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Guo X, Yang Y, Tang J, Xiang J. Ephs in cancer progression: complexity and context-dependent nature in signaling, angiogenesis and immunity. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:299. [PMID: 38811954 PMCID: PMC11137953 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, comprising 14 distinct members classified into two subgroups: EphAs and EphBs.. Despite their essential functions in normal physiological processes, accumulating evidence suggests that the involvement of the Eph family in cancer is characterized by a dual and often contradictory nature. Research indicates that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling influences cell-cell communication, subsequently regulating cell migration, adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. The contradictory functionalities may arise from the diversity of Eph signaling pathways and the heterogeneity of different cancer microenvironment. In this review, we aim to discuss the dual role of the Eph receptors in tumor development, attempting to elucidate the paradoxical functionality through an exploration of Eph receptor signaling pathways, angiogenesis, immune responses, and more. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor development. Additionally, we will explore the evolving landscape of utilizing Eph receptors as potential targets for tumor therapy and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyi Yang
- Health Management Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Nehal M, Khatoon J, Akhtar S, Khan MKA. Exploring the potential of EphA2 receptor signaling pathway: a comprehensive review in cancer treatment. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:337. [PMID: 38393520 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The protein encoded by the ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) gene is a member of the ephrin receptor subfamily of the receptor tyrosine kinase family (RTKs). Eph receptors play a significant role in various biological processes, particularly cancer progression, development, and pathogenesis. They have been observed to regulate cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, tumor development, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastasis. To target EphA2 activity, various molecular, genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological strategies have been extensively tested in laboratory cultures and animal models. Notably, drugs, such as dasatinib, initially designed to target the kinase family, have demonstrated an additional capability to target EphA2 activity. Additionally, a novel monoclonal antibody named EA5 has emerged as a promising option to counteract the effects of EphA2 overexpression and restore tamoxifen sensitivity in EphA2-transfected MCF-7 cells during in vitro experiments. This antibody mimicked the binding of Ephrin A to EphA2. These methods offer potential avenues for inhibiting EphA2 activity, which could significantly decelerate breast cancer progression and restore sensitivity to certain drugs. This review article comprehensively covers EphA2's involvement in multiple malignancies, including ovarian, colorectal, breast, lung, glioma, and melanoma. Furthermore, we discuss the structure of EphA2, the Eph-Ephrin signaling pathway, various EphA2 inhibitors, and the mechanisms of EphA2 degradation. This article provides an extensive overview of EphA2's vital role in different types of cancers and outlines potential therapeutic approaches to target EphA2, shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms that make it an attractive target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nehal
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Jahanarah Khatoon
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Salman Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
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Nanamiya R, Suzuki H, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Development of an Anti-EphB4 Monoclonal Antibody for Multiple Applications Against Breast Cancers. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:166-177. [PMID: 37824755 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors are the largest receptor tyrosine kinase family. EphB4 is essential for cell adhesion and motility during embryogenesis. Pathologically, EphB4 is overexpressed and contributes to poor prognosis in various tumors. Therefore, specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) should be developed to predict the prognosis for multiple tumors with high EphB4 expression, including breast and gastric cancers. This study aimed to develop specific anti-EphB4 mAbs for multiple applications using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening method. EphB4-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 (CHO/EphB4) cells were immunized into mice, and we established an anti-EphB4 mAb (clone B4Mab-7), which is applicable for flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). B4Mab-7 reacted with endogenous EphB4-positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, but did not react with EphB4-knockout MCF-7 (BINDS-52) in flow cytometry. Dissociation constant (KD) values were determined to be 2.9 × 10-9 M and 1.3 × 10-9 M by flow cytometric analysis for CHO/EphB4 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. B4Mab-7 detected the EphB4 protein bands from breast cancer cells in Western blot, and stained breast cancer tissues in IHC. Altogether, B4Mab-7 is very useful for detecting EphB4 in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Nanamiya
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Hunting for Novel Routes in Anticancer Drug Discovery: Peptides against Sam-Sam Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810397. [PMID: 36142306 PMCID: PMC9499636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse protein binding modules, Sam (Sterile alpha motif) domains attract attention due to their versatility. They are present in different organisms and play many functions in physiological and pathological processes by binding multiple partners. The EphA2 receptor contains a Sam domain at the C-terminus (EphA2-Sam) that is able to engage protein regulators of receptor stability (including the lipid phosphatase Ship2 and the adaptor Odin). Ship2 and Odin are recruited by EphA2-Sam through heterotypic Sam-Sam interactions. Ship2 decreases EphA2 endocytosis and consequent degradation, producing chiefly pro-oncogenic outcomes in a cellular milieu. Odin, through its Sam domains, contributes to receptor stability by possibly interfering with ubiquitination. As EphA2 is upregulated in many types of tumors, peptide inhibitors of Sam-Sam interactions by hindering receptor stability could function as anticancer therapeutics. This review describes EphA2-Sam and its interactome from a structural and functional perspective. The diverse design strategies that have thus far been employed to obtain peptides targeting EphA2-mediated Sam-Sam interactions are summarized as well. The generated peptides represent good initial lead compounds, but surely many efforts need to be devoted in the close future to improve interaction affinities towards Sam domains and consequently validate their anticancer properties.
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Wu Y, Huang J, Ivan C, Sun Y, Ma S, Mangala LS, Fellman BM, Urbauer DL, Jennings NB, Ram P, Coleman RL, Hu W, Sood AK. MEK inhibition overcomes resistance to EphA2-targeted therapy in uterine cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 163:181-190. [PMID: 34391578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our pilot clinical study of EphA2 inhibitor (dasatinib) plus paclitaxel and carboplatin showed interesting clinical activity in endometrial cancer with manageable toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of dasatinib resistance in uterine cancer are unknown. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms underlying resistance to EphA2 inhibitors in uterine cancer and examined the anti-tumor activity of EphA2 inhibitors alone and in combination with a MEK inhibitor. METHODS We evaluated the antitumor activity of EphA2 inhibitors plus a MEK inhibitor using in vitro and in vivo orthotopic models of uterine cancer. RESULTS EphA2 inhibitor induced MAPK in dasatinib-resistant uterine cancer cells (HEC-1A and Ishikawa) and BRAF/CRAF heterodimerization in HEC-1A cells. EphA2 inhibitor and trametinib significantly increased apoptosis in cancer cells resistant to EphA2 inhibitors compared with controls (p < 0.01). An in vivo study with the orthotopic HEC-1A model showed significantly greater antitumor response to combination treatment compared with dasatinib alone (p < 0.01). Combination treatment increased EphrinA1 and BIM along with decreased pMAPK, Jagged 1, and c-MYC expression in dasatinib-resistant cells. In addition, Spearman analysis using the TCGA data revealed that upregulation of EphA2 was significantly correlated with JAG1, MYC, NOTCH1, NOTCH3 and HES1 expression (p < 0.001, r = 0.25-0.43). Specifically, MAP3K15 and the NOTCH family genes were significantly related to poor clinical outcome in patients with uterine cancer. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the MAPK pathway is activated in dasatinib-resistant uterine cancer cells and that EphrinA1-mediated MEK inhibition overcomes dasatinib resistance. Dual targeting of both EphA2 and MEK, combined with chemotherapy, should be considered for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutuan Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yunjie Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Shaolin Ma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bryan M Fellman
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Diana L Urbauer
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nicholas B Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Prahlad Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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Coleman RL, Hu W, Soliman P, Nick A, Ramirez PT, Westin SN, Garcia ME, Zhu Z, Palancia J, Fellman BM, Yuan Y, Ram P, Bischoff F, Schmeler K, Bodurka D, Meyer LA, Sood AK. Dasatinib, paclitaxel, and carboplatin in women with advanced-stage or recurrent endometrial cancer: A pilot clinical and translational study. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 161:104-112. [PMID: 33551196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of dasatinib therapy on EphA2 signaling in cancers of women with measurable (biopsy amenable) advanced-stage, chemo-naïve primary or recurrent endometrial cancer. Preliminary efficacy was also assessed. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a pilot study of single-agent dasatinib lead-in, followed by triplet dasatinib, paclitaxel, and carboplatin. We measured the downstream effectors of EphA2 signaling in pre- and post-dasatinib treatment biopsy tissue samples; we also determined the severity of adverse events and patients' progression-free survival and overall survival durations. RESULTS Eighteen patients were recruited and given dasatinib (150 mg orally daily for 14 days), followed by paclitaxel, carboplatin and dasatinib (daily) for six cycles (21-day cycles). Seventeen patients were evaluable for toxicity and 11 patients for response. A reverse phase protein array and proximity ligation assay revealed that CRAF/BRAF dimerization, caveolin-1 level, and Notch pathway signaling were predictive of response and resistance to dasatinib. Overall, the objective response rate was 45% (95% CI: 17%-77%), with median progression-free survival duration of 10.5 months and median overall survival duration of 30.4 months. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were neutropenia (76%), thrombocytopenia (53%), anemia (53%), and fatigue (12%). CONCLUSIONS Caveolin-1 expression, in combination with CRAF/BRAF heterodimerization, is associated with resistance to EphA2 targeting by dasatinib. The triplet combination showed interesting clinical activity in endometrial cancer with acceptable toxicity. Pretreatment with dasatinib may accentuate combination therapy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Pamela Soliman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alpa Nick
- Tennessee Oncology from St. Thomas Medical Partners, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Pedro T Ramirez
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael E Garcia
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zhifei Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Julieta Palancia
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bryan M Fellman
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Prahlad Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Kathleen Schmeler
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Diane Bodurka
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Larissa A Meyer
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Xi X, Bao Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhong X, Liao J, Zhou J, Xu S, Cao Z, Hu K, Hu Y, He X, Zhou L, Lin H, Wu Q. Oncogenic gene TRIM10 confers resistance to cisplatin in osteosarcoma cells and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:74-82. [PMID: 32997424 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins contribute to multiple biological processes such as neurodegeneration, development, inflammation, cell survival, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. However, the biological function and molecular mechanism of TRIM family proteins in osteosarcoma chemoresistance remain unclear. In the current study, we found the protein expression of TRIM10 was markedly overexpressed in cisplatin resistance's osteosarcoma tissues and TRIM10 overexpression was inversely correlated with osteosarcoma patient survival. Furthermore, overexpression of TRIM10 confers cisplatin resistance on osteosarcoma cells; however, repressing TRIM10 sensitized osteosarcoma cell lines to cisplatin cytotoxicity in vitro. Mechanically, TRIM10 upregulated the nuclear levels of p65, thereby activating canonical NF-κB signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that TRIM10 contributed to cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma cells, and targeting the TRIM10/p65 axis may represent a promising strategy to enhance cisplatin response in osteosarcoma patients with chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangfan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Emergency Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueren Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjian Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sitao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziye Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Konghe Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Longze Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
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London M, Gallo E. The EphA2 and cancer connection: potential for immune-based interventions. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8037-8048. [PMID: 32990903 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Eph (erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular) receptors form the largest known subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. These receptors interact with membrane-bound ephrin ligands via direct cell-cell interactions resulting in bi-directional activation of signal pathways. Importantly, the Eph receptors play critical roles in embryonic tissue organization and homeostasis, and in the maintenance of adult processes such as long-term potentiation, angiogenesis, and stem cell differentiation. The Eph receptors also display properties of both tumor promoters and suppressors depending on the cellular context. Characterization of EphA2 receptor in regard to EphA2 dysregulation has revealed associations with various pathological processes, especially cancer. The analysis of various tumor types generally identify EphA2 receptor as overexpressed and/or mutated, and for certain types of cancers EphA2 is linked with poor prognosis and decreased patient survival. Thus, here we highlight the role of EphA2 in malignant tissues that are specific to cancer; these include glioblastoma multiforme, prostate cancer, ovarian and uterine cancers, gastric carcinoma, melanoma, and breast cancer. Due to its large extracellular domain, therapeutic targeting of EphA2 with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which may function as inhibitors of ligand activation or as molecular agonists, has been an oft-attempted strategy. Therefore, we review the most current mAb-based therapies against EphA2 expressing cancers currently in pre-clinical and/or clinical stages. Finally, we discuss the latest peptides and cyclical-peptides that function as selective agonists for EphA2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max London
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Eugenio Gallo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Gong H, Nie D, Li Z. Targeting Six Hallmarks of Cancer in Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:853-867. [PMID: 32807056 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620999200816130218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal cells must overcome multiple protective mechanisms to develop into cancer cells. Their new capabilities include self-sufficiency in growth signals and insensitivity to antigrowth signals, evasion of apoptosis, a limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis; these are also termed the six hallmarks of cancer. A deep understanding of the genetic and protein alterations involved in these processes has enabled the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and clinical trial design in the search for ovarian cancer treatments. Clinically, significantly longer progression-free survival has been observed in the single use of PARP, MEK, VEGF and Chk1/Chk2 inhibitors. However, the clinical efficacy of the targeted agents is still restricted to specific molecular subtypes and no trials illustrate a benefit in overall survival. Exploring novel drug targets or combining current feasible biological agents hold great promise to further improve outcomes in ovarian cancer. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive description of the molecular alterations involved in ovarian cancer carcinogenesis and of emerging biological agents and combined strategies that target aberrant pathways, which might shed light on future ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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10
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Wang J, Zheng X, Peng Q, Zhang X, Qin Z. Eph receptors: the bridge linking host and virus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2355-2365. [PMID: 31893311 PMCID: PMC7275029 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eph (erythropoietin-producing hepatoma) receptors and Ephrin ligands constitute the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), which were first discovered in tumors. Heretofore, Eph protein has been shown to be involved in various tumor biological behaviors including proliferation and progression. The occurrence of specific types of tumor is closely related to the virus infection. Virus entry is a complex process characterized by a series of events. The entry into target cells is an essential step for virus to cause diseases, which requires the fusion of the viral envelope and host cellular membrane mediated by viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. Integrin molecules are well known as entry receptors for most herpes viruses. However, in recent years, Eph receptors and their Ephrin ligands have been reported to be involved in virus infections. The main mechanism may be the interaction between Eph receptors and conserved viral surface glycoprotein, such as the gH/gL or gB protein of the herpesviridae. This review focuses on the relationship between Eph receptor family and virus infection that summarize the processes of viruses such as EBV, KSHV, HCV, RRV, etc., infecting target cells through Eph receptors and activating its downstream signaling pathways resulting in malignancies. Finally, we discussed the perspectives to block virus infection, prevention, and treatment of viral-related tumors via Eph receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Immunology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zailong Qin
- Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Birth Defects Research And Prevention Institute, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
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Janes PW, Vail ME, Gan HK, Scott AM. Antibody Targeting of Eph Receptors in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050088. [PMID: 32397088 PMCID: PMC7281212 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases mediate cell-cell communication controlling cell and tissue patterning during development. While generally less active in adult tissues, they often re-emerge in cancers, particularly on undifferentiated or progenitor cells in tumors and the tumor microenvironment, associated with tumor initiation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Eph receptors are thus attractive therapeutic targets, and monoclonal antibodies have been commonly developed and tested for anti-cancer activity in preclinical models, and in some cases in the clinic. This review summarizes 20 years of research on various antibody-based approaches to target Eph receptors in tumors and the tumor microenvironment, including their mode of action, tumor specificity, and efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical testing.
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Rezaie E, Amani J, Bidmeshki Pour A, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H. A new scfv-based recombinant immunotoxin against EPHA2-overexpressing breast cancer cells; High in vitro anti-cancer potency. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 870:172912. [PMID: 31926992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxin therapy is one of the immunotherapy strategies providing a new, effective and high potency treatment against various cancers. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in many countries. The EPH receptors are a large part of tyrosine kinase receptors family and play an effective role in tumor development and angiogenesis. Among EPH receptors, EPHA2 is more commonly well-known and widely expressed in many cancers like breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated the specification of a designed immunotoxin formed by EPHA2-specific scfv linked with PE38KDEL on EPHA2-overexpressing breast cancer cell line. This new scfv-based recombinant immunotoxin was studied in terms of features such as binding potency, cytotoxicity effects, apoptosis induction ability, and internalization. The flow cytometry results showed that the immunotoxin can significantly (approximately 99%) bind to EPHA2-overexpressing breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) in a low concentration (2.5 ng/ul) while cannot significantly bind to the normal cell line (HEK-293) or even EPHA2-very low expressing cell line (MCF-7). Using the MTT assay and Annexin V/Propidium iodide (PI) double staining method by flow cytometry, we observed significant killing and apoptosis induction of the MDA-MB-231 cells at different concentrations. Immunotoxin tracking by confocal microscopy at 2 h and 6 h revealed a massive presence of immunotoxin in the cytoplasm. Finally, given the in vitro results, it seems that this immunotoxin is competent enough to serve as a good candidate for in vivo studies to further explore the possibility of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Rezaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Bidmeshki Pour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sato S, Vasaikar S, Eskaros A, Kim Y, Lewis JS, Zhang B, Zijlstra A, Weaver AM. EPHB2 carried on small extracellular vesicles induces tumor angiogenesis via activation of ephrin reverse signaling. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132447. [PMID: 31661464 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key process that allows nutrient uptake and cellular trafficking and is coopted in cancer to enable tumor growth and metastasis. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to promote angiogenesis; however, it is unclear what unique features EVs contribute to the process. Here, we studied the role of EVs derived from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in driving tumor angiogenesis. Small EVs (SEVs), in the size range of exosomes (50-150 nm), induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic analysis of HNSCC SEVs revealed the cell-to-cell signaling receptor ephrin type B receptor 2 (EPHB2) as a promising candidate cargo to promote angiogenesis. Analysis of patient data further identified EPHB2 overexpression in HNSCC tumors to be associated with poor patient prognosis and tumor angiogenesis, especially in the context of overexpression of the exosome secretion regulator cortactin. Functional experiments revealed that EPHB2 expression in SEVs regulated angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and that EPHB2 carried by SEVs stimulates ephrin-B reverse signaling, inducing STAT3 phosphorylation. A STAT3 inhibitor greatly reduced SEV-induced angiogenesis. These data suggest a model in which EVs uniquely promote angiogenesis by transporting Eph transmembrane receptors to nonadjacent endothelial cells to induce ephrin reverse signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adel Eskaros
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and
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Saha N, Robev D, Mason EO, Himanen JP, Nikolov DB. Therapeutic potential of targeting the Eph/ephrin signaling complex. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 105:123-133. [PMID: 30343150 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Eph-ephrin signaling pathway mediates developmental processes and the proper functioning of the adult human body. This distinctive bidirectional signaling pathway includes a canonical downstream signal cascade inside the Eph-bearing cells, as well as a reverse signaling in the ephrin-bearing cells. The signaling is terminated by ADAM metalloproteinase cleavage, internalization, and degradation of the Eph/ephrin complexes. Consequently, the Eph-ephrin-ADAM signaling cascade has emerged as a key target with immense therapeutic potential particularly in the context of cancer. An interesting twist was brought forth by the emergence of ephrins as the entry receptors for the pathological Henipaviruses, which has spurred new studies to target the viral entry. The availability of high-resolution structures of the multi-modular Eph receptors in complexes with ephrins and other binding partners, such as peptides, small molecule inhibitors and antibodies, offers a wealth of information for the structure-guided development of therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, genomic data mining of Eph mutants involved in cancer provides information for targeted drug development. In this review we summarize the distinct avenues for targeting the Eph-ephrin signaling pathway, including its termination by ADAM proteinases. We highlight the latest developments in Eph-related pharmacology in the context of Eph-ephrin-ADAM-based antibodies and small molecules. Finally, the future prospects of genomics- and proteomics-based medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanendu Saha
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Structural Biology Program, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Dorothea Robev
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Structural Biology Program, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Emilia O Mason
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Structural Biology Program, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Juha P Himanen
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Structural Biology Program, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Dimitar B Nikolov
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Structural Biology Program, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Fokas E, Kamlah F, Hänze J, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Rose F, An HX. EphA2 blockade enhances the anti-endothelial effect of radiation and inhibits irradiated tumor cell-induced migration of endothelial cells. Thorac Cancer 2018; 1:153-162. [PMID: 27755819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2010.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EphA2 tyrosine kinase plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis, but whether targeting this pathway can affect response to ionizing radiation (IR) remains unknown. METHODS We investigated, using a soluble EphA2-Fc chimera, whether EphA2 inhibition could sensitize A549 and MCF-7 tumor cells, as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC), to IR. RESULTS EphA2-Fc resulted in a greater response of endothelial cells (EC) to IR than either treatment alone. EphA2-Fc significantly increased apoptosis and decreased clonogenic survival, tube formation and migration in irradiated EC after stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), without an affecting their proliferation. No difference in proliferation or survival was found in A549 and MCF-7 tumor cells. In a co-culture model, EphA2-Fc inhibited an irradiated A549 cell-induced increase in EC migration. VEGF supplementation, as well as condiotioned medium from irradiated A549 cells, phosphorylated EphA2 in EC. The latter was abrogated by EphA2-Fc. CONCLUSIONS EC were most sensitive to a combination of EphA2 inhibition and radiotherapy. The induction of paracrine growth factors and activation of EphA2 in EC suggest a protective mechanism that tumors probably use to attenuate IR-induced antivascular effects. Our data justify further investigation to explore targeting EphA2 in tumor radiosensitivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Florentine Kamlah
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hänze
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Rose
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Han-Xiang An
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Tanaka T, Yamada H, Kuroki M, Kodama S, Tamura K, Takamatsu Y. A Modified Adenovirus Vector-Mediated Antibody Screening Method Identifies EphA2 as a Cancer Target. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:476-484. [PMID: 28505517 PMCID: PMC5430157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We constructed a genetically modified adenovirus vector incorporating an IgG Fc-binding motif from staphylococcal protein A, Z33 (Adv-FZ33). Adv-FZ33 allows an antibody to redirect the vector to a target molecule on the cell surface. We attempted to search for target antigen candidates and antibodies that allowed highly selective gene transduction into malignant tumors. METHODS: Hybridoma libraries producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were screened that increased transduction efficiency in cancer cell lines after cross-linking with Adv-FZ33. Target antigens of the mAbs were identified by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Of these mAbs, we noted a clone, F2-27, that recognized the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2. Next, we generated an adenovirus vector, Ax3CMTK-FZ33, that expressed a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). The therapeutic efficacy of F2-27–mediated HSV-TK gene transduction, followed by ganciclovir (GCV) administration, was studied in vitro. The inhibitory effect of F2-27 on cancer cell invasion was investigated by a three-dimensional spheroid formation assay. RESULTS: In vitro reporter gene expression after Adv-FZ33 infection via F2-27 was 146 times higher than with control mAb in EphA2-expressing cancer cell lines. F2-27–mediated Ax3CMTK-FZ33 infection induced the HSV-TK gene in an F2-27–dependent manner and had a highly effective cytotoxic effect in a GCV-dependent manner. Additionally, F2-27 independently inhibited migration of EphA2-positive breast cancer cell lines in three-dimensional culture. CONCLUSION: Our modified adenovirus and hybridoma screening system is useful for the development of targeted cancer therapy, and F2-27 has the potential to be an antibody-based therapy for various EphA2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masahide Kuroki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tamura
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takamatsu
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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Rashed MH, Kanlikilicer P, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Pichler M, Bayraktar R, Bayraktar E, Ivan C, Filant J, Silva A, Aslan B, Denizli M, Mitra R, Ozpolat B, Calin GA, Sood AK, Abd-Ellah MF, Helal GK, Berestein GL. Exosomal miR-940 maintains SRC-mediated oncogenic activity in cancer cells: a possible role for exosomal disposal of tumor suppressor miRNAs. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20145-20164. [PMID: 28423620 PMCID: PMC5386751 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as important mediators of diverse biological functions including tumor suppression, tumor progression, invasion, immune escape and cell-to-cell communication, through the release of molecules such as mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins. Here, we identified differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs between normal epithelial ovarian cell line and both resistant and sensitive ovarian cancer (OC) cell lines. We found miR-940 as abundant in exosomes from SKOV3-IP1, HeyA8, and HeyA8-MDR cells. The high expression of miR-940 is associated with better survival in patients with ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. Ectopic expression of miR-940 inhibited proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration and triggered G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in OC cells. Overexpression of miR-940 also inhibited tumor cell growth in vivo. We showed that proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC) is directly targeted by miR-940 and that miR-940 inhibited SRC expression at mRNA and protein levels. Following this inhibition, the expression of proteins downstream of SRC, such as FAK, paxillin and Akt was also reduced. Collectively, our results suggest that OC cells secrete the tumor-suppressive miR-940 into the extracellular environment via exosomes, to maintain their invasiveness and tumorigenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Rashed
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pinar Kanlikilicer
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emine Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justyna Filant
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andreia Silva
- Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Burcu Aslan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Merve Denizli
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rahul Mitra
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohamed F. Abd-Ellah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gouda K. Helal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gabriel Lopez Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a (eIF3a) is one of the core subunits of the translation initiation complex eIF3, responsible for ribosomal subunit joining and mRNA recruitment to the ribosome. Our previous study identified that it was correlated with platinum response in lung cancer. The current study aims to test the hypothesis that eIF3a may affect the drug response and prognosis of ovarian cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy by regulating xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and p27Kip1. Immunohistochemistry and western blot was used to determine the expression of eIF3a in 126 human ovarian cancer tissues followed by association analysis of eIF3a expression with patient's response and survival. Ectopic over-expression and RNA interference knockdown of eIF3a were carried out in A2780/cisplatin (DDP) and its parental A2780 cells, respectively, to determine the effect of altered eIF3a expression on cellular response to cisplatin by employing MTT assay. Western Blot analyses were also carried out to determine the regulation of eIF3a on XPC and p27Kip1. eIF3a expression was associated with response of ovarian cancer patients to DDP-based chemotherapy and their survival. Overexpression and knockdown of eIF3a increased and decreased the cellular response to cisplatin in A2780/DDP and A2780 cells, respectively. In addition, XPC and p27Kip1 were down regulated by eIF3a. eIF3a improves ovarian cancer patients' response to DDP-based chemotherapy via down regulating XPC and p27Kip1.
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Krukowski K, Nijboer CH, Huo X, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy by the small-molecule inhibitor pifithrin-μ. Pain 2016; 156:2184-2192. [PMID: 26473292 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side effect of cancer treatment. It is the most frequent cause of dose reduction or treatment discontinuation in patients treated for cancer with commonly used drugs including taxanes and platinum-based compounds. No FDA-approved treatments for CIPN are available. In rodents, CIPN is represented by peripheral mechanical allodynia in association with retraction of intraepidermal nerve fibers. The mechanism of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is unclear, but it has been established that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important component of the dysregulation in peripheral sensory neurons. We have shown earlier that inhibition of mitochondrial p53 accumulation with the small compound pifithrin-μ (PFT-μ) prevents cerebral neuronal death in a rodent model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. We now explore whether PFT-μ is capable of preventing neuronal mitochondrial damage and CIPN in mice. We demonstrate for the first time that PFT-μ prevents both paclitaxel- and cisplatin-induced mechanical allodynia. Electron microscopic analysis of peripheral sensory nerves revealed that PFT-μ secured mitochondrial integrity in paclitaxel-treated mice. In addition, PFT-μ administration protects against chemotherapy-induced loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers in the paw. To determine whether neuroprotective treatment with PFT-μ would interfere with the antitumor effects of chemotherapy, ovarian tumor cells were cultured in vitro with PFT-μ and paclitaxel. Pifithrin-μ does not inhibit tumor cell death but even enhances paclitaxel-induced tumor cell death. These data are the first to identify PFT-μ as a potential therapeutic strategy for prevention of CIPN to combat one of the most devastating side effects of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Krukowski
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease (NIDOD), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Pearce AK, Fuchs AV, Fletcher NL, Thurecht KJ. Targeting Nanomedicines to Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Specificity of Ligands to Two Different Receptors In Vivo. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2388-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zand B, Previs RA, Zacharias NM, Rupaimoole R, Mitamura T, Nagaraja AS, Guindani M, Dalton HJ, Yang L, Baddour J, Achreja A, Hu W, Pecot CV, Ivan C, Wu SY, McCullough CR, Gharpure KM, Shoshan E, Pradeep S, Mangala LS, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Wang Y, Nick AM, Davies MA, Armaiz-Pena G, Liu J, Lutgendorf SK, Baggerly KA, Eli MB, Lopez-Berestein G, Nagrath D, Bhattacharya PK, Sood AK. Role of Increased n-acetylaspartate Levels in Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djv426. [PMID: 26819345 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical and biological effects of metabolic alterations in cancer are not fully understood. METHODS In high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) samples (n = 101), over 170 metabolites were profiled and compared with normal ovarian tissues (n = 15). To determine NAT8L gene expression across different cancer types, we analyzed the RNA expression of cancer types using RNASeqV2 data available from the open access The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) website (http://www.cbioportal.org/public-portal/). Using NAT8L siRNA, molecular techniques and histological analysis, we determined cancer cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor growth in in vitro and in vivo (n = 6-10 mice/group) settings. Data were analyzed with the Student's t test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Patients with high levels of tumoral NAA and its biosynthetic enzyme, aspartate N-acetyltransferase (NAT8L), had worse overall survival than patients with low levels of NAA and NAT8L. The overall survival duration of patients with higher-than-median NAA levels (3.6 years) was lower than that of patients with lower-than-median NAA levels (5.1 years, P = .03). High NAT8L gene expression in other cancers (melanoma, renal cell, breast, colon, and uterine cancers) was associated with worse overall survival. NAT8L silencing reduced cancer cell viability (HEYA8: control siRNA 90.61% ± 2.53, NAT8L siRNA 39.43% ± 3.00, P < .001; A2780: control siRNA 90.59% ± 2.53, NAT8L siRNA 7.44% ± 1.71, P < .001) and proliferation (HEYA8: control siRNA 74.83% ± 0.92, NAT8L siRNA 55.70% ± 1.54, P < .001; A2780: control siRNA 50.17% ± 4.13, NAT8L siRNA 26.52% ± 3.70, P < .001), which was rescued by addition of NAA. In orthotopic mouse models (ovarian cancer and melanoma), NAT8L silencing reduced tumor growth statistically significantly (A2780: control siRNA 0.52 g ± 0.15, NAT8L siRNA 0.08 g ± 0.17, P < .001; HEYA8: control siRNA 0.79 g ± 0.42, NAT8L siRNA 0.24 g ± 0.18, P = .008, A375-SM: control siRNA 0.55 g ± 0.22, NAT8L siRNA 0.21 g ± 0.17 g, P = .001). NAT8L silencing downregulated the anti-apoptotic pathway, which was mediated through FOXM1. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the NAA pathway has a prominent role in promoting tumor growth and represents a valuable target for anticancer therapy.Altered energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer (1). Proliferating cancer cells have much greater metabolic requirements than nonproliferating differentiated cells (2,3). Moreover, altered cancer metabolism elevates unique metabolic intermediates, which can promote cancer survival and progression (4,5). Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that proliferating cancer cells exploit alternative metabolic pathways to meet their high demand for energy and to accumulate biomass (6-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Zand
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Rebecca A Previs
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Niki M Zacharias
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Takashi Mitamura
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Archana Sidalaghatta Nagaraja
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Michele Guindani
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Joelle Baddour
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Abhinav Achreja
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Wei Hu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Chad V Pecot
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher R McCullough
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Kshipra M Gharpure
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Einav Shoshan
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Ying Wang
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Alpa M Nick
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Michael A Davies
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Guillermo Armaiz-Pena
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Susan K Lutgendorf
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Keith A Baggerly
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Menashe Bar Eli
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Anil K Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine (BZ, RAP, RR, TM, ASN, HJD, WH, CI, SYW, KMG, SP, LSM, AMN, GAP, AKS), Cancer Systems Imaging (NMZ, CRM, PKB), Biostatistics (MG), Cancer Medicine (CVP), Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA (CI, LSM, CRA, GLB, AKS), Cancer Biology (YS, MBE, GLB, AKS), Experimental Therapeutics (CRA, GLB), Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (YW, KAB), Melanoma Medical Oncology (MAD), and Pathology (JL), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Nanomedicine and Bioengineering, UT Health, Houston, TX (GLB, AKS); Departments of Psychology, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (SKL); Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases (LY, JB, AA, DN), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (LY, JB, AA, DN), and Department of Bioengineering (DN), Rice University, Houston, TX.
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22
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Callegari D, Pala D, Scalvini L, Tognolini M, Incerti M, Rivara S, Mor M, Lodola A. Comparative Analysis of Virtual Screening Approaches in the Search for Novel EphA2 Receptor Antagonists. Molecules 2015; 20:17132-51. [PMID: 26393553 PMCID: PMC6331951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor and its ephrin-A1 ligand form a key cell communication system, which has been found overexpressed in many cancer types and involved in tumor growth. Recent medicinal chemistry efforts have identified bile acid derivatives as low micromolar binders of the EphA2 receptor. However, these compounds suffer from poor physicochemical properties, hampering their use in vivo. The identification of compounds able to disrupt the EphA2-ephrin-A1 complex lacking the bile acid scaffold may lead to new pharmacological tools suitable for in vivo studies. To identify the most promising virtual screening (VS) protocol aimed at finding novel EphA2 antagonists, we investigated the ability of both ligand-based and structure-based approaches to retrieve known EphA2 antagonists from libraries of decoys with similar molecular properties. While ligand-based VSs were conducted using UniPR129 and ephrin-A1 ligand as reference structures, structure-based VSs were performed with Glide, using the X-ray structure of the EphA2 receptor/ephrin-A1 complex. A comparison of enrichment factors showed that ligand-based approaches outperformed the structure-based ones, suggesting ligand-based methods using the G-H loop of ephrin-A1 ligand as template as the most promising protocols to search for novel EphA2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Callegari
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | | | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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23
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Δ(5)-Cholenoyl-amino acids as selective and orally available antagonists of the Eph-ephrin system. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:312-24. [PMID: 26363867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Eph receptor-ephrin system is an emerging target for the development of novel anti-angiogenic therapies. Research programs aimed at developing small-molecule antagonists of the Eph receptors are still in their initial stage as available compounds suffer from pharmacological drawbacks, limiting their application in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of structure-activity relationships of a class of Δ(5)-cholenoyl-amino acid conjugates as Eph-ephrin antagonists. As a major achievement of our exploration, we identified N-(3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-cholen-24-oyl)-L-tryptophan (UniPR1331) as the first small molecule antagonist of the Eph-ephrin system effective as an anti-angiogenic agent in endothelial cells, bioavailable in mice by the oral route and devoid of biological activity on G protein-coupled and nuclear receptors targeted by bile acid derivatives.
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24
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Park SH, Park S, Kim DY, Pyo A, Kimura RH, Sathirachinda A, Choy HE, Min JJ, Gambhir SS, Hong Y. Isolation and Characterization of a Monobody with a Fibronectin Domain III Scaffold That Specifically Binds EphA2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132976. [PMID: 26177208 PMCID: PMC4503726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monobodies are binding scaffold proteins originating from a human fibronectin domain III (Fn3) scaffold that can be easily engineered with specificity and affinity. Human EphA2 (hEphA2) is an early detection marker protein for various tumors including lung, breast, and colon cancer. In this study, we isolated two hEphA2-specific monobodies (E1 and E10) by screening a yeast surface display library. They showed the same amino acid sequence except in the DE loop and had high affinity (~2 nM Kd) against hEphA2. E1 bound only hEphA2 and mEphA2, although it bound hEphA2 with an affinity 2-fold higher than that of mEphA2. However, E10 also bound the mEphA6 and mEphA8 homologs as well as hEphA2 and mEphA2. Thus, E1 but not E10 was highly specific for hEphA2. E1 specifically bound human cells and xenograft tumor tissues expressing hEphA on the cell surface. In vivo optical imaging showed strong targeting of Cy5.5-labeled E1 to mouse tumor tissue induced by PC3 cells, a human prostate cancer cell line that expresses a high level of hEphA2. In conclusion, the highly specific monobody E1 is useful as a hEphA2 probe candidate for in vivo diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukho Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Pyo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard H. Kimura
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Ataya Sathirachinda
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kikuchi S, Kaibe N, Morimoto K, Fukui H, Niwa H, Maeyama Y, Takemura M, Matsumoto M, Nakamori S, Miwa H, Hirota S, Sasako M. Overexpression of Ephrin A2 receptors in cancer stromal cells is a prognostic factor for the relapse of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:485-94. [PMID: 24908114 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microenvironments control cancer growth and progression. We explored the prognostic impact of stromal reaction and cancer stromal cells on relapse risk and survival after curative gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from 107 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent curative (R0) gastrectomy. Primary stromal cells isolated from gastric cancer tissue (GCSC) and normal gastric tissue (Gastric stromal cell: GSC) in each patient were cultured and subjected to comprehensive proteome (LC-MS/MS) and real-time RT-PCR analysis. Expression of Ephrin A2 receptors (EphA2) in cancers and GCSC was evaluated immunohistochemically. Intermingling of EphA2-positive cancer cells and GCSC (IC/A2+) and overexpression of EphA2 in cancer cells (Ca/A2+) in invasive parts of tumors were assessed, as were relationships of IC/A2+, Ca/A2+, and clinicopathological factors with relapse-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS Proteome analysis showed that EphA2 expression was significantly higher in GCSC than GSC. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of EphA1/A2/A3/A5 and EphB2/B4 were ≥2.0-fold higher in GCSC than GSC. Ca/A2 and IC/A2 were positive in 65 (60.7 %) and 26 (24.3 %) patients, respectively. Relapse was significantly more frequent in IC/A2-positive than in IC/A2-negative (HR, 2.12; 95 % CI, 1.16-5.41; p = 0.0207) patients. Among the 54 patients who received S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy, relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly shorter in those who were IC/A2-positive than in those who were IC/A2-negative and Ca/A2-negative (HR, 2.83; 95 % CI, 1.12-12.12; p = 0.0339). Multivariable analysis indicated that pathological stage (p = 0.010) and IC/A2+ (p = 0.008) were independent risk factors for recurrence. CONCLUSION IC/A2+ was predictive of relapse after curative (R0) gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shojiro Kikuchi
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan,
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26
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Ozcan G, Ozpolat B, Coleman RL, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G. Preclinical and clinical development of siRNA-based therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:108-19. [PMID: 25666164 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference, first in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans and later in mammalian cells, led to the emergence of a transformative view in biomedical research. Knowledge of the multiple actions of non-coding RNAs has truly allowed viewing DNA, RNA and proteins in novel ways. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be used as tools to study single gene function both in vitro and in vivo and are an attractive new class of therapeutics, especially against undruggable targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Despite the potential of siRNAs in cancer therapy, many challenges remain, including rapid degradation, poor cellular uptake and off-target effects. Rational design strategies, selection algorithms, chemical modifications and nanocarriers offer significant opportunities to overcome these challenges. Here, we review the development of siRNAs as therapeutic agents from early design to clinical trial, with special emphasis on the development of EphA2-targeting siRNAs for ovarian cancer treatment.
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27
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The ZNF304-integrin axis protects against anoikis in cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7351. [PMID: 26081979 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly metastatic disease, but no effective strategies to target this process are currently available. Here, an integrative computational analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas OC data set and experimental validation identifies a zinc finger transcription factor ZNF304 associated with OC metastasis. High tumoral ZNF304 expression is associated with poor overall survival in OC patients. Through reverse phase protein array analysis, we demonstrate that ZNF304 promotes multiple proto-oncogenic pathways important for cell survival, migration and invasion. ZNF304 transcriptionally regulates β1 integrin, which subsequently regulates Src/focal adhesion kinase and paxillin and prevents anoikis. In vivo delivery of ZNF304 siRNA by a dual assembly nanoparticle leads to sustained gene silencing for 14 days, increased anoikis and reduced tumour growth in orthotopic mouse models of OC. Taken together, ZNF304 is a transcriptional regulator of β1 integrin, promotes cancer cell survival and protects against anoikis in OC.
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28
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether combined targeted therapies, specifically those against the Notch, hedgehog and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, could overcome ovarian cancer chemoresistance. Chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells were exposed to gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSI-I, Compound E) or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, alone and in combination with the hedgehog antagonist, LDE225. Bortezomib, alone and in combination with LDE225, was evaluated for effects on paclitaxel efficacy. Cell viability and cell cycle analysis were assessed by MTT assay and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Proteasome activity and gene expression were determined by luminescence assay and qPCR, respectively. Studies demonstrated that GSI-I, but not Compound E, inhibited proteasome activity, similar to bortezomib. Proteasome inhibition decreased hedgehog target genes (PTCH1, GLI1 and GLI2) and increased LDE225 sensitivity in vitro. Bortezomib, alone and in combination with LDE225, increased paclitaxel sensitivity through apoptosis and G2/M arrest. Expression of the multi-drug resistance gene ABCB1/MDR1 was decreased and acetylation of α-tubulin, a marker of microtubule stabilization, was increased following bortezomib treatment. HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin-a demonstrated that microtubule effects are associated with hedgehog inhibition and sensitization to paclitaxel and LDE225. These results suggest that proteasome inhibition, through alteration of microtubule dynamics and hedgehog signaling, can reverse taxane-mediated chemoresistance.
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29
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Youngblood V, Wang S, Song W, Walter D, Hwang Y, Chen J, Brantley-Sieders DM. Elevated Slit2 Activity Impairs VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis and Tumor Neovascularization in EphA2-Deficient Endothelium. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:524-37. [PMID: 25504371 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiogenic remodeling during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis is orchestrated by cooperative signaling between several distinct molecular pathways, which are often exploited by tumors. Indeed, tumors upregulate proangiogenic molecules while simultaneously suppressing angiostatic pathways to recruit blood vessels for growth, survival, and metastatic spread. Understanding how cancers exploit proangiogenic and antiangiogenic signals is a key step in developing new, molecularly targeted antiangiogenic therapies. While EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is required for VEGF-induced angiogenesis, the mechanism through which these pathways intersect remains unclear. Slit2 expression is elevated in EphA2-deficient endothelium, and here it is reported that inhibiting Slit activity rescues VEGF-induced angiogenesis in cell culture and in vivo, as well as VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis, in EphA2-deficient endothelial cells and animals. Moreover, blocking Slit activity or Slit2 expression in EphA2-deficient endothelial cells restores VEGF-induced activation of Src and Rac, both of which are required for VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. These data suggest that EphA2 suppression of Slit2 expression and Slit angiostatic activity enables VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, providing a plausible mechanism for impaired endothelial responses to VEGF in the absence of EphA2 function. IMPLICATIONS Modulation of angiostatic factor Slit2 by EphA2 receptor regulates endothelial responses to VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and tumor neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Youngblood
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Debra Walter
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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30
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Shen W, Xi H, Zhang K, Cui J, Li J, Wang N, Wei B, Chen L. Prognostic role of EphA2 in various human carcinomas: a meta-analysis of 23 related studies. Growth Factors 2014; 32:247-53. [PMID: 25418013 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.984806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic role of EphA2 in human carcinomas remains controversial. We systematically reviewed the evidence of assessment of EphA2 expression in cancers to help clarify this issue. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched to identify eligible studies to evaluate the association of EphA2 expression and overall survival (OS) of cancers. Hazard ratios (HRs) were pooled to estimate the effect. EphA2 overexpression was significantly correlated with poor OS of patients with cancer (HR: 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65-2.28). Subgroup analysis also indicated a significant relation between EphA2 overexpression and OS in gastric cancer (HR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.48-2.59). However, there was no significant relation between EphA2 overexpression and OS in lung cancer (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.93-1.83). Our analyses demonstrate that EphA2 overexpression was effectively predictive of worse prognosis in various human carcinomas. For certain cancers, EphA2 might be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with cancer, except for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing , China
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31
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Herington AC, Mertens-Walker I, Lisle JE, Maharaj M, Stephenson SA. Inhibiting Eph kinase activity may not be "Eph"ective for cancer treatment. Growth Factors 2014; 32:207-13. [PMID: 25413947 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.985293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are commonly over-expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal cancers and are recognized as promising therapeutic targets. Although normal interaction between Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands stimulates kinase activity and is generally tumor suppressive, significant Eph over-expression allows activation of ligand- and/or kinase-independent signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis. Single-agent kinase inhibitors are widely used to target RTK-driven tumors but acquired and de novo resistance to such agents is a major limitation to effective clinical use. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ephs can be inhibited by "leaky" or low-specificity kinase inhibitors targeted at other RTKs. Such off-target effects may therefore inadvertently promote ligand- and/or kinase-independent oncogenic Eph signaling, thereby providing a new mechanism by which resistance to the RTK inhibitors can emerge. We propose that combining specific, non-leaky kinase inhibitors with tumor-suppressive stimulators of Eph signaling may provide more effective treatment options for overcoming treatment-induced resistance and clinical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Herington
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Queensland , Australia and
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32
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Wen Y, Graybill WS, Previs RA, Hu W, Ivan C, Mangala LS, Zand B, Nick AM, Jennings NB, Dalton HJ, Sehgal V, Ram P, Lee JS, Vivas-Mejia PE, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Immunotherapy targeting folate receptor induces cell death associated with autophagy in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:448-59. [PMID: 25416196 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer cells are highly dependent on folate metabolism, making them susceptible to drugs that inhibit folate receptor activities. Targeting overexpressed folate receptor alpha (FRα) in cancer cells offers a therapeutic opportunity. We investigated the functional mechanisms of MORAB-003 (farletuzumab), a humanized mAb against FRα, in ovarian cancer models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first examined FRα expression in an array of human ovarian cancer cell lines and then assessed the in vivo effect of MORAB-003 on tumor growth and progression in several orthotopic mouse models of ovarian cancer derived from these cell lines. Molecular mechanisms of tumor cell death induced by MORAB-003 were investigated by cDNA and protein expression profiling analysis. Mechanistic studies were performed to determine the role of autophagy in MORAB-003-induced cell death. RESULTS MORAB-003 significantly decreased tumor growth in the high-FRα IGROV1 and SKOV3ip1 models but not in the low-FRα A2780 model. MORAB-003 reduced proliferation, but had no significant effect on apoptosis. Protein expression and cDNA microarray analyses showed that MORAB-003 regulated an array of autophagy-related genes. It also significantly increased expression of LC3 isoform II and enriched autophagic vacuolization. Blocking autophagy with hydroxychloroquine or bafilomycin A1 reversed the growth inhibition induced by MORAB-003. In addition, alteration of FOLR1 gene copy number significantly correlated with shorter disease-free survival in patients with ovarian serous cancer. CONCLUSIONS MORAB-003 displays prominent antitumor activity in ovarian cancer models expressing FRα at high levels. Blockade of folate receptor by MORAB-003 induced sustained autophagy and suppressed cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Whitney S Graybill
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rebecca A Previs
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alpa M Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicholas B Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasudha Sehgal
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Prahlad Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pablo E Vivas-Mejia
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Su Z, Ren S, Tan P, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Tian Y. Ephrin type‑A receptor 2 regulates sensitivity to paclitaxel in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signalling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:924-30. [PMID: 25351620 PMCID: PMC4262504 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is associated with cancer cell metastasis. There has been little investigation into its impact on the regulation of sensitivity to paclitaxel in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the present study, upregulation of EphA2 expression enhanced the survival of NPC 5-8F cells, compared with control cells exposed to the same concentrations of paclitaxel. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis demonstrated that over-expression of EphA2 decreased NPC cancer cell sensitivity to paclitaxel by regulating paclitaxel-mediated cell cycle progression but not apoptosis in vitro. This was accompanied by alterations in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27, and of inactive phosphorylated-retinoblastoma protein. Furthermore, paclitaxel stimulation and EphA2 over-expression resulted in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway in NPC cells. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway restored sensitivity to paclitaxel in 5-8F cells over-expressing EphA2, which indicated that the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in EphA2-mediated paclitaxel sensitivity. The current study demonstrated that EphA2 mediates sensitivity to paclitaxel via the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwu Su
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pingqing Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Rhoda K, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Bijukumar D, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Potential nanotechnologies and molecular targets in the quest for efficient chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:613-34. [PMID: 25300775 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.970162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer, considered one of the most fatal gynecological cancers, goes largely undiagnosed until metastasis presents itself, usually once the patient is in the final stages and thus, too late for worthwhile therapy. Targeting this elusive disease in its early stages would improve the outcome for most patients, while the information generated thereof would increase the possibility of preventative mechanisms of therapy. AREAS COVERED This review discusses various molecular targets as possible moieties to be incorporated in a holistic drug delivery system or the more aptly termed 'theranostic' system. These molecular targets can be used for targeting, visualizing, diagnosing, and ultimately, treating ovarian cancer in its entirety. Currently implemented nanoframeworks, such as nanomicelles and nanoliposomes, are described and the effectiveness of nanostructures in tumor targeting, treatment functions, and overcoming the drug resistance challenge is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel nanotechnology strategies such as the development of nanoframeworks decorated with targeted ligands of a molecular nature may provide an efficient chemotherapy, especially when instituted in combination with imaging, diagnostic, and ultimately, therapeutic moieties. An imperative aspect of utilizing nanotechnology in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the flexibility of the drug delivery system and its ability to overcome standard obstacles such as: i) successfully treating the desired cells through direct targeting; ii) reducing toxicity levels of treatment by achieving direct targeting; and iii) delivery of targeted therapy using an efficient vehicle that is exceptionally degradable in response to a particular stimulus. The targeting of ovarian cancer in its early stages using imaging and diagnostic nanotechnology is an area that can be improved upon by combining therapeutic moieties with molecular biomarkers. The nanotechnology and molecular markers mentioned in this review have generally been used for either imaging or diagnostics, and have not yet been successfully implemented into bi-functional tools, which it is hoped, should eventually include a therapeutic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Rhoda
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 , South Africa
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Pala D, Castelli R, Incerti M, Russo S, Tognolini M, Giorgio C, Hassan-Mohamed I, Zanotti I, Vacondio F, Rivara S, Mor M, Lodola A. Combining ligand- and structure-based approaches for the discovery of new inhibitors of the EPHA2-ephrin-A1 interaction. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2621-6. [PMID: 25289483 DOI: 10.1021/ci5004619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2) represents an attractive anticancer target. With the aim to identify novel EPHA2 receptor antagonists, a virtual screening campaign, combining shape-similarity and docking calculations, was conducted on a set of commercially available compounds. A combined score, taking into account both ligand- and structure-based results, was then used to identify the most promising candidates. Two compounds, selected among the best-ranked ones, were identified as EPHA2 receptor antagonists with micromolar affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Xi HQ, Wu XS, Wei B, Chen L. Eph receptors and ephrins as targets for cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2894-909. [PMID: 22862837 PMCID: PMC4393718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands are involved in various signalling pathways and mediate critical steps of a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Increasing experimental evidence demonstrates that both Eph receptor and ephrin ligands are overexpressed in a number of human tumours, and are associated with tumour growth, invasiveness and metastasis. In this regard, the Eph/ephrin system provides the foundation for potentially exciting new targets for anticancer therapies for Eph-expressing tumours. The purpose of this review is to outline current advances in the role of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in cancer, and to discuss novel therapeutic approaches of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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37
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Huang J, Hu W, Bottsford-Miller J, Liu T, Han HD, Zand B, Pradeep S, Roh JW, Thanapprapasr D, Dalton HJ, Pecot CV, Rupaimoole R, Lu C, Fellman B, Urbauer D, Kang Y, Jennings NB, Huang L, Deavers MT, Broaddus R, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Cross-talk between EphA2 and BRaf/CRaf is a key determinant of response to Dasatinib. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1846-55. [PMID: 24486585 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE EphA2 is an attractive therapeutic target because of its diverse roles in cancer growth and progression. Dasatinib is a multikinase inhibitor that targets EphA2 and other kinases. However, reliable predictive markers and a better understanding of the mechanisms of response to this agent are needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of dasatinib on human uterine cancer cell lines were examined using a series of in vitro experiments, including MTT, Western blot analysis, and plasmid transfection. In vivo, an orthotopic mouse model of uterine cancer was utilized to identify the biologic effects of dasatinib. Molecular markers for response prediction and the mechanisms relevant to response to dasatinib were identified by using reverse phase protein array (RPPA), immunoprecipitation, and double immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS We show that high levels of CAV-1, EphA2 phosphorylation at S897, and the status of PTEN are key determinants of dasatinib response in uterine carcinoma. A set of markers essential for dasatinib response was also identified and includes CRaf, pCRaf(S338), pMAPK(T202/Y204) (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] pathway), pS6(S240/244), p70S6k(T389) (mTOR pathway), and pAKT(S473). A novel mechanism for response was discovered whereby high expression level of CAV-1 at the plasma membrane disrupts the BRaf/CRaf heterodimer and thus inhibits the activation of MAPK pathway during dasatinib treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo results provide a new understanding of EphA2 targeting by dasatinib and identify key predictors of therapeutic response. These findings have implications for ongoing dasatinib-based clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Biostatistics, Cancer Biology, and Pathology, and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Jeon J, Nim S, Teyra J, Datti A, Wrana JL, Sidhu SS, Moffat J, Kim PM. A systematic approach to identify novel cancer drug targets using machine learning, inhibitor design and high-throughput screening. Genome Med 2014; 6:57. [PMID: 25165489 PMCID: PMC4143549 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an integrated approach that predicts and validates novel anti-cancer drug targets. We first built a classifier that integrates a variety of genomic and systematic datasets to prioritize drug targets specific for breast, pancreatic and ovarian cancer. We then devised strategies to inhibit these anti-cancer drug targets and selected a set of targets that are amenable to inhibition by small molecules, antibodies and synthetic peptides. We validated the predicted drug targets by showing strong anti-proliferative effects of both synthetic peptide and small molecule inhibitors against our predicted targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouhyun Jeon
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Satra Nim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Joan Teyra
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06100 Italy
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Philip M Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
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Biologic effects of dopamine on tumor vasculature in ovarian carcinoma. Neoplasia 2013; 15:502-10. [PMID: 23633922 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sympathetic nervous system activation results in increased angiogenesis and tumor growth in orthotopic mouse models of ovarian carcinoma. However, the mechanistic effects of such activation on the tumor vasculature are not well understood. Dopamine (DA), an inhibitory catecholamine, regulates the functions of normal and abnormal blood vessels. Here, we examined whether DA, an inhibitory catecholamine, could block the effects of chronic stress on tumor vasculature and tumor growth. Exogenous administration of DA not only decreased tumor microvessel density but also increased pericyte coverage of tumor vessels following daily restraint stress in mice. Daily restraint stress resulted in significantly increased tumor growth in the SKOV3ip1 and HeyA8 ovarian cancer models. DA treatment blocked stress-mediated increases in tumor growth and increased pericyte coverage of tumor endothelial cells. Whereas the antiangiogenic effect of DA is mediated by dopamine receptor 2 (DR2), our data indicate that DA, through DR1, stimulates vessel stabilization by increasing pericyte recruitment to tumor endothelial cells. DA significantly stimulated migration of mouse 10T1/2 pericyte-like cells in vitro and increased cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP) levels in these cells. Moreover, DA or the DR1 agonist SKF 82958 increased platinum concentration in SKOV3ip1 tumor xenografts following cisplatin administration. In conclusion, DA stabilizes tumor blood vessels through activation of pericyte cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway by DR1. These findings could have implications for blocking the stimulatory effects of chronic stress on tumor growth.
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Zhang Y, Tian Y, Yu JJ, He J, Luo J, Zhang S, Tang CE, Tao YM. Overexpression of WDR62 is associated with centrosome amplification in human ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:55. [PMID: 23898938 PMCID: PMC3737014 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the clinical significance of WD40 repeat containing 62 (WDR62), a novel centrosome abnormalities-associated gene, in ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, WDR62 expression was assessed by western blot (6 ovarian cancer cell lines) and immunohistochemistry (primary epithelial ovarian cancer clinical specimens), and clinical variables were collected by retrospective chart review. Centrosome amplification was assessed by immunofluorescence staining in ovarian cancer cell lines, and by immunohistochemistry staining in ovarian cancer samples. RESULTS Six ovarian cancer cell lines exhibited significant WDR62 protein overexpression, and amplification of centrosome. High-grade ovarian cancer specimens exhibited significantly stronger nuclear staining of WDR62 than low-grade ovarian carcinoma specimens (80.4% vs 41.3%; P<0.012). High WDR62 expression was strongly associated with supernumerary centrosome count in tumor cells (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that WDR62 overexpression is related to centrosome amplification in ovarian cancer. It may be a novel useful differentiation biomarker and a potential therapy target for OC. Further assessment of WDR62 expression is highly warranted in large, prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Major Human Disease Tissue Bank, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Moreno-Smith M, Halder J, Meltzer PS, Gonda TA, Mangala LS, Rupaimoole R, Lu C, Nagaraja AS, Gharpure KM, Kang Y, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Vivas-Mejia PE, Zand B, Schmandt R, Wang H, Langley RR, Jennings NB, Ivan C, Coffin JE, Armaiz GN, Bottsford-Miller J, Kim SB, Halleck MS, Hendrix MJ, Bornman W, Bar-Eli M, Lee JS, Siddik ZH, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. ATP11B mediates platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2119-30. [PMID: 23585472 PMCID: PMC3635722 DOI: 10.1172/jci65425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum compounds display clinical activity against a wide variety of solid tumors; however, resistance to these agents is a major limitation in cancer therapy. Reduced platinum uptake and increased platinum export are examples of resistance mechanisms that limit the extent of DNA damage. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of the role of ATP11B, a P-type ATPase membrane protein, in cisplatin resistance. We found that ATP11B expression was correlated with higher tumor grade in human ovarian cancer samples and with cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cell lines. ATP11B gene silencing restored the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell lines to cisplatin in vitro. Combined therapy of cisplatin and ATP11B-targeted siRNA significantly decreased cancer growth in mice bearing ovarian tumors derived from cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant cells. In vitro mechanistic studies on cellular platinum content and cisplatin efflux kinetics indicated that ATP11B enhances the export of cisplatin from cells. The colocalization of ATP11B with fluorescent cisplatin and with vesicular trafficking proteins, such as syntaxin-6 (STX6) and vesicular-associated membrane protein 4 (VAMP4), strongly suggests that ATP11B contributes to secretory vesicular transport of cisplatin from Golgi to plasma membrane. In conclusion, inhibition of ATP11B expression could serve as a therapeutic strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthala Moreno-Smith
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J.B. Halder
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul S. Meltzer
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tamas A. Gonda
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Archana S. Nagaraja
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kshipra M. Gharpure
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pablo E. Vivas-Mejia
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rosemarie Schmandt
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert R. Langley
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeremy E. Coffin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guillermo N. Armaiz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sang Bae Kim
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret S. Halleck
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary J.C. Hendrix
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William Bornman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zahid H. Siddik
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA and
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Funk SD, Orr AW. Ephs and ephrins resurface in inflammation, immunity, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2013; 67:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Combined Inhibition of IGF-1R/IR and Src family kinases enhances antitumor effects in prostate cancer by decreasing activated survival pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51189. [PMID: 23300537 PMCID: PMC3530555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) with single agents has shown only modest efficacy. We hypothesized dual inhibition of different pathways in PCa results in improved tumor inhibition. The Src family kinases (SFK) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling axes are aberrantly activated in both primary PCa and bone metastases and regulate distinct and overlapping functions in PCa progression. We examined the antitumor effects of combined inhibition of these pathways. Materials and Methods Src andIGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibition was achieved in vitro by short hairpin (sh)RNA and in vitro and in vivo by small molecule inhibitors (dasatinib and BMS-754807, against SFK and IGF-1R/Insulin Receptor(IR), respectively). Results In vitro, inhibition of IGF-1 signaling affected cell survival and proliferation. SFK blockade alone had modest effects on proliferation, but significantly enhanced the IGF-1R blockade. These findings correlated with a robust inhibition of IGF-1-induced Akt1 phophorylation by dasatinib, whereas Akt2 phosphorylation was SFK independent and only inhibited by BMS-754807. Thus, complete inhibition of both Akt genes, not seen by either drug alone, is likely a major mechanism for the decreased survival of PCa cells. Furthermore, dasatinib and BMS-754807 inhibited in vivo growth of the primary human xenograft MDA PCa 133, with corresponding inhibition of Akt in tumors. Also, both orthotopic and intratibial tumor growth of PC-3 cells were more potently inhibited by dual SFK and IGF-1R/IR blockade compared to either pathway alone, with a corresponding decrease in bone turnover markers. Conclusions Dual IGF-1R/IR and SFK inhibition may be a rational therapeutic approach in PCa by blocking both independent and complementary processes critical to tumor growth.
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Abstract
Cancer cells rely on intercellular communication throughout the different stages of their transformation and progression into metastasis. They do so by co-opting different processes such as cell-cell junctions, growth factors, receptors, and vesicular release. Initially characterized in neuronal and vascular tissues, Ephs and Ephrins, the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, comprised of two classes (i.e., A and B types), is increasingly scrutinized by cancer researchers. These proteins possess the particular features of both the receptors and ligands being membrane-bound which, via mandatory direct cell-cell interactions, undergo a bidirectional signal transduction initiated from both the receptor and the ligand. Following cell-cell interactions, Ephs/Ephrins behave as guidance molecules which trigger both repulsive and attractive signals, so as to direct the movement of cells through their immediate microenvironment. They also direct processes which include sorting and positioning and cytoskeleton rearrangements, thus making them perfect candidates for the control of the metastatic process. In fact, the role of Ephs and Ephrins in cancer progression has been demonstrated for many of the family members and they, surprisingly, have both tumor promoter and suppressor functions in different cellular contexts. They are also able to coordinate between multiple processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and invasion. This review is an attempt to summarize the data available on these Ephs/Ephrins' biological functions which contribute to the onset of aggressive cancers. I will also provide an overview of the factors which could explain the functional differences demonstrated by Ephs and Ephrins at different stages of tumor progression and whose elucidation is warranted for any future therapeutic targeting of this signaling pathway in cancer metastasis.
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Tognolini M, Giorgio C, Hassan Mohamed I, Barocelli E, Calani L, Reynaud E, Dangles O, Borges G, Crozier A, Brighenti F, Del Rio D. Perturbation of the EphA2-EphrinA1 system in human prostate cancer cells by colonic (poly)phenol catabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8877-8884. [PMID: 22409255 DOI: 10.1021/jf205305m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands play a central role in human cancer as their deregulated expression induces tumorigenesis with aggressive phenotypes. To evaluate their potential contribution to EphA2-ephrinA1 modulation, several colonic catabolites of dietary (poly)phenolics, known to be generated in vivo, were screened using an ELISA-based binding assay. Some of the catabolites inhibited the binding in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50) values from 0.26 to 43 μM). Functional studies on prostate adenocarcinoma cells revealed that pyrogallol and protocatechuic acid specifically antagonized ephrinA1-Fc-induced EphA2 phosphorylation at concentrations that were not cytotoxic. The active concentrations of pyrogallol appear to be close to what can be reached in vivo under physiological conditions. Finally, because of the roles played by the Eph-ephrin system not only in cancer development but also in neurodegeneration and diabetes, pyrogallol and protocatechuic acid are candidates for more detailed functional studies to elucidate their role in these pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tognolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Biologiche e Chimiche Applicate, Università di Parma , Viale delle Scienze 27a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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47
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Chen J. Regulation of tumor initiation and metastatic progression by Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 114:1-20. [PMID: 22588054 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386503-8.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing body of evidence has indicated that signaling molecules previously implicated in axon guidance are important regulators of multistep tumorigenesis and progression. Eph receptors and ephrins belong to this special class of molecules that play important roles in both axon guidance and cancer. Tremendous progress has been made in the past few years in both understanding the role of Eph receptors and ephrins in cancer and designing therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy. This review will focus on new advances in elucidating the contribution of Eph/ephrin molecules to key processes in tumor initiation and metastatic progression, including cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- VA Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Thanapprapasr D, Hu W, Sood AK, Coleman RL. Moving beyond VEGF for anti-angiogenesis strategies in gynecologic cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2713-9. [PMID: 22390757 DOI: 10.2174/138161212800626201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancer is a major burden in both developed and developing countries. Almost a half million deaths from gynecologic cancer are reported each year. Understanding the molecular biology of cancer is a principle resource leading to the identification of new potential therapeutic targets, which may be parlayed into novel therapeutic options in gynecologic cancer. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays a pivotal role in many aspects of malignant growth including cancer cell survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Various human cancer tissues have demonstrated high expression of FAK or activated FAK, which has been correlated with survival of cancer patients. Among gynecologic cancers, reports have emerged demonstrating that FAK is involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. In addition, the polycomb group protein enhancer of Zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), Dll4/notch and EphA2 has also emerged as important regulators of endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis. Herein, we review the role of these new targets in tumor angiogenesis and the rationale for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangmani Thanapprapasr
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Dr. CPB 6.3271, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li JJ, Xie D. The roles and therapeutic potentials of Ephs and ephrins in lung cancer. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:152-9. [PMID: 22960108 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands are intimately involved in embryonic patterning, neuronal targeting, and vascular development during normal embryogenesis. In recent years, a growing number of studies revealed their participation in the development of various cancers. In this review, we concentrate on their involvement in lung cancer. In this context, we summarize their aberrant expressions, their pro- or anti-oncogenic effects as well as related mechanisms, and their potential as drug targets in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Li
- Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Tai-Yuan Road, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy despite several decades of progress in diagnosis and treatment. Taking advantage of the robust development of discovery and utility of prognostic biomarkers, clinicians and researchers are developing personalized and targeted treatment strategies. This review encompasses recently discovered biomarkers of ovarian cancer, the utility of published prognostic biomarkers for EOC (especially biomarkers related to angiogenesis and key signaling pathways), and their integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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