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Gehring J, Azzout-Marniche D, Chaumontet C, Gaudichon C, Even PC. Plasma FGF21 concentrations and spontaneous self-selection of protein suggest that 15% protein in the diet may not be enough for male adult rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E154-E164. [PMID: 34927458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00204.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein requirement has been determined at 10%-15% energy. Under dietary self-selection, rats ingest 25%-30% energy as protein and regulate FGF21 (a hormone signaling protein deficiency) to levels lower than those measured with a 15% protein (15P) diet. Our hypothesis is that if a 15P diet was indeed sufficient to ensure protein homeostasis, it is probably a too low protein level to ensure optimal energy homeostasis. Adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. The first objective was to determine the changes in food intake, body composition, and plasma FGF21, IGF-1, and PYY concentrations in rats fed 8P, 15P, 30P, 40P, or 50P diets. The second was to determine whether the FGF21 levels measured in the rats were related to spontaneous protein intake. Rats were fed a 15P diet and then allowed to choose between a protein diet and a protein-free diet. Food intake and body weight were measured throughout the experiments. Body composition was determined at different experimental stages. Plasma samples were collected to measure FGF21, IGF-1, and PYY concentrations. A 15P diet appears to result in higher growth than that observed with the 30P, 40P, and 50P diets. However, the 15P diet probably does not provide optimal progression of body composition owing to a tendency of 15P rats to fix more fat and energy in the body. The variable and higher concentrations of FGF21 in the 15P diet suggest a deficit in protein intake, but this does not appear to be a parameter reflecting the adequacy of protein intake relative to individual protein requirements.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Under dietary self-selection, rats choose to ingest 25%-30% of energy as protein, a value higher than the protein requirement (10%-15%). According to our results, this higher spontaneous intake reflects the fact that rats fed a 15% protein diet, compared with high-protein diets, tend to bind more fat and have higher concentrations of FGF21, a hormone signaling protein deficiency. A 15% protein diet appears to be sufficient for protein homeostasis but not for optimal energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Gehring
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick C Even
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
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Biemann R, Buß E, Benndorf D, Lehmann T, Schallert K, Püttker S, Reichl U, Isermann B, Schneider JG, Saake G, Heyer R. Fecal Metaproteomics Reveals Reduced Gut Inflammation and Changed Microbial Metabolism Following Lifestyle-Induced Weight Loss. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050726. [PMID: 34066026 PMCID: PMC8150863 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-mediated inflammation promotes obesity-associated low-grade inflammation, which represents a hallmark of metabolic syndrome. To investigate if lifestyle-induced weight loss (WL) may modulate the gut microbiome composition and its interaction with the host on a functional level, we analyzed the fecal metaproteome of 33 individuals with metabolic syndrome in a longitudinal study before and after lifestyle-induced WL in a well-defined cohort. The 6-month WL intervention resulted in reduced BMI (-13.7%), improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR, -46.1%), and reduced levels of circulating hsCRP (-39.9%), indicating metabolic syndrome reversal. The metaprotein spectra revealed a decrease of human proteins associated with gut inflammation. Taxonomic analysis revealed only minor changes in the bacterial composition with an increase of the families Desulfovibrionaceae, Leptospiraceae, Syntrophomonadaceae, Thermotogaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae. Yet we detected an increased abundance of microbial metaprotein spectra that suggest an enhanced hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates. Hence, lifestyle-induced WL was associated with reduced gut inflammation and functional changes of human and microbial enzymes for carbohydrate hydrolysis while the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome remained almost stable. The metaproteomics workflow has proven to be a suitable method for monitoring inflammatory changes in the fecal metaproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Paul-List-Str. 13/15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Enrico Buß
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
| | - Dirk Benndorf
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
- Microbiology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Straße 55, 06354 Köthen, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Theresa Lehmann
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
| | - Kay Schallert
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
| | - Sebastian Püttker
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Paul-List-Str. 13/15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jochen G. Schneider
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg;
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str., 66424 Homburg Saar, Germany
| | - Gunter Saake
- Database and Software Engineering Group, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Robert Heyer
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.B.); (T.L.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (U.R.)
- Database and Software Engineering Group, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (D.B.); (R.H.)
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Wu S, Cui Z, Chen X, Zheng L, Ren H, Wang D, Yao J. Diet-ruminal microbiome-host crosstalk contributes to differential effects of calf starter and alfalfa hay on rumen epithelial development and pancreatic α-amylase activity in yak calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4326-4340. [PMID: 33589262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of alfalfa hay or calf starter during the preweaning period was beneficial to the gastrointestinal development in dairy calves and lambs. In the present study, we designed 2 experiments using weaning with calf starter and alfalfa hay to investigate the diet-ruminal microbiome-host crosstalk in yak calves by analyzing the ruminal microbiota and rumen epithelial transcriptome. During the preweaning period, supplementation with either alfalfa hay or the starter significantly promoted animal growth and organ development in yak calves, including increases in body weight, body height, body length, chest girth, and development of liver, spleen, and thymus. These improvements could be attributed to increased dry matter intake, rumen fermentation, and development. Butyrate concentration increased in yak calves fed alfalfa hay or the starter, which could further promote ruminal epithelium development. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we determined that butyrate-producing genera were increased by the supplementation with alfalfa hay or the starter. Transcriptomic analysis of the rumen epithelia revealed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which is critical in mediating many aspects of cellular function such as cell growth, was upregulated in response to alfalfa hay or the starter supplementation. The starter supplementation also increased the jejunal α-amylase activity, whereas alfalfa hay supplementation reduced the ileal α-amylase activity. Furthermore, the co-supplementation of both the starter and alfalfa hay reduced intestinal α-amylase activity. The starter increased ruminal propionate concentration, whereas alfalfa hay exhibited the opposite trend. The observed opposite effects of the starter and alfalfa hay on rumen propionate concentration corresponded with up- and downregulation, respectively, of the ruminal cholecystokinin involved in pancreatic secretion pathway, and thereby increased and decreased pancreatic α-amylase activity. In conclusion, both alfalfa hay and the starter could promote the growth and ruminal epithelial development of yak calves. The starter and alfalfa hay also differentially affected the intestinal α-amylase activities due to their different chemical components and different effects on ruminal fermentation, especially the ruminal propionate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengru Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 17165.
| | - Zhanhong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lixin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dangdang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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A Lowly Digestible-Starch Diet after Weaning Enhances Exogenous Glucose Oxidation Rate in Female, but Not in Male, Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092242. [PMID: 31540385 PMCID: PMC6770467 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starches of low digestibility are associated with improved glucose metabolism. We hypothesise that a lowly digestible-starch diet (LDD) versus a highly digestible-starch diet (HDD) improves the capacity to oxidise starch, and that this is sex-dependent. Mice were fed a LDD or a HDD for 3 weeks directly after weaning. Body weight (BW), body composition (BC), and digestible energy intake (dEI) were determined weekly. At the end of the intervention period, whole-body energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), hydrogen production, and the oxidation of an oral 13C-labelled starch bolus were measured by extended indirect calorimetry. Pancreatic amylase activity and total 13C hepatic enrichment were determined in females immediately before and 4 h after administration of the starch bolus. For both sexes, BW, BC, and basal EE and RER were not affected by the type of starch, but dEI and hydrogen production were increased by the LDD. Only in females, total carbohydrate oxidation and starch-derived glucose oxidation in response to the starch bolus were higher in LDD versus HDD mice; this was not accompanied by differences in amylase activity or hepatic partitioning of the 13C label. These results show that starch digestibility impacts glucose metabolism differently in females versus males.
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