflammatory/immune responses in the lungs. Conditions in near-miss SIDS cases are linked to dysregulated sodium, and increased sodium dietary intake suggests that sodium toxicity from a high-salt diet potentially mediates the association of seasonality and socioeconomic status with SIDS incidence. In addition, exposure to sodium toxicity meets three main criteria of the triple risk model of SIDS. The proposed pathophysiological effects of pulmonary edema related to sodium toxicity in SIDS merit further investigations.
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Cheikh Ismail L, Al Dhaheri AS, Ibrahim S, Ali HI, Chokor FAZ, O'Neill LM, Mohamad MN, Kassis A, Ayesh W, Kharroubi S, Hwalla N. Nutritional status and adequacy of feeding Practices in Infants and Toddlers 0-23.9 months living in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): findings from the feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2020. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:319. [PMID: 35168591 PMCID: PMC8848814 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) impact the early and later health status of the population. Limited data is available regarding IYCF in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and adequacy of feeding practices, energy, food, and nutrient intakes of UAE infants and toddlers ages 0-23.9 months. METHODS This study is a population-based cross-sectional survey of 276 infants and toddlers aged 0-23.9 months of which 180 were nationals and 96 were Arab non-nationals living in the UAE. Data were collected from the three major emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah. Anthropometry was collected and assessed using WHO Anthro-Survey Analyzer, and a multicomponent age-specific questionnaire was used to evaluate IYCF and sociodemographic characteristics. Usual intake of energy, micronutrients, and macronutrients, including supplements, were collected using multiple-pass 24-h dietary recall and analyzed using the PC-side software. IYCF practices were assessed using the WHO indicators. RESULTS Overall, 4% of children were malnourished, 8% wasted, 15% stunted, 18% at risk of overweight, and 7% overweight and obese. 95% of infants were ever breastfed and 37% exclusively breastfed at 6 months. Around 98% of infants had a timely introduction of complementary food. Macronutrient intake exceeded AMDR for fat, carbohydrates, and protein for 27%, 8% and 2% of toddlers respectively. As for the percentage of those exceeding the ESPGHAN cut-off for free sugars set at 5% of energy intake, 28.6% had excessive intakes overall, 10% in 0-5.9, 21.9% in 6-11.9 and 56.7% in 12-23.9 month. Usual iron intake was below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) in 47% of infants 6-11.9 months. Above 12 months, the usual intake of iron and vitamin D were below EAR in 11% and 49% of toddlers respectively. Usual intake exceeded the tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamin A (14 to 18%) and zinc (11 to 22%) across all ages. Approximately 93% of toddlers ages 12-23.9 months did not meet food groups' recommendations for vegetables, 87% for fruits, 48% for milk/dairy, 54% for lean meat and beans, and 33% for grains. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that a high percentage of infants and toddlers aged 0-23.9 m suffer from a double burden of malnutrition, which is the coexistence of both undernutrition, and overweight and obesity in the same population. In addition to suboptimal feeding practices and inadequate/overconsumption of various nutrients. The findings highlight the need for the development of culturally specific programs aiming to improve the nutritional status of infants and toddlers in the UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ayesha S Al Dhaheri
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Habiba I Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Al Zahraa Chokor
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lynda M O'Neill
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, 26, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maysm N Mohamad
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amira Kassis
- Whiteboard Nutrition Science, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wafaa Ayesh
- Public Health Protection Department, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samer Kharroubi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nahla Hwalla
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
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7
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Haddad EN, Sugino KY, Kerver JM, Paneth N, Comstock SS. The infant gut microbiota at 12 months of age is associated with human milk exposure but not with maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index or infant BMI-for-age z-scores. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:94-102. [PMID: 34136830 PMCID: PMC8205433 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As obesity rates continue to rise, it is increasingly important to understand factors that can influence body weight and growth, especially from an early age. The infant gut microbiota has broad effects on a variety of bodily processes, but its relation to infant growth is not yet fully characterized. Since the infant gut microbiota is closely related to breastfeeding practices and maternal health, understanding the relationship between these factors and infant growth may provide insight into the origins of childhood obesity. OBJECTIVES Identify the relationship between human milk exposure, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), the infant gut microbiota, and 12-month-old BMI-for-age z-scores (12M BAZ) to identify key factors that shape infant growth. METHODS Two Michigan cohorts (ARCHGUT and BABYGUT) comprised of a total of 33 mother-infant dyads provided infant fecal samples at 12M. After DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the V4 16S rRNA region using Illumina MiSeq v2 Chemistry, gut bacterial diversity metrics were analyzed in relation to human milk exposure, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, and infant growth parameters. RESULTS Recent human milk exposure was inversely related to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and most strongly associated with infant gut bacterial community membership and individual gut microbiota richness differences. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was not associated with the infant gut microbiota after adjusting for human milk exposure. However, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was the only factor significantly associated with 12M BAZ. CONCLUSIONS Human milk exposure is one of the central influences on the infant gut microbiota at 12M of age. However, the lack of association between the infant gut microbiota and 12M-old infant BAZ suggests that genetic, physiological, dietary, and other environmental factors may play a more direct role than the gut microbiota in determining infant BAZ at 12M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot N. Haddad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kameron Y. Sugino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jean M. Kerver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nigel Paneth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Factors Influencing the Early Introduction of Sugar Sweetened Beverages among Infants: Findings from the HSHK Birth Cohort Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113343. [PMID: 33143073 PMCID: PMC7693806 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of early introduction of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) may assist in designing effective public health interventions to prevent childhood weight related conditions (obesity). This study explores the relationship between family/infant characteristics and the early introduction of SSBs among infants in Sydney, Australia. Mothers (n = 934) from an ongoing birth cohort study were interviewed at 8, 17, 34, and 52 weeks postpartum. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify family/infant factors independently associated with the likelihood of early introduction of SSBs (<52 weeks of age). Of the 934 mothers interviewed, 42.7% (n = 399) of infants were introduced to SSBs before 52 weeks. Mothers who were born in Vietnam (adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33, 3.47), other Asian countries (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.02, 2.58) as well as single mothers (AOR = 3.72; 95% CI 2.46, 5.62) had higher odds of introducing SSBs early to their infants. Mothers from highly advantaged socioeconomic background (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.28, 0.68), those who breastfed their baby for 17–25 weeks (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37, 0.99), 26–51 weeks (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.45, 0.94), and 52 weeks or more (AOR = 0.62; 95% CI 0.43, 0.90); and those who introduced solids between 17–25 weeks (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.36, 0.91) and 26 weeks or more (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.34, 0.91) had reduced odds of introducing SSBs early. Tailoring health promotion programs for these vulnerable groups may delay the introduction of SSBs.
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Orozco J, Echeverria SE, Armah SM, Dharod JM. Household Food Insecurity, Breastfeeding, and Related Feeding Practices in US Infants and Toddlers: Results From NHANES 2009-2014. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 52:588-594. [PMID: 32276879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships among food insecurity, breastfeeding, and other related feeding practices by race/ethnicity among US infants and toddlers. DESIGN National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009-2014, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Infants and toddlers aged 0-24 months with complete data on household food security status (n = 2,069). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Initiation of breastfeeding (yes or no), duration of breastfeeding, and age of introduction to foods/drinks. ANALYSIS Differences in feeding practices by food security status were tested in survey-weighted, stratified multiple regression models. RESULTS Breastfeeding initiation rates among non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic blacks were estimated at 80.0%, 77.5%, and 57.4%, respectively (P < .001). A total of 43% of infants and toddlers were introduced to foods/drinks before 4 months. After adjusting for household income, education, and other covariates, food insecurity was not a significant predictor of poor feeding behaviors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Racial/ethnic disparities existed, with non-Hispanic black infants at the highest risk for never being breastfed, nor to continue through the recommended period of breastfeeding. Food insecurity was not shown to affect breastfeeding and other infant feeding practices directly. Further investigation is needed to understand whether food insecurity, through stress and other sociostructural pathways, mediates poor infant feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanna Orozco
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Sandra E Echeverria
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Seth M Armah
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Jigna M Dharod
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
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10
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Sources and Determinants of Discretionary Food Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12-14 Months. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010080. [PMID: 31861905 PMCID: PMC6981432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite recommendations to the contrary, consumption of discretionary (energy-dense, nutrient-poor) foods begins for some children early in the weaning period, and the proportion of children consuming discretionary foods increases markedly in the second year of life. The purpose of this study was to determine intake and sources of discretionary foods in a cohort of 828 Australian toddlers (mean age: 13.1mo), and to identify determinants of discretionary food intake. At approximately 12 months of age, 3 non-consecutive days of dietary intake data were collected using a 24-h recall and 2-day food record, and the percentage total energy derived from discretionary foods was estimated. Linear regression was used to identify associations between discretionary food intake and socio-demographic determinants (mother's age, level of education, country of birth, pre-pregnancy body mass index, socioeconomic position, parity, age of child when mother returned to work, and child's sex) and age at which complementary foods were introduced. The average energy intake of children in this cohort was 4040 (±954.7 SD) kJ with discretionary foods contributing an average of 11.2% of total energy. Sweet biscuits, and cakes, muffins, scones and cake-type desserts contributed 10.8% and 10.2% of energy intake from discretionary foods, respectively. Other key contributors to energy intake from discretionary foods included sausages, frankfurters and saveloys (8.3%), vegetable products and dishes where frying was the main cooking technique (8.6%), butter (7.3%), and finally manufactured infant sweet or savory snack foods (9.3%). Higher intakes of discretionary food were associated with children having two or more siblings (p = 0.002), and being born to younger mothers (<25 years) (p = 0.008) and mothers born in Australia or the United Kingdom (p < 0.001). Parents, in particular young mothers and those with larger families, need practical guidance on how much of, and how often, these foods should be eaten by their children.
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11
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Scott JA, Gee G, Devenish G, Ha D, Do L. Determinants and Sources of Iron Intakes of Australian Toddlers: Findings from the SMILE Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E181. [PMID: 30634547 PMCID: PMC6352266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first two years of life is a period of rapid growth and development. During this time a lack of key nutrients, including iron, can have long-lasting effects on motor and cognitive performance. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine intake and sources of iron in a cohort of 828 toddlers (mean age; 13.1 mo) participating in the Adelaide-based Study of Mothers' and Infants' Life Events affecting oral health (SMILE), and to identify determinants of iron intake. At approximately 12 months of age, 3 non-consecutive days of dietary intake data were collected using a 24-h recall and 2-days food record. The Multiple Source Method was used to combine data from the 24-h recall and each day of the food record to estimate usual iron intake and descriptive statistics were used to report sources of iron. Linear regression was used to identify associations between iron intake and non-dietary determinants (maternal age, education, country of birth, BMI, socioeconomic position, parity, toddler sex) and primary milk feeding method at 12 months. The mean intake of iron was 7.0 (95% CI 6.7⁻7.2) mg/day and 18.2% of children had usual intakes below the estimated average requirement of 4 mg/day. The main sources of iron included infant and toddler cereals and formulas. Milk feeding method and parity were significantly associated with iron intake. Toddlers with siblings and those who received breast milk as their primary milk feed had significantly lower iron intakes than only children and those who received formula, respectively. The Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines promote the importance of iron-iron-rich complementary foods such as meat and meat alternatives. However, low intakes of this food group suggest that parents do not recognize the importance of these foods or understand the specific foods that toddlers should be eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Scott
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Georgina Gee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Gemma Devenish
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Diep Ha
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Stallings VA. Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016: Findings and Thoughts on the Third Data Cycle. J Nutr 2018; 148:1513S-1515S. [PMID: 30247581 PMCID: PMC6126629 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Stallings
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Address correspondence to VAS (e-mail: )
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