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Gallo Cantafio ME, Torcasio R, Scionti F, Mesuraca M, Ronchetti D, Pistoni M, Bellizzi D, Passarino G, Morelli E, Neri A, Viglietto G, Amodio N. GPER1 Activation Exerts Anti-Tumor Activity in Multiple Myeloma. Cells 2023; 12:2226. [PMID: 37759449 PMCID: PMC10526814 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) activation is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy against several cancer types. While GPER targeting has been widely studied in the context of solid tumors, its effect on hematological malignancies remains to be fully understood. Here, we show that GPER1 mRNA is down-regulated in plasma cells from overt multiple myeloma (MM) and plasma cell leukemia patients as compared to normal donors or pre-malignant conditions (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering MM); moreover, lower GPER1 expression associates with worse overall survival of MM patients. Using the clinically applicable GPER1-selective agonist G-1, we demonstrate that the pharmacological activation of GPER1 triggered in vitro anti-MM activity through apoptosis induction, also overcoming the protective effects exerted by bone marrow stromal cells. Noteworthy, G-1 treatment reduced in vivo MM growth in two distinct xenograft models, even bearing bortezomib-resistant MM cells. Mechanistically, G-1 upregulated the miR-29b oncosuppressive network, blunting an established miR-29b-Sp1 feedback loop operative in MM cells. Overall, this study highlights the druggability of GPER1 in MM, providing the first preclinical framework for further development of GPER1 agonists to treat this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Gallo Cantafio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Roberta Torcasio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (G.V.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Maria Mesuraca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Domenica Ronchetti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Mariaelena Pistoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (D.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (D.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Eugenio Morelli
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Antonino Neri
- Scientific Directorate, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.E.G.C.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (G.V.)
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Cui Y, Wang F, Zhang D, Huang J, Yang Y, Xu J, Gao Y, Ding H, Qu Y, Zhang W, Liu W, Pan L, Zhang L, Liu Z, Niu T, Liu T, Zheng Y. Estrogen-Responsive Gene MAST4 Regulates Myeloma Bone Disease. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:711-723. [PMID: 35064934 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data showed that young female multiple myeloma (MM) patients had a low frequency of osteolytic lesions. Based on this clinical observation, we found that estrogen cell signaling played a regulatory role in MM bone disease (MMBD), and the estrogen-responsive gene microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4 (MAST4) was a critical factor. The presence of estrogen in cell cultures promoted MAST4 expression in MM cells, while knocking down estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) inhibited MAST4 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay suggested a binding site of ESR1 on the MAST4 promoter. Bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid (ZOL), which was widely used in MMBD control, could stimulate MAST4 expression in MM cells by promoting ESR1 expression. MAST4 interacted with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), therefore regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and the expression of downstream cytokines, such as CCL2/3/4. MAST4 knockdown (MAST4-KD) or ESR1 knockdown (ESR1-KD) MM cells had repressed PTEN activity, elevated PI3K-Akt-mTOR activity, and increased CCL2/3/4 expressions. Coculture of MAST4-KD or ESR1-KD MM cells with pre-osteoclasts (pre-OCs) stimulated OC formation in vitro, whereas neutralizing antibodies of CCL2/3/4 attenuated such stimulation. In mouse models, mice inoculated with MAST4-KD or ESR1-KD MM cells had severer MMBD than control knockdown (CTR-KD). The correlations between MAST4 and ESR1 expressions in MMBD, as well as related cell signaling pathways, were confirmed in analyses using gene expression profiles (GEPs) of patients' MM cells. The negative correlation of MAST4 expression and occurrence of MMBD was further validated by patients' immunohistochemical tissue array. Overall, our data suggested that estrogen cell signaling negatively regulated MMBD through MAST4. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Cui
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingcao Huang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Niu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhuan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Langendonk M, de Jong MRW, Smit N, Seiler J, Reitsma B, Ammatuna E, Glaudemans AWJM, van den Berg A, Huls GA, Visser L, van Meerten T. Identification of the estrogen receptor beta as a possible new tamoxifen-sensitive target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:36. [PMID: 35256592 PMCID: PMC8901714 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype. Despite the proven efficacy of combined immunochemotherapy (R-CHOP) in the majority of patients, ~40% of DLBCL patients do not respond or will relapse and consequently have a very poor prognosis. The development of targeted therapies has not improved patient survival, underscoring the need for new treatment approaches. Using an unbiased genome-wide CD20 guilt-by-association approach in more than 1800 DLBCL patients, we previously identified the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) as a new target in DLBCL. Here, we demonstrate that ERβ is expressed at significantly higher levels in DLBCL compared to normal B cells, and ERβ plays a role in the protection against apoptosis in DLBCL. Targeting of the ERβ with the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen reduces cell viability in all tested DLBCL cell lines. Tamoxifen-induced cell death was significantly decreased in an ERβ knock-out cell line. The activity of tamoxifen was confirmed in a xenograft human lymphoma model, as tumor growth decreased, and survival significantly improved. Finally, tamoxifen-treated breast cancer (BC) patients showed a significantly reduced risk of 38% for DLBCL compared to BC patients who did not receive tamoxifen. Our findings provide a rationale to investigate tamoxifen, a hormonal drug with a good safety profile, in DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Langendonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde R W de Jong
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke Smit
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Seiler
- University of Groningen, ERIBA, Genomic Instability in Development and Disease, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Reitsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- University of Groningen, University Medical center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin A Huls
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia Visser
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Horie R. Molecularly-targeted Strategy and NF-κB in lymphoid malignancies. J Clin Exp Hematop 2014; 53:185-95. [PMID: 24369220 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.53.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly-targeted therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a transcription factor that is constitutively activated in various lymphoid malignancies and may therefore be a good therapeutic target. Lymphoid malignancies arise from different stages of normal lymphocyte differentiation and acquire distinct pathways for constitutive NF-κB activation. However, no NF-κB inhibitor has yet been successfully applied in clinical medicine. This review focuses on the concept of molecularly-targeted therapeutics with small molecule drugs, molecular mechanisms of constitutive NF-κB activation in lymphoid malignancies, and the development of NF-κB inhibitors. A future perspective regarding the development of NF-κB inhibitors is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Horie
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University
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Dickschen K, Eissing T, Mürdter T, Schwab M, Willmann S, Hempel G. Concomitant use of tamoxifen and endoxifen in postmenopausal early breast cancer: prediction of plasma levels by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:285. [PMID: 24936398 PMCID: PMC4058004 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To overcome cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) mediated tamoxifen resistance in postmenopausal early breast cancer, CYP2D6 phenotype-adjusted tamoxifen dosing in patients with impaired CYP2D6 metabolism and/or the application of endoxifen, the most potent tamoxifen metabolite, are alternative treatment options. To elucidate both strategies comprehensively we used a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach. Methods Firstly simulation of increasing tamoxifen dosages was performed by a virtual clinical trial including populations of CYP2D6 poor (PM), intermediate (IM) and extensive metabolizers (EM) (N = 8,000). Secondly we performed PBPK-simulations under consideration of tamoxifen use plus concomitant increasing dosages of endoxifen (N = 7,000). Results Our virtual study demonstrates that dose escalation of tamoxifen in IMs resulted in endoxifen steady-state plasma concentrations similar to CYP2D6 EMs whereas PMs did not reach EM endoxifen levels. Steady-state plasma concentrations of tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen were similar in CYP2D6 IMs and PMs versus EMs using once daily dosing of 20 mg tamoxifen and concomitant CYP2D6 phenotype-adjusted endoxifen dosing in IMs and PMs (1 mg/d and 3 mg/d, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, we suggest that co-administration of endoxifen in tamoxifen treated early breast cancer women with impaired CYP2D6 metabolism is a promising alternative to reach plasma concentrations comparable to CYP2D6 EM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Dickschen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Klinische Pharmazie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, Münster, 48149 Germany ; Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Building 9115, Leverkusen, 51368 Germany
| | - Thomas Eissing
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Building 9115, Leverkusen, 51368 Germany
| | - Thomas Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University Tübingen, Auerbachstrasse 112, Stuttgart, 70376 Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University Tübingen, Auerbachstrasse 112, Stuttgart, 70376 Germany ; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Stefan Willmann
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Building 9115, Leverkusen, 51368 Germany ; Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, Wuppertal, 42113 Germany
| | - Georg Hempel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Klinische Pharmazie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, Münster, 48149 Germany
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Estrogen receptor antagonists are anti-cryptococcal agents that directly bind EF hand proteins and synergize with fluconazole in vivo. mBio 2014; 5:e00765-13. [PMID: 24520056 PMCID: PMC3950514 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00765-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease of global significance for which new therapies are needed. Repurposing previously developed drugs for new indications can expedite the translation of new therapies from bench to beside. Here, we characterized the anti-cryptococcal activity and antifungal mechanism of estrogen receptor antagonists related to the breast cancer drugs tamoxifen and toremifene. Tamoxifen and toremifene are fungicidal and synergize with fluconazole and amphotericin B in vitro. In a mouse model of disseminated cryptococcosis, tamoxifen at concentrations achievable in humans combines with fluconazole to decrease brain burden by ~1 log10. In addition, these drugs inhibit the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans within macrophages, a niche not accessible by current antifungal drugs. Toremifene and tamoxifen directly bind to the essential EF hand protein calmodulin, as determined by thermal shift assays with purified C. neoformans calmodulin (Cam1), prevent Cam1 from binding to its well-characterized substrate calcineurin (Cna1), and block Cna1 activation. In whole cells, toremifene and tamoxifen block the calcineurin-dependent nuclear localization of the transcription factor Crz1. A large-scale chemical genetic screen with a library of C. neoformans deletion mutants identified a second EF hand-containing protein, which we have named calmodulin-like protein 1 (CNAG_05655), as a potential target, and further analysis showed that toremifene directly binds Cml1 and modulates its ability to bind and activate Cna1. Importantly, tamoxifen analogs (idoxifene and methylene-idoxifene) with increased calmodulin antagonism display improved anti-cryptococcal activity, indicating that calmodulin inhibition can be used to guide a systematic optimization of the anti-cryptococcal activity of the triphenylethylene scaffold. Worldwide, cryptococcosis affects approximately 1 million people annually and kills more HIV/AIDS patients per year than tuberculosis. The gold standard therapy for cryptococcosis is amphotericin B plus 5-flucytosine, but this regimen is not readily available in regions where resources are limited and where the burden of disease is highest. Herein, we show that molecules related to the breast cancer drug tamoxifen are fungicidal for Cryptococcus and display a number of pharmacological properties desirable for an anti-cryptococcal drug, including synergistic fungicidal activity with fluconazole in vitro and in vivo, oral bioavailability, and activity within macrophages. We have also demonstrated that this class of molecules targets calmodulin as part of their mechanism of action and that tamoxifen analogs with increased calmodulin antagonism have improved anti-cryptococcal activity. Taken together, these results indicate that tamoxifen is a pharmacologically attractive scaffold for the development of new anti-cryptococcal drugs and provide a mechanistic basis for its further optimization.
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Activity of 129 single-agent drugs in 228 phase I and II clinical trials in multiple myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 14:284-290.e5. [PMID: 24565465 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 400 preclinical studies report ≥ 1 compound as cytotoxic to multiple myeloma (MM) cells; however, few of these agents became relevant in the clinic. Thus, the utility of such assays in predicting future clinical value is debatable. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined the application of early-phase trial experiences to predict future clinical adoption. We identified 129 drugs explored as single agents in 228 trials involving 7421 patients between 1961 and 2013. RESULTS All drugs in common use in MM (melphalan, dexamethasone, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, bendamustine, thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, bortezomib, carfilzomib, and doxorubicin) demonstrated a best reported response rate of ≥ 22%. Older agents, including teniposide, fotemustine, paclitaxel, and interferon, also appear active by this criterion; however, if mean response rates from all reported trials for an agent are considered, then only drugs with a mean response rate of 15% partial response are in clinical use. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests that thresholds of 20% for best or 15% for mean response are highly predictive of future clinical success. Below these thresholds, no drug has yet reached regulatory approval or widespread use in the clinic. Thus, this benchmark provides 1 element of the framework for guiding choice of drugs for late-stage clinical testing.
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Li W, Frame LT, Hirsch S, Cobos E. Genistein and hematological malignancies. Cancer Lett 2010; 296:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Alaynick WA, Way JM, Wilson SA, Benson WG, Pei L, Downes M, Yu R, Jonker JW, Holt JA, Rajpal DK, Li H, Stuart J, McPherson R, Remlinger KS, Chang CY, McDonnell DP, Evans RM, Billin AN. ERRgamma regulates cardiac, gastric, and renal potassium homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:299-309. [PMID: 19965931 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy production by oxidative metabolism in kidney, stomach, and heart, is primarily expended in establishing ion gradients to drive renal electrolyte homeostasis, gastric acid secretion, and cardiac muscle contraction, respectively. In addition to orchestrating transcriptional control of oxidative metabolism, the orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma), coordinates expression of genes central to ion homeostasis in oxidative tissues. Renal, gastric, and cardiac tissues subjected to genomic analysis of expression in perinatal ERRgamma null mice revealed a characteristic dysregulation of genes involved in transport processes, exemplified by the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kcne2. Consistently, ERRgamma null animals die during the first 72 h of life with elevated serum potassium, reductions in key gastric acid production markers, and cardiac arrhythmia with prolonged QT intervals. In addition, we find altered expression of several genes associated with hypertension in ERRgamma null mice. These findings suggest a potential role for genetic polymorphisms at the ERRgamma locus and ERRgamma modulators in the etiology and treatment of renal, gastric, and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Alaynick
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Olivier S, Robe P, Bours V. Can NF-κB be a target for novel and efficient anti-cancer agents? Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1054-68. [PMID: 16973133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the NF-kappaB transcription factor in 1986 and the cloning of the genes coding for NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins, many studies demonstrated that this transcription factor can, in most cases, protect transformed cells from apoptosis and therefore participate in the onset or progression of many human cancers. Molecular studies demonstrated that ancient widely used drugs, known for their chemopreventive or therapeutic activities against human cancers, inhibit NF-kappaB, usually among other biological effects. It is therefore considered that the anti-cancer activities of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or glucocorticoids are probably partially related to the inhibition of NF-kappaB and new clinical trials are being initiated with old compounds such as sulfasalazine. In parallel, many companies have developed novel agents acting on the NF-kappaB pathway: some of these agents are supposed to be NF-kappaB specific (i.e. IKK inhibitors) while others have wide-range biological activities (i.e. proteasome inhibitors). Today, the most significant clinical data have been obtained with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, for the treatment of multiple myeloma. This review discusses the preclinical and clinical data obtained with these various drugs and their putative future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Olivier
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Biomedical Integrative Genoproteomics, University of Liège, CHU B35, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Maillard S, Gauduchon J, Marsaud V, Gouilleux F, Connault E, Opolon P, Fattal E, Sola B, Renoir JM. Improved antitumoral properties of pure antiestrogen RU 58668-loaded liposomes in multiple myeloma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 100:67-78. [PMID: 16753295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In most of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, the "pure" antiestrogen (AE) RU 58668 (RU) induced either a G1-arrest (LP-1, OPM-2, NCI-H929, U266 cells) or apoptosis (RPMI 8226 cells). In RPMI 8226 cells, RU activates a caspase-dependent cell death pathway leading to the release of cytochrome c, the decrease of the essential MM survival factor Mcl-1, the cleavage of Bid and the activation of caspases-3 and -8. Incorporation of RU in pegylated cholesterol-containing liposomes allowed a controlled RU release, improving its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in cells. In RPMI 8226 xenografts, i.v. injected RU-liposomes but not free RU, exhibited antitumor activity. In vivo, RU-liposomes triggered the mitochondrial death pathway, concomitantly with a down-regulation of Mcl-1 and Bid cleavage. The decrease of CD34 immunoreactivity indicated a reduction of angiogenesis. The decrease of VEGF secretion in vitro supported a direct effect of RU on angiogenesis. These pro-apoptotic and antiangiogenic effects were explained by a prolonged exposure to the drug and to the endocytosis capacity of liposomes which might increase RU uptake and bypass a membrane export of free RU. Thus, these combined enhanced activities of RU-liposomes support that such a delivery of an AE may constitute a strategy of benefit for MM treatment.
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