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Bendixen KK, Forsberg-Pho S, Dazio G, Hansen EE, Eriksen SK, Epistolio S, Merlo E, Boldorini R, Venesio T, Movilia A, Caprera C, Arnspang EC, Børgesen M, Christensen UB, Frattini M, Petersen RK. One-instrument, objective microsatellite instability analysis using high-resolution melt. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302274. [PMID: 38662796 PMCID: PMC11045061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors have proved immense clinical progression in the treatment of certain cancers. The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is correlated with mismatch repair system deficiency and is exceptionally administered based exclusively on this biological mechanism independent of the cancer type. The promising effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors has left an increasing demand for analytical tools evaluating the mismatch repair status. The analysis of microsatellite instability (MSI), reflecting an indirect but objective manner the inactivation of the mismatch repair system, plays several roles in clinical practice and, therefore, its evaluation is of high relevance. Analysis of MSI by PCR followed by fragment analysis on capillary electrophoresis remains the gold standard method for detection of a deficient mismatch repair system and thereby treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Novel technologies have been applied and concepts such as tumor mutation burden have been introduced. However, to date, most of these technologies require high costs or the need of matched non-tumor tissue as internal comparator. In this study, we present a novel, one-instrument, fast, and objective method for the detection of MSI (MicroSight® MSI 1-step HRM Analysis), which does not depend on the use of matched non-tumor tissue. The assay analyzes five well-described mononucleotide microsatellite sequences by real-time PCR followed by high-resolution melt and evaluates microsatellite length variations via PCR product melting profiles. The assay was evaluated using two different patient cohorts and evaluation included several DNA extraction methodologies, two different PCR platforms, and an inter-laboratory ring study. The MicroSight® MSI assay showed a high repeatability regardless of DNA extraction method and PCR platform, and a 100% agreement of the MSI status with PCR fragment analysis methods applied as clinical comparator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulia Dazio
- Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Locarno, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Samantha Epistolio
- Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Merlo
- Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Venesio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Movilia
- Hospital of Legnano, SS Biologia Molecolare, UO Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Ovest Milanese, Ospedale di Legnano, Legnano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Caprera
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Predictive Medicine, Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, Terni, Italy
| | - Eva Christensen Arnspang
- Department of Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Milo Frattini
- Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Locarno, Switzerland
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2
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Trembath HE, Yeh JJ, Lopez NE. Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Genetic Implications to Clinical Applications. Cancer Treat Res 2024; 192:305-418. [PMID: 39212927 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-61238-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Advances in molecular genetics have revolutionized our understanding of the pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic options for treating gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular landscape of GI cancers, focusing on key genetic alterations implicated in tumorigenesis across various anatomical sites including GIST, colon and rectum, and pancreas. Emphasis is placed on critical oncogenic pathways, such as mutations in tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and epigenetic modifications. The role of molecular biomarkers in predicting prognosis, guiding treatment decisions, and monitoring therapeutic response is discussed, highlighting the integration of genomic profiling into clinical practice. Finally, we address the evolving landscape of precision oncology in GI cancers, considering targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Trembath
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 4303 La Jolla Village Drive Suite 2110, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, 170 Manning Drive, CB#7213, 1150 Physician's Office Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7213, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 4303 La Jolla Village Drive Suite 2110, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, 170 Manning Drive, CB#7213, 1150 Physician's Office Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7213, USA
| | - Nicole E Lopez
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 4303 La Jolla Village Drive Suite 2110, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA.
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, 170 Manning Drive, CB#7213, 1150 Physician's Office Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7213, USA.
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3
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Chung Y, Nam SK, Chang HE, Lee C, Kang GH, Lee HS, Park KU. Evaluation of an eight marker-panel including long mononucleotide repeat markers to detect microsatellite instability in colorectal, gastric, and endometrial cancers. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1100. [PMID: 37953261 PMCID: PMC10641958 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate determination of microsatellite instability (MSI) status is critical for optimal treatment in cancer patients. Conventional MSI markers can sometimes display subtle shifts that are difficult to interpret, especially in non-colorectal cases. We evaluated an experimental eight marker-panel including long mononucleotide repeat (LMR) markers for detection of MSI. METHODS The eight marker-panel was comprised of five conventional markers (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, and NR-27) and three LMR markers (BAT-52, BAT-59 and BAT-62). MSI testing was performed against 300 specimens of colorectal, gastric, and endometrial cancers through PCR followed by capillary electrophoresis length analysis. RESULTS The MSI testing with eight marker-panel showed 99.3% (295/297) concordance with IHC analysis excluding 3 MMR-focal deficient cases. The sensitivity of BAT-59 and BAT-62 was higher than or comparable to that of conventional markers in gastric and endometrial cancer. The mean shift size was larger in LMR markers compared to conventional markers for gastric and endometrial cancers. CONCLUSIONS The MSI testing with eight maker-panel showed comparable performance with IHC analysis. The LMR markers, especially BAT-59 and BAT-62, showed high sensitivity and large shifts which can contribute to increased confidence in MSI classification, especially in gastric and endometrial cancers. Further study is needed with large number of samples for the validation of these LMR markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousun Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Nam
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Eun Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Heregger R, Huemer F, Steiner M, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Greil R, Weiss L. Unraveling Resistance to Immunotherapy in MSI-High Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5090. [PMID: 37894457 PMCID: PMC10605634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Incidences of early CRC cases are increasing annually in high-income countries, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown significant clinical efficacy in various cancers, including CRC. However, their effectiveness in CRC is limited to patients with mismatch-repair-deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) disease, which accounts for about 15% of all localized CRC cases and only 3% to 5% of metastatic CRC cases. However, the varied response among patients, with some showing resistance or primary tumor progression, highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Elements involved in shaping the response to ICIs, such as tumor microenvironment, immune cells, genetic changes, and the influence of gut microbiota, are not fully understood thus far. This review aims to explore potential resistance or immune-evasion mechanisms to ICIs in dMMR/MSI-H CRC and the cell types involved, as well as possible pitfalls in the diagnosis of this particular subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Heregger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Florian Huemer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (F.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Markus Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alejandra Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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van der Werf-'t Lam AS, Terlouw D, Tops CM, van Kan MS, van Hest LP, Gille HJP, Duijkers FAM, Wagner A, Eikenboom EL, Letteboer TGW, de Jong MM, Bajwa-Ten Broeke SW, Bleeker FE, Gomez Garcia EB, de Wind N, van Wezel JT, Morreau H, Suerink M, Nielsen M. Discordant Staining Patterns and Microsatellite Results in Tumors of MSH6 Pathogenic Variant Carriers. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100240. [PMID: 37307877 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (LS) caused by a pathogenic germline MSH6 variant may be complicated by discordant immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or by a microsatellite stable (MSS) phenotype. This study aimed to identify the various causes of the discordant phenotypes of colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer (EC) in MSH6-associated LS. Data were collected from Dutch family cancer clinics. Carriers of a (likely) pathogenic MSH6 variant diagnosed with CRC or EC were categorized based on an microsatellite instability (MSI)/IHC test outcome that might fail to result in a diagnosis of LS (eg, retained staining of all 4 mismatch repair proteins, with or without an MSS phenotype, and other staining patterns). When tumor tissue was available, MSI and/or IHC were repeated. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in cases with discordant staining patterns. Data were obtained from 360 families with 1763 (obligate) carriers. MSH6 variant carriers with CRC or EC (n = 590) were included, consisting of 418 CRCs and 232 ECs. Discordant staining was reported in 77 cases (36% of MSI/IHC results). Twelve patients gave informed consent for further analysis of tumor material. Upon revision, 2 out of 3 MSI/IHC cases were found to be concordant with the MSH6 variant, and NGS showed that 4 discordant IHC results were sporadic rather than LS-associated tumors. In 1 case, somatic events explained the discordant phenotype. The use of reflex IHC mismatch repair testing, the current standard in most Western countries, may lead to the misdiagnosis of germline MSH6 variant carriers. The pathologist should point out that further diagnostics for inheritable colon cancer, including LS, should be considered in case of a strong positive family history. Germline DNA analysis of the mismatch repair genes, preferably as part of a larger gene panel, should therefore be considered in potential LS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diantha Terlouw
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carli M Tops
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merel S van Kan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte P van Hest
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P Gille
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor A M Duijkers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Wagner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellis L Eikenboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom G W Letteboer
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M de Jong
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne W Bajwa-Ten Broeke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fonnet E Bleeker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Encarna B Gomez Garcia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Suerink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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He L, Yang J, Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang J, Ye Q. A comparison of performance of 6-mononucleotide site panel and NCI panel for microsatellite instability detection in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 244:154390. [PMID: 36905693 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) represents as a molecular hallmark of deficient MMR system at the genomic level. Increasing clinical significance of MSI status highlights the necessity of simple, accurate markers for detection. Although 2B3D NCI panel is the most widely applied, it has been questioned whether the performance of NCI panel is second to none in MSI detection. METHODS We evaluated the efficacy of the NCI panel versus a 6-mononucleotide site panel (BAT25, BAT26, NR21, NR24, NR27, and MONO-27) in assessing MSI status of 468 Chinese patients with CRC, and compared MSI test results with the results by immunohistochemistry of four MMR proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6) in the present study. Clinicopathological variables were also collected, and their associations with MSI or MMR proteins status were analyzed using either the chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS MSI-H/dMMR was significantly associated with right colon involvement, poor differentiation, early stage, mucinous adenocarcinoma, negative lymph node, less neural invasion, and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild-type. As to the efficiency of detecting deficient MMR system, both panels had good concordance with MMR proteins expression by IHC, and 6-mononucleotide site panel outperformed NCI panel in sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value numerically despite the lack of statistical significance. The advantage was more obvious in the sensitivity and specificity analyses of each single microsatellite markers from 6-mononucleotide site panel in comparison with NCI panel. Additionally, the rate of MSI-L detected by 6-mononucleotide site panel was much lower than that detected by the NCI panel (0.64% vs. 2.86%, P = 0.0326). CONCLUSION 6-mononucleotide site panel had a greater ability to help resolve cases of MSI-L into either MSI-H or MSS. We propose that 6-mononucleotide site panel may be potentially more suitable than NCI panel for Chinese CRC population. Large-scale studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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7
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Park Y, Nam SK, Seo SH, Park KU, Oh HJ, Park YS, Suh YS, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Lee HS. Comprehensive Study of Microsatellite Instability Testing and Its Comparison With Immunohistochemistry in Gastric Cancers. J Gastric Cancer 2023; 23:264-274. [PMID: 37129151 PMCID: PMC10154139 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2023.23.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite instability (MSI) testing was comprehensively analyzed and compared with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression in patients with gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS In 5,676 GC cases, PCR-based MSI testing using five microsatellites (BAT-26, BAT-25, D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250) and IHC for MLH1 were performed. Re-evaluation of MSI testing/MLH1 IHC and additional IHC for MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 were performed in discordant/indeterminate cases. RESULTS Of the 5,676 cases, microsatellite stable (MSS)/MSI-low and intact MLH1 were observed in 5,082 cases (89.5%), whereas MSI-high (MSI-H) and loss of MLH1 expression were observed in 502 cases (8.8%). We re-evaluated the remaining 92 cases (1.6%) with a discordant/indeterminate status. Re-evaluation showed 1) 37 concordant cases (0.7%) (18 and 19 cases of MSI-H/MMR-deficient (dMMR) and MSS/MMR-proficient (pMMR), respectively), 2) 6 discordant cases (0.1%) (3 cases each of MSI-H/pMMR and MSS/dMMR), 3) 14 MSI indeterminate cases (0.2%) (1 case of dMMR and 13 cases of pMMR), and 4) 35 IHC indeterminate cases (0.6%) (22 and 13 cases of MSI-H and MSS, respectively). Finally, MSI-H or dMMR was observed in 549 cases (9.7%), of which 47 (0.8%) were additionally confirmed as MSI-H or dMMR by re-evaluation. Sensitivity was 99.3% for MSI testing and 95.4% for MMR IHC. CONCLUSIONS Considering the low incidence of MSI-H or dMMR, discordant/indeterminate results were occasionally identified in GCs, in which case complementary testing is required. These findings could help improve the accuracy of MSI/MMR testing in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Nam
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Oh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yun-Suhk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Detecting mismatch repair deficiency in solid neoplasms: immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability, or both? Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1515-1528. [PMID: 35668150 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In managing patients with solid tumors, the value of detecting the status of tumor DNA mismatch repair function is widely recognized. Mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry and molecular microsatellite instability testing constitute the two major test modalities currently in use, yet each is associated with caveats and limitations that can be consequential. Most notably, the traditional approach of defining mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry abnormality by complete loss of staining in all tumor cells is evolving. Partial or clonal loss is becoming recognized as a manifestation of gene abnormality; in some cases, such clonal loss is associated with germline pathogenic variants. The current criteria and cutoff values for defining microsatellite instability-high are developed primarily according to colorectal tumors. Non-colorectal cases, and occasionally even colorectal tumors, that are mismatch repair-deficient by immunohistochemistry but not microsatellite instability-high by current standards are being recognized. Emerging data suggest that these immunohistochemistry abnormal / non-microsatellite instability-high cases warrant further genetic workup for Lynch syndrome detection. Whether these tumors respond to immunotherapy is a question still to be addressed. It is imperative that pathologists as well as clinicians and investigators be aware of such intricacies regarding routine immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability testing and the results they generate. This review summarizes our current understanding of the advantages and limitations of these tests and offer our view on what constitutes the most optimal strategy in test selection and how best to utilize case context to enhance the interpretation of the test results.
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9
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Giner-Calabuig M, De Leon S, Wang J, Fehlmann TD, Ukaegbu C, Gibson J, Alustiza-Fernandez M, Pico MD, Alenda C, Herraiz M, Carrillo-Palau M, Salces I, Reyes J, Ortega SP, Obrador-Hevia A, Cecchini M, Syngal S, Stoffel E, Ellis NA, Sweasy J, Jover R, Llor X, Xicola RM. Mutational signature profiling classifies subtypes of clinically different mismatch-repair-deficient tumours with a differential immunogenic response potential. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1595-1603. [PMID: 35197584 PMCID: PMC9130322 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is the hallmark of tumours from Lynch syndrome (LS), sporadic MLH1 hypermethylated and Lynch-like syndrome (LLS), but there is a lack of understanding of the variability in their mutational profiles based on clinical phenotypes. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular characterisation to identify novel features that can impact tumour behaviour and clinical management. METHODS We tested 105 MMR-deficient colorectal cancer tumours (25 LS, 35 LLS and 45 sporadic) for global exome microsatellite instability, cancer mutational signatures, mutational spectrum and neoepitope load. RESULTS Fifty-three percent of tumours showed high contribution of MMR-deficient mutational signatures, high level of global exome microsatellite instability, loss of MLH1/PMS2 protein expression and included sporadic tumours. Thirty-one percent of tumours showed weaker features of MMR deficiency, 62% lost MSH2/MSH6 expression and included 60% of LS and 44% of LLS tumours. Remarkably, 9% of all tumours lacked global exome microsatellite instability. Lastly, HLA-B07:02 could be triggering the neoantigen presentation in tumours that show the strongest contribution of MMR-deficient tumours. CONCLUSIONS Next-generation sequencing approaches allow for a granular molecular characterisation of MMR-deficient tumours, which can be essential to properly diagnose and treat patients with these tumours in the setting of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Giner-Calabuig
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Seila De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julian Wang
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tara D Fehlmann
- Divisions of Cancer Genetics and Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chinedu Ukaegbu
- Divisions of Cancer Genetics and Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Gibson
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miren Alustiza-Fernandez
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Pico
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Alenda
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maite Herraiz
- Departamento de Digestivo, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Carrillo-Palau
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Salces
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Reyes
- Servei de Digestiu, Hospital Comarcal d'Inca, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Silvia P Ortega
- Servei de Digestiu, Hospital Comarcal d'Inca, Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Michael Cecchini
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sapna Syngal
- Divisions of Cancer Genetics and Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Stoffel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joann Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiobiology and Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Llor
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rosa M Xicola
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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10
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Lynch-like Syndrome: Potential Mechanisms and Management. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051115. [PMID: 35267422 PMCID: PMC8909420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) is defined as colorectal cancer cases with microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the absence of a germline mutation in these genes that cannot be explained by BRAF mutation or MLH1 hypermethylation. The application of the universal strategy for the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (LS) in all CRCs is leading to an increase in the incidence of cases of LLS. It has been described that risk of cancer in relatives of LLS patients is in between of that found in Lynch syndrome families and sporadic cases. That makes LLS patients and their families a challenging group for which the origin of CRC is unknown, being a mixture between unidentified hereditary CRC and sporadic cases. The potential causes of LLS are discussed in this review, as well as methods for identification of truly hereditary cases. Abstract Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2. It is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Screening is regularly performed by using microsatellite instability (MSI) or immunohistochemistry for the MMR proteins in tumor samples. However, in a proportion of cases, MSI is found or MMR immunohistochemistry is impaired in the absence of a germline mutation in MMR genes, BRAF mutation, or MLH1 hypermethylation. These cases are defined as Lynch-like syndrome. Patients with Lynch-like syndrome represent a mixture of truly hereditary and sporadic cases, with a risk of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives that is between the risk of Lynch syndrome in families and relatives of sporadic colon cancer cases. Although multiple approaches have been suggested to distinguish between hereditary and sporadic cases, a homogeneous testing protocol and consensus on the adequate classification of these patients is still lacking. For this reason, management of Lynch-like syndrome and prevention of cancer in these families is clinically challenging. This review explains the concept of Lynch-like syndrome, potential mechanisms for its development, and methods for adequately distinguishing between sporadic and hereditary cases of this entity.
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11
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Abstract
Most patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) were diagnosed in advanced stage and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, early detection and prevention of CRC are very important. As with other cancers, there is also the tertiary prevention for CRC. The primary prevention is etiological prevention, which is mainly the treatment of adenoma or inflammation for preventing the development into cancer. The secondary prevention is the early diagnosis and early treatment for avoiding progressing to advanced cancer. The tertiary prevention belongs to the broad category of prevention, mainly for advanced CRC, through surgical treatment and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy for preventing tumor recurrence or metastasis. This consensus is based on the recent domestic and international consensus guidelines and the latest progress of international researches in the past five years. This consensus opinion seminar was hosted by the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology and Cancer Collaboration Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, and was organized by the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The consensus opinion contains 60 statement clauses, the standard and basis of the evidence-based medicine grade and voting grade of the statement strictly complied with the relevant international regulations and practice.
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12
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Tachon G, Chong-Si-Tsaon A, Lecomte T, Junca A, Frouin É, Miquelestorena-Standley E, Godet J, Evrard C, Randrian V, Chautard R, Auriault ML, Moulin V, Guyetant S, Fromont G, Karayan-Tapon L, Tougeron D. HSP110 as a Diagnostic but Not a Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer With Microsatellite Instability. Front Genet 2022; 12:769281. [PMID: 35047001 PMCID: PMC8762103 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.769281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of microsatellite instability (MSI) using molecular test and deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) has major implications on colorectal cancer (CRC) management. The HSP110 T17 microsatellite has been reported to be more monomorphic than the common markers used for MSI determination. Large deletion of HSP110 T17 has been associated with efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in dMMR/MSI CRCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interest of HSP110 deletion/expression as a diagnostic tool of dMMR/MSI CRCs and a predictive tool of adjuvant chemotherapy efficacy. All patients with MSI CRC classified by molecular testing were included in this multicenter prospective cohort (n = 381). IHC of the 4 MMR proteins was carried out. HSP110 expression was carried out by IHC (n = 343), and the size of HSP110 T17 deletion was determined by PCR (n = 327). In the 293 MSI CRCs with both tests, a strong correlation was found between the expression of HSP110 protein and the size of HSP110 T17 deletion. Only 5.8% of MSI CRCs had no HSP110 T17 deletion (n = 19/327). HSP110 T17 deletion helped to re-classify 4 of the 9 pMMR/MSI discordance cases as pMMR/MSS cases. We did not observe any correlation between HSP110 expression or HSP110 T17 deletion size with time to recurrence in patients with stage II and III CRC, treated with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. HSP110 is neither a robust prognosis marker nor a predictor tool of adjuvant chemotherapy efficacy in dMMR/MSI CRC. However, HSP110 T17 is an interesting marker, which may be combined with the other pentaplex markers to identify discordant cases between MMR IHC and MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Tachon
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Chong-Si-Tsaon
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Inserm UMR 1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Audelaure Junca
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Éric Frouin
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Julie Godet
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Camille Evrard
- Service d'oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Violaine Randrian
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Romain Chautard
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Luce Auriault
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalier de la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Valérie Moulin
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Serge Guyetant
- Service d'anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gaelle Fromont
- Service d'anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - David Tougeron
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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13
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Fanale D, Corsini LR, Scalia R, Brando C, Cucinella A, Madonia G, Dimino A, Filorizzo C, Barraco N, Bono M, Fiorino A, Magrin L, Sciacchitano R, Perez A, Russo TDB, Pantuso G, Russo A, Bazan V. Can the tumor-agnostic evaluation of MSI/MMR status be the common denominator for the immunotherapy treatment of patients with several solid tumors? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103597. [PMID: 35033663 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in short-repetitive DNA sequences, known as microsatellite instability (MSI), can reflect deficiencies in Mismatch Repair (MMR) system which represents a major player in DNA integrity maintenance. The incidence of MSI-H/dMMR has been shown to be variable depending on the tumor type. Several studies confirmed that dMMR/MSI status, although less frequent than PD-L1 expression, may better predict response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with solid tumors. In October 2016, the FDA granted pembrolizumab as breakthrough therapy for the treatment of non-CRC, MSI-H/dMMR tumors, providing, for the first time, a tumor-agnostic indication. In the next future, the tissue-agnostic evaluation of MSI-H/dMMR could become the common denominator for the immunotherapy treatment of patients with different advanced solid tumors, in order to select patient subgroups which may benefit from this therapy. In this Review we provided an overview of the main clinical studies describing the association between MSI-H/dMMR tumors and immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fanale
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lidia Rita Corsini
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raimondo Scalia
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Brando
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cucinella
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Madonia
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dimino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Clarissa Filorizzo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Barraco
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Bono
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Fiorino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Magrin
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Sciacchitano
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perez
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tancredi Didier Bazan Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianni Pantuso
- Unit of Oncological Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Aggarwal N, Quaglia A, McPhail MJW, Monahan KJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of tumour microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of response to fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37:35-46. [PMID: 34677685 PMCID: PMC8760189 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-04046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be classified according to the chromosomal-instability pathway (a microsatellite-stable (MSS) pathway) and the microsatellite-instability (MSI) pathway. Adjuvant therapy after surgery in advanced CRC is usually based on fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or combined with other agents. Controversy however remains on the use of 5-FU-based regimens in treating MSI-related tumours. AIMS To systematically investigate the relationship between tumour microsatellite profile and 5-year overall survival in patients with CRC treated with 5-FU. METHODS A systematic literature review of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted. Pre-specified criteria determined study inclusion/exclusion. The PRISMA and QUADAS-2 criteria were used to assess study suitability and quality respectively. Patients were categorised as having either MSI or MSS CRC. Overall 5-year survival was estimated from Kaplan-Meier curves. Publication bias was assessed using funnel-plots and Egger's test. RESULTS 1807 studies were identified, with meta-analysis performed using nine studies. 5-FU treated individuals with CRC who died at 5 years were found to be 0.31 times less likely to have MSI than those who were alive, although this was not statistically significant. There was an insufficient number of studies to enable subgroup analysis by stage. CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis, MSI status does not alter 5-year survival of patients with CRC patients treated with adjuvant 5-FU, however there is significant heterogeneity in the design of individual studies in the data synthesis. More studies are necessary to clarify whether CRC patients with MSI CRC, in particular early stage, should be offered 5-FU based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Aggarwal
- Internal Medicine, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom ,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. W. McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Monahan
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom ,Lynch Syndrome & Family Cancer Clinic, St Mark’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Zeinalian M, Miar P, Tabatabaiefar M, Abdollahi Z, Noruzi M, Kazemi M, Naimi A, Emami M, Izadi S. BAT25, ACVR2, and TGFBR2 mononucleotide STR markers: A triplex panel for microsatellite instability testing in colorectal tumors. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:79. [DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_205_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Lin JH, Chen S, Pallavajjala A, Guedes LB, Lotan TL, Bacher JW, Eshleman JR. Validation of Long Mononucleotide Repeat Markers for Detection of Microsatellite Instability. J Mol Diagn 2021; 24:144-157. [PMID: 34864149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) predicts response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in solid tumors. Long mononucleotide repeat (LMR) markers may improve the interpretation of microsatellite instability (MSI) assays. Our cohorts included mismatch repair (MMR) proficient and dMMR colorectal cancer (CRC) samples, MMR proficient and dMMR endometrial cancer (EC) samples, dMMR prostate cancer samples, MSI-high (MSI-H) samples of other cancer types, and MSI-low (MSI-L) samples of various cancer types. MMR status was determined by immunohistochemical staining and/or MSI Analysis System Version 1.2 (V1.2). The sensitivity and specificity of the LMR MSI panel for dMMR detection were both 100% in CRC. The sensitivity values of the MSI V1.2 and LMR MSI panels in EC were 88% and 98%, respectively, and the specificity values were both 100%. The sensitivity of the LMR panel was 75% in dMMR prostate cancer detected by immunohistochemistry. The 22 samples of other cancer types that were previously classified as MSI-H were also classified as MSI-H using the LMR MSI panel. For the 12 samples that were previously classified as MSI-L, 1 sample was classified as microsatellite stable using the LMR MSI panel, 8 as MSI-L, and 3 as MSI-H. The LMR MSI panel showed high concordance to the MSI V1.2 panel in CRC and greater sensitivity in EC. The LMR MSI panel improves dMMR detection in noncolorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Lin
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suping Chen
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aparna Pallavajjala
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liana B Guedes
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - James R Eshleman
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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17
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Abdollahi Z, Tabatabaiefar MA, Noruzi M, Miar P, Kazemi M, Naimi A, Emami MH, Zeinalian M. A Simplified Protocol for Microsatellite Instability Evaluation in Iranian Patients at Risk for Lynch Syndrome. Lab Med 2021; 53:235-241. [PMID: 34611695 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most important tumor characteristic of Lynch syndrome (LS) is microsatellite instability (MSI). In the current study, BAT34c4 and BAT26 mononucleotide markers were evaluated as part of efforts to test a cost-effective panel for MSI testing in Iranian patients, comparing it with the Promega kit. METHODS Amsterdam II clinical criteria were used to identify patients at risk for LS. The MSI status of these patients was determined using BAT34c4 and BAT26 markers, as well as the Promega kit. The results of both methods were compared, and the sensitivity and specificity of new short tandem repeat (STR) markers were estimated using statistical formulas. RESULTS Of the 37 patients we studied who were at risk for LS, 27% showed MSI-high results, via the Promega kit. The same results were achieved for BAT34c4 and BAT26 separately. CONCLUSIONS The novel 2-marker kit for MSI testing has similar accuracy as the Promega kit at a lower cost, due to fewer markers and a more economical labeling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdollahi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Noruzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Paniz Miar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azar Naimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Zeinalian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Ala Cancer Prevention and Control Center, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Rüschoff J, Baretton G, Bläker H, Dietmaier W, Dietel M, Hartmann A, Horn LC, Jöhrens K, Kirchner T, Knüchel R, Mayr D, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Schildhaus HU, Schirmacher P, Tiemann M, Tiemann K, Weichert W, Büttner R. MSI testing : What's new? What should be considered? DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:110-118. [PMID: 34477921 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on new trial data regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the detection of high-grade microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or underlying deficient mismatch repair protein (dMMR) is now becoming increasingly important for predicting treatment response. For the first time, a PD‑1 ICI (pembrolizumab) has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for first-line treatment of advanced (stage IV) dMMR/MSI‑H colorectal cancer (CRC). Further indications, such as dMMR/MSI‑H endometrial carcinoma (EC), have already succeeded (Dostarlimab, 2nd line treatment) and others are expected to follow before the end of 2021. The question of optimal testing in routine diagnostics should therefore be re-evaluated. Based on a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the widely available methods (immunohistochemistry and PCR), a test algorithm is proposed that allows quality assured, reliable, and cost-effective dMMR/MSI‑H testing. For CRC and EC, testing is therefore already possible at the primary diagnosis stage, in line with international recommendations (NICE, NCCN). The clinician is therefore enabled from the outset to consider not only the predictive but also the prognostic and predispositional implications of such a test when counseling patients and formulating treatment recommendations. As a basis for quality assurance, participation in interlaboratory comparisons and continuous documentation of results (e.g., QuIP Monitor) are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Rüschoff
- Institute of Pathology, Nordhessen und Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Germaniastr. 7, 34119, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, Gebäude G, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dietmaier
- Institute of Pathology, Center of Molecular Pathological Diagnostics, Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Pathological Institute, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars-Christian Horn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, Gebäude G, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Pathological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Pathological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Pathological Institute, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Fangdieckstr. 75a, Institute of Hematopathology Hamburg, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Tiemann
- Fangdieckstr. 75a, Institute of Hematopathology Hamburg, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Germany
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19
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Norouzi M, Shafiei M, Abdollahi Z, Miar P, Galehdari H, Emami MH, Zeinalian M, Tabatabaiefar MA. WRN Germline Mutation Is the Likely Inherited Etiology of Various Cancer Types in One Iranian Family. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648649. [PMID: 34164337 PMCID: PMC8215443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial cancers comprise a considerable distribution of colorectal cancers (CRCs), of which only about 5% occurs through well-established hereditary syndromes. It has been demonstrated that deleterious variants at the newly identified cancer-predisposing genes could describe the etiology of undefined familial cancers. Methods The present study aimed to identify the genetic etiology in a 32-year-old man with early onset familial CRC employing several molecular diagnostic techniques. DNA was extracted from tumoral and normal formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks, and microsatellite instability (MSI) was evaluated. Immunohistochemistry staining of MMR proteins was performed on tumoral FFPE blocks. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex ligation-dependent amplification (MLPA) assay, and Sanger sequencing were applied on the genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood. Data analysis was performed using bioinformatics tools. Genetic variants interpretation was based on ACMG. Results MSI analysis indicated MSI-H phenotype, and IHC staining proved no expressions of MSH2 and MSH6 proteins. MLPA and NGS data showed no pathogenic variants in MMR genes. Further analysis of NGS data revealed a candidate WRN frameshift variant (p.R389Efs*3), which was validated with Sanger sequencing. The variant was interpreted as pathogenic since it met the criteria based on the ACMG guideline including very strong (PVS1), strong (PS3), and moderate (PM2). Conclusion WRN is a DNA helicase participating in DNA repair pathways to sustain genomic stability. WRN deficient function may contribute to CRC development that is valuable for further investigation as a candidate gene in hereditary cancer syndrome diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Norouzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Abdollahi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Paniz Miar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Emami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Poursina Hakim Digestive Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Zeinalian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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20
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Rüschoff J, Baretton G, Bläker H, Dietmaier W, Dietel M, Hartmann A, Horn LC, Jöhrens K, Kirchner T, Knüchel R, Mayr D, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Schildhaus HU, Schirmacher P, Tiemann M, Tiemann K, Weichert W, Büttner R. [MSI testing : What is new? What should be considered? German version]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:414-423. [PMID: 34043067 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on new trial data regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the detection of high-grade microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or underlying deficient mismatch repair protein (dMMR) is now becoming increasingly important for predicting treatment response. For the first time, a PD‑1 ICI (pembrolizumab) has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for first-line treatment of advanced (stage IV) dMMR/MSI‑H colorectal cancer (CRC). Further indications, such as dMMR/MSI‑H endometrial carcinoma (EC), have already succeeded (Dostarlimab, 2nd line treatment) and others are expected to follow before the end of 2021. The question of optimal testing in routine diagnostics should therefore be re-evaluated. Based on a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the widely available methods (immunohistochemistry and PCR), a test algorithm is proposed that allows quality assured, reliable, and cost-effective dMMR/MSI‑H testing. For CRC and EC, testing is therefore already possible at the primary diagnosis stage, in line with international recommendations (NICE, NCCN). The clinician is therefore enabled from the outset to consider not only the predictive but also the prognostic and predispositional implications of such a test when counseling patients and formulating treatment recommendations. As a basis for quality assurance, participation in interlaboratory comparisons and continuous documentation of results (e.g., QuIP Monitor) are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Rüschoff
- Institut für Pathologie Nordhessen, TARGOS Molecular Pathology GmbH, Germaniastr. 7, 34119, Kassel, Deutschland.
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, Gebäude G, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Dietmaier
- Institut für Pathologie/Zentrum für molekularpathologische Diagnostik, Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Institut für Pathologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Lars-Christian Horn
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, Gebäude G, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Deutschland
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Doris Mayr
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337, München, Deutschland
| | - Sabine Merkelbach-Bruse
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institut für Hämatopathologie Hamburg, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Katharina Tiemann
- Institut für Hämatopathologie Hamburg, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
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21
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Guyot D'Asnières De Salins A, Tachon G, Cohen R, Karayan-Tapon L, Junca A, Frouin E, Godet J, Evrard C, Randrian V, Duval A, Svrcek M, Lascols O, Vignot S, Coulet F, André T, Fléjou JF, Cervera P, Tougeron D. Discordance between immunochemistry of mismatch repair proteins and molecular testing of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100120. [PMID: 33930657 PMCID: PMC8102173 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA mismatch repair system deficiency (dMMR) is found in 15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Two methods are used to determine dMMR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of MMR proteins and molecular testing of microsatellite instability (MSI). Only studies with a low number of patients have reported rates of discordance between these two methods, ranging from 1% to 10%. Materials and methods Overall, 3228 consecutive patients with CRCs from two centers were included. Molecular testing was carried out using the Pentaplex panel and IHC evaluated four (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2; cohort 1; n = 1085) or two MMR proteins (MLH1 and MSH2; cohort 2; n = 2143). The primary endpoint was the rate of discordance between MSI and MMR IHC tests. Results Fifty-one discordant cases (1.6%) were initially observed. Twenty-nine out of 51 discordant cases were related to IHC misclassifications. In cohort 1, after re-reading IHC and/or carrying out new IHC, 16 discordant cases were reclassified as nondiscordant. In cohort 2, after the addition of MSH6/PMS2 IHC and re-examination, 13 were reclassified as nondiscordant. In addition, 10 misclassifications of molecular tests were identified. Finally, only 12 discordant cases (0.4%) remained: 5 were proficient MMR/MSI and 7 were dMMR/microsatellite stable. Conclusions Our study confirmed the high degree of concordance between MSI and MMR IHC tests. Discordant cases must be reviewed, and if needed, tests must be repeated and analyzed by an expert team. Concordance between MMR IHC (four proteins) and MSI molecular testing (Pentaplex) is superior to 98% in CRC cases Most discordant cases are related to misinterpretation of the tests, which may lead to clinical management errors. Discordant cases must be reviewed and tests must be repeated because most cases will be reclassified as nondiscordant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Tachon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Cancer Biology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - R Cohen
- Sorbonne University, Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - L Karayan-Tapon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Cancer Biology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - A Junca
- Pathology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - E Frouin
- Pathology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - J Godet
- Pathology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - C Evrard
- Medical Oncology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - V Randrian
- Gastroenterology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - A Duval
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - M Svrcek
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Department of Pathology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - O Lascols
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - S Vignot
- Sorbonne University, Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - F Coulet
- Department of Genetics, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, AP-HP and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - T André
- Sorbonne University, Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - J-F Fléjou
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Department of Pathology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - P Cervera
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Department of Pathology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - D Tougeron
- Gastroenterology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Medical Oncology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
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22
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Chung C. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers with therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer: A 2021 update on current development, evidence, and recommendation. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021; 28:850-869. [PMID: 33832365 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211005525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although therapeutically actionable molecular alterations are widely distributed across many cancer types, only a handful of them show evidence of clinical utility and are recommended for routine clinical practice in the management of cancers of colon and rectum (CRC). This 2021 update aims to provide a succinct summary on the use of prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers (expanded RAS, BRAF, microsatellite-high [MSI-H] or deficient mismatch repair [dMMR], neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase [NTRK] fusion genes, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type II [HER2] gene amplification) associated with CRC. Therapeutic implications of each relevant predictive or prognostic biomarker for patients with CRC are described, along with discussion on new developments on (1) biomarker-driven therapies such as testing of BRAF, MLH1 promoter methylation and MMR germline genes in differentiating sporadic CRC or hereditary conditions such as Lynch syndrome; (2) first-line use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic CRC; (3) risk stratification and therapy selection based on primary tumor location (left-sided vs. right-sided colon cancer); (3) atypical BRAF mutations; (4) use of EGFR directed therapy in the perioperative oligometastatic disease setting; (5) re-challenge of EGFR directed therapy and (6) personalizing therapy of fluoropyrimidine and irinotecan based on new evidence in pharmacogenomic testing. Data are collected and analyzed from available systematic reviews and meta-analyses of treatments with known therapeutic targets in CRC, which may be associated with predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers. Discussions are presented in an application-based format, with goal to empower pharmacists or other clinicians to gain awareness and understanding in biomarker-driven cancer therapy issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Chung
- 23530Houston Methodist West Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Leelatian N, Hong CS, Bindra RS. The Role of Mismatch Repair in Glioblastoma Multiforme Treatment Response and Resistance. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2021; 32:171-180. [PMID: 33781500 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway that is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity. This pathway targets base substitution and insertion-deletion mismatches, which primarily arise from replication errors that escape DNA polymerase proof-reading function. Here, the authors review key concepts in the molecular mechanisms of MMR in response to alkylation damage, approaches to detect MMR status in the clinic, and the clinical relevance of this pathway in glioblastoma multiforme treatment response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Leelatian
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street LH 108, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher S Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Tompkins 4, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Hunter 2, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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24
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Kato S. Tumour-Agnostic Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer and Biliary Tract Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:252. [PMID: 33562094 PMCID: PMC7914923 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with solid tumours has remarkably improved with the development of molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the improvements in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer and biliary tract cancer is delayed compared to other carcinomas, and the 5-year survival rates of distal-stage disease are approximately 10 and 20%, respectively. However, a comprehensive analysis of tumour cells using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project has led to the identification of various driver mutations. Evidently, few mutations exist across organs, and basket trials targeting driver mutations regardless of the primary organ are being actively conducted. Such basket trials not only focus on the gate keeper-type oncogene mutations, such as HER2 and BRAF, but also focus on the caretaker-type tumour suppressor genes, such as BRCA1/2, mismatch repair-related genes, which cause hereditary cancer syndrome. As oncogene panel testing is a vital approach in routine practice, clinicians should devise a strategy for improved understanding of the cancer genome. Here, the gene mutation profiles of pancreatic cancer and biliary tract cancer have been outlined and the current status of tumour-agnostic therapy in these cancers has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kato
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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25
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Diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome and Strategies to Distinguish Lynch-Related Tumors from Sporadic MSI/dMMR Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030467. [PMID: 33530449 PMCID: PMC7865821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a hallmark of Lynch syndrome (LS)-related tumors but is not specific, as most of MSI/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors are sporadic. Therefore, the identification of MSI/dMMR requires additional diagnostic tools to identify LS. In this review, we address the hallmarks of LS and present recent advances in diagnostic and screening strategies to identify LS patients. We also discuss the pitfalls associated with current strategies, which should be taken into account in order to improve the diagnosis of LS. Abstract Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a hallmark of Lynch syndrome (LS)-related tumors but is not specific to it, as approximately 80% of MSI/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors are sporadic. Methods leading to the diagnosis of LS have considerably evolved in recent years and so have tumoral tests for LS screening and for the discrimination of LS-related to MSI-sporadic tumors. In this review, we address the hallmarks of LS, including the clinical, histopathological, and molecular features. We present recent advances in diagnostic and screening strategies to identify LS patients. We also discuss the pitfalls associated with the current strategies, which should be taken into account to improve the diagnosis of LS and avoid inappropriate clinical management.
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26
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Cui M, Li P, Mao Y, Zhang L, Xia P, Liu E, Wang W, Zhang J, Jiang G, Li W. Implication of Microsatellite Instability in Chinese Cohort of Human Cancers. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:10287-10295. [PMID: 33116883 PMCID: PMC7585277 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s274187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been a hot topic in cancer research. Determining MSI status greatly aids tumor prognosis and treatment plans. However, MSI data for Asian cancer patients with prognostic information are scarce. Here, our aim was to clarify MSI status and its prognostic value in a large Chinese cohort with different tumors. Patients and Methods Tissue samples from 600 Chinese cases, including 150 endometrial cancers, 150 colorectal cancers, 150 liver cancers and 150 gastric cancers, were used for IHC and MSI examinations. Two mononucleotide and three dinucleotide markers were used to analyze MSI status. Results In total,17.3% (26/150) of endometrial cancer patients showed positive MSI,10.0% (15/150) in colorectal cancer, 2.7% (4/150) in liver cancer, and 2.7% (4/150) in gastric cancer. Tumor location (P < 0.001 for colorectal cancer) and clinical stage (P =0.038 for gastric cancer) showed significant correlations with MSI status in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. The mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency was observed in 20 colorectal cases (13.3%) and was significantly more frequent in the MSI-positive group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the prevalence of MSI-H was mostly occurred in early-stage tumors, and none was in late stage (stage IV). Meanwhile, low clinicopathological stage had significant correlation with longer survival in multiple cancers here. Conclusion The incidence of microsatellite instability varies among different cancer types. And the prevalence of MSI-H mostly occurred early clinicopathological stage. In addition, our study provided a large Asian cohort screened by five loci PCR method and significantly increased knowledge on the prognostic significance of MSI in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Cui
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyi Xia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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27
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Picó MD, Sánchez-Heras AB, Castillejo A, Giner-Calabuig M, Alustiza M, Sánchez A, Moreira L, Pellise M, Castells A, Llort G, Yagüe C, Ramon y Cajal T, Gisbert-Beamud A, Cubiella J, Rivas L, Herraiz M, Garau C, Salces I, Carrillo-Palau M, Bujanda L, López-Fernández A, Alvarez-Urturi C, López MJ, Alenda C, Zapater P, Lacueva FJ, Balaguer F, Soto JL, Murcia Ó, Jover R. Risk of Cancer in Family Members of Patients with Lynch-Like Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082225. [PMID: 32784934 PMCID: PMC7466118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC). Some CRC patients develop mismatch repair deficiency without germline pathogenic mutation, known as Lynch-like syndrome (LLS). We compared the risk of CRC in first-degree relatives (FDRs) in LLS and LS patients. LLS was diagnosed when tumors showed immunohistochemical loss of MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2; or loss of MLH1 with BRAF wild type; and/or no MLH1 methylation and absence of pathogenic mutation in these genes. CRC and other LS-related neoplasms were followed in patients diagnosed with LS and LLS and among their FDRs. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for CRC and other neoplasms associated with LS among FDRs of LS and LLS patients. In total, 205 LS (1205 FDRs) and 131 LLS families (698 FDRs) had complete pedigrees. FDRs of patients with LLS had a high incidence of CRC (SIR, 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.56–2.71), which was significantly lower than that in FDRs of patients with LS (SIR, 4.25; 95% CI, 3.67–4.90; p < 0.001). The risk of developing other neoplasms associated with LS also increased among FDR of LLS patients (SIR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.44–2.80) but was lower than that among FDR of patients with LS (SIR, 5.01, 95% CI, 4.26–5.84; p < 0.001). FDRs with LLS have an increased risk of developing CRC as well as LS-related neoplasms, although this risk is lower than that of families with LS. Thus, their management should take into account this increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Picó
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Ana Beatriz Sánchez-Heras
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Adela Castillejo
- Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; (A.C.); (J.-L.S.)
| | - Mar Giner-Calabuig
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (M.A.)
| | - Miren Alustiza
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (M.A.)
| | - Ariadna Sánchez
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd. University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd. University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.C.); (F.B.)
| | - María Pellise
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd. University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Antoni Castells
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd. University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Gemma Llort
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, 08208 Barcelona, Spain; (G.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Carmen Yagüe
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, 08208 Barcelona, Spain; (G.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Teresa Ramon y Cajal
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (T.R.yC.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Alexandra Gisbert-Beamud
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (T.R.yC.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Joaquin Cubiella
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, CIBERehd, 32005 Ourense, Spain; (J.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Laura Rivas
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, CIBERehd, 32005 Ourense, Spain; (J.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Maite Herraiz
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain;
| | - Catalina Garau
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital de Son Llàtzer, 07198 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Salces
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Carrillo-Palau
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Adriá López-Fernández
- Unidad de Alto Riesgo y Prevención del Cáncer, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - María Jesús López
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santandercity, Spain;
| | - Cristina Alenda
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Pedro Zapater
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIAL, CIBERehd, IDiBE, UMH, 03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Lacueva
- Servicio de Cirugía general, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd. University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Jose-Luis Soto
- Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; (A.C.); (J.-L.S.)
| | - Óscar Murcia
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (Ó.M.); or (R.J.); Fax: +34-965-933-468 (Ó.M. & R.J.)
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (Ó.M.); or (R.J.); Fax: +34-965-933-468 (Ó.M. & R.J.)
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28
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Vatrano S, Pettinato A, Randazzo V, Zagami M, Agueli C, Cannella S, Banna GL, Fraggetta F, Santoro A. Diagnostic test assessment. Validation study of an alternative system to detect microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinoma. Pathologica 2020; 112:178-183. [PMID: 32893846 PMCID: PMC8183355 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), College of American Pathologists (CAP), Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) have been recently strongly recommended the evaluation of mismatch repair status (MMS) as molecular biomarkers in colorectal cancer for a better prognostic stratification of patients. This recommendation is emphasized by the recent evidence of Microsatellite Instability (MSI) as a predictive marker for chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In this scenario, the validation of molecular biomarker testing methods seems to be essential to design the most appropriate tailored therapy and the most suitable care strategy, respectively. In this study, we validated an alternative method based on capillary electrophoresis system label-free PCR (Qiaxcel system) to evaluate the MSI Bethesda Panel. We also parallel the results with a standard approach. Our data showed total concordance with the standard approach, with a highly time-efficient and easy procedure combined with high sensitivity for MSI detection. Alternative capillary electrophoresis based on label-free PCR such as the Qiaxel system is a very sensitive and specific method to detect MSI for the management of patients with colorectal cancer. This procedure is adequate and suitable in diagnostic routine for the evaluation of microsatellite repeats compared to standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valentina Randazzo
- Department of Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Agueli
- Department of Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Cannella
- Department of Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luigi Banna
- Department of Oncology, United Lincolnshire Hospital NHS Trust, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandra Santoro
- Department of Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
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29
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Augustus GJ, Xicola RM, Llor X, Ellis NA. Decreased copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity in African American colorectal cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:454-464. [PMID: 32293075 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements over the past 20 years, African Americans continue to have the highest incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the United States. While previous studies have found that copy number variations (CNVs) occur at similar frequency in African American and White CRCs, copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH) has not been investigated. In the present study, we used publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as well as data from an African American CRC cohort, the Chicago Colorectal Cancer Consortium (CCCC), to compare frequencies of CNVs and cnLOH events in CRCs in the two racial groups. Using genotype microarray data, we analyzed large-scale CNV and cnLOH events from 166 microsatellite stable CRCs-31 and 39 African American CRCs from TCGA and the CCCC, respectively, and 96 White CRCs from TCGA. As reported previously, the frequencies of CNVs were similar between African American and White CRCs; however, there was a significantly lower frequency of cnLOH events in African American CRCs compared to White CRCs, even after adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Although larger differences for chromosome 18 were observed, a lower frequency of cnLOH events in African American CRCs was observed for nearly all chromosomes. These results suggest that mechanistic differences, including differences in the frequency of cnLOH, could contribute to clinicopathological disparities between African Americans and Whites. Additionally, we observed a previously uncharacterized phenomenon we refer to as small interstitial cnLOH, in which segments of chromosomes from 1 to 5 Mb long were affected by cnLOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaius J Augustus
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rosa M Xicola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, Hew Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xavier Llor
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, Hew Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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30
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Bai H, Wang R, Cheng W, Shen Y, Li H, Xia W, Ding Z, Zhang Y. Evaluation of Concordance Between Deficient Mismatch Repair and Microsatellite Instability Testing and Their Association with Clinicopathological Features in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:2863-2873. [PMID: 32425600 PMCID: PMC7187941 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s248069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) is one of the most important molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC), which mainly results from defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). This study was performed to investigate the concordance between deficient MMR and MSI testing, and to evaluate the association of these two results with clinicopathological characteristics in Chinese CRC patients. Methods A total of 738 CRC patients were included. Tumor tissues and paired peripheral blood specimens were obtained. Screening for MMR was investigated using immunohistochemical (IHC) technique, and multiple polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE) method was performed to detect the MSI status. All clinicopathological data, immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability analyses were then statistically analyzed. Results Of the 738 (17.75%) CRC patients, 131 expressed as deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) status, and postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2) deficiency was the most frequent deficiency among these four MMR proteins. MSI-high (MSI-H) status occurred in 74 of the 738 (10.03%) CRC patients, 55 of whom showed instability at all six mononucleotides repeat markers. dMMR was significantly associated with MSI-H and moderate concordance was observed between IHC and PCR-CE in evaluating deficient MMR/MSI through Kappa test. Statistically, dMMR was significantly associated with younger age, right-sided colon and poor differentiation. MSI-H was associated with younger age, right-sided colon, poor differentiation, mucinous type and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage II. Conclusion A moderate concordance between deficient MMR and MSI testing indicates that both IHC and PCR-CE methods should be routinely tested to provide reliable data for clinical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Bai
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Shen
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglin Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Nanchuan, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Sánchez AG, Juaneda I, Eynard H, Basquiera AL, Palazzo E, Calafat P, Palla V, Romagnoli PA, Alvarellos T. CAT25 defines microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer by high-resolution melting PCR. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:105-111. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1730625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AG Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I Juaneda
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - H Eynard
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - AL Basquiera
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - E Palazzo
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P Calafat
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V Palla
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - PA Romagnoli
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo Amuchastegui (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - T Alvarellos
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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32
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Clinical and Pathological Characterization of Lynch-Like Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:368-374.e1. [PMID: 31220642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lynch syndrome is characterized by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. Some patients with suspected Lynch syndrome have DNA MMR deficiencies but no detectable mutations in genes that encode MMR proteins-this is called Lynch-like syndrome (LLS). There is no consensus on management of patients with LLS. We collected data from a large series of patients with LLS to identify clinical and pathology features. METHODS We collected data from a nationwide-registry of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Spain. We identified patients whose colorectal tumors had loss of MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, or MLH1 (based on immunohistochemistry), without the mutation encoding V600E in BRAF (detected by real-time PCR), and/or no methylation at MLH1 (determined by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification), and no pathogenic mutations in MMR genes, BRAF, or EPCAM (determined by DNA sequencing). These patients were considered to have LLS. We collected data on demographic, clinical, and pathology features and family history of neoplasms. The χ2 test was used to analyze the association between qualitative variables, followed by the Fisher exact test and the Student t test or the Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables. RESULTS We identified 160 patients with LLS; their mean age at diagnosis of CRC was 55 years and 66 patients were female (41%). The Amsterdam I and II criteria for Lynch syndrome were fulfilled by 11% of cases and the revised Bethesda guideline criteria by 65% of cases. Of the patients with LLS, 24% were identified in universal screening. There were no proportional differences in sex, indication for colonoscopy, immunohistochemistry, pathology findings, or personal history of CRC or other Lynch syndrome-related tumors between patients who met the Amsterdam and/or Bethesda criteria for Lynch syndrome and patients identified in universal screening for Lynch syndrome, without a family history of CRC. CONCLUSIONS Patients with LLS have homogeneous clinical, demographic, and pathology characteristics, regardless of family history of CRC.
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33
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Yu Z, Yu H, Zou Q, Huang Z, Wang X, Tang G, Bai L, Zhou C, Zhuang Z, Xie Y, Wang H, Xu G, Chen Z, Fu X, Huang M, Luo Y. Nomograms for Prediction of Molecular Phenotypes in Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:309-321. [PMID: 32021277 PMCID: PMC6968822 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s234495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with different molecular phenotypes, including microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), and somatic mutations in BRAF and KRAS gene, vary in treatment response and prognosis. However, molecular phenotyping under adequate quality control in a community-based setting may be difficult. We aimed to build the nomograms based on easily accessible clinicopathological characteristics to predict molecular phenotypes. Methods Three hundred and six patients with pathologically confirmed stage I-IV CRC were included in the cohort. The assays for MSI, CIMP, and mutations in BRAF and KRAS gene were performed using resected tumor samples. The candidate predictors were identified from clinicopathological variables using multivariate Logistic regression analyses to construct the nomograms that could predict each molecular phenotype. Results The incidences of MSI, CIMP, BRAF mutation and KRAS mutation were 25.3% (72/285), 2.5% (7/270), 3.4% (10/293), and 34.8% (96/276) respectively. In the multivariate Logistic analysis, poor differentiation and high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independently associated with MSI; poor differentiation, high NLR and high carcinoembryonic antigen/tumor size ratio (CSR) were independently associated with CIMP; poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion and high CSR were independently associated with BRAF mutation; poor differentiation, proximal tumor, mucinous tumor and high NLR were independently associated with KRAS mutation. Four nomograms for MSI, CIMP, BRAF mutation and KRAS mutation were developed based on these independent predictors, the C-indexes of which were 61.22% (95% CI: 60.28–62.16%), 95.57% (95% CI: 95.20–95.94%), 83.56% (95% CI: 81.54–85.58%), and 69.12% (95% CI: 68.30–69.94%) respectively. Conclusion We established four nomograms using easily accessible variables that could well predict the presence of MSI, CIMP, BRAF mutation and KRAS mutation in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Yu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichuan Yu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zou
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghong Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Tang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Bai
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhai Zhou
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuokai Zhuang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumo Xie
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaopo Xu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Fu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijin Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
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Xicola RM, Clark JR, Carroll T, Alvikas J, Marwaha P, Regan MR, Lopez-Giraldez F, Choi J, Emmadi R, Alagiozian-Angelova V, Kupfer SS, Ellis NA, Llor X. Implication of DNA repair genes in Lynch-like syndrome. Fam Cancer 2019; 18:331-342. [PMID: 30989425 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-019-00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many colorectal cancers (CRCs) that exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI) are not explained by MLH1 promoter methylation or germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, which cause Lynch syndrome (LS). Instead, these Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) patients have somatic mutations in MMR genes. However, many of these patients are young and have relatives with cancer, suggesting a hereditary entity. We performed germline sequence analysis in LLS patients and determined their tumor's mutational profiles using FFPE DNA. Six hundred and fifty-four consecutive CRC patients were screened for suspected LS using MSI and absence of MLH1 methylation. Suspected LS cases were exome sequenced to identify germline and somatic mutations. Single nucleotide variants were used to characterize mutational signatures. We identified 23 suspected LS cases. Germline sequence analysis of 16 available samples identified five cases with LS mutations and 11 cases without LS mutations, LLS. Most LLS tumors had a combination of somatic MMR gene mutation and loss of heterozygosity. LLS patients were relatively young and had excess first-degree relatives with cancer. Four of the 11 LLS patients had rare likely pathogenic variants in genes that maintain genome integrity. Moreover, tumors from this group had a distinct mutational signature compared to tumors from LLS patients lacking germline mutations in these genes. In summary, more than a third of the LLS patients studied had germline mutations in genes that maintain genome integrity and their tumors had a distinct mutational signature. The possibility of hereditary factors in LLS warrants further studies so counseling can be properly informed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Xicola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 208019, 333 Cedar Street/LMP 1080, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Julia R Clark
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Timothy Carroll
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jurgis Alvikas
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Priti Marwaha
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Maureen R Regan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Francesc Lopez-Giraldez
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, 830 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, 830 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Rajyasree Emmadi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
| | - Xavier Llor
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 208019, 333 Cedar Street/LMP 1080, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
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Walk EE, Yohe SL, Beckman A, Schade A, Zutter MM, Pfeifer J, Berry AB. The Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarker Testing Landscape. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:706-724. [PMID: 31714809 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0584-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Cancer immunotherapy provides unprecedented rates of durable clinical benefit to late-stage cancer patients across many tumor types, but there remains a critical need for biomarkers to accurately predict clinical response. Although some cancer immunotherapy tests are associated with approved therapies and considered validated, other biomarkers are still emerging and at various states of clinical and translational exploration. OBJECTIVE.— To provide pathologists with a current and practical update on the evolving field of cancer immunotherapy testing. The scientific background, clinical data, and testing methodology for the following cancer immunotherapy biomarkers are reviewed: programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), mismatch repair, microsatellite instability, tumor mutational burden, polymerase δ and ε mutations, cancer neoantigens, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, transcriptional signatures of immune responsiveness, cancer immunotherapy resistance biomarkers, and the microbiome. DATA SOURCES.— Selected scientific publications and clinical trial data representing the current field of cancer immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS.— The cancer immunotherapy field, including the use of biomarker testing to predict patient response, is still in evolution. PD-L1, mismatch repair, and microsatellite instability testing are helping to guide the use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies, but there remains a need for better predictors of response and resistance. Several categories of tumor and patient characteristics underlying immune responsiveness are emerging and may represent the next generation of cancer immunotherapy predictive biomarkers. Pathologists have important roles and responsibilities as the field of cancer immunotherapy continues to develop, including leadership of translational studies, exploration of novel biomarkers, and the accurate and timely implementation of newly approved and validated companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Walk
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Sophia L Yohe
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Amy Beckman
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Andrew Schade
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Mary M Zutter
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - John Pfeifer
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Anna B Berry
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
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Johansen AFB, Kassentoft CG, Knudsen M, Laursen MB, Madsen AH, Iversen LH, Sunesen KG, Rasmussen MH, Andersen CL. Validation of computational determination of microsatellite status using whole exome sequencing data from colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:971. [PMID: 31638937 PMCID: PMC6802299 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI), resulting from a defective mismatch repair system, occurs in approximately 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC). Since MSI is associated with a poor response to 5-fluorouracile based chemotherapy and is a positive predictive marker of immunotherapy, it is routine practice to evaluate the MSI status of resected tumors in CRC patients. MSIsensor is a novel computational tool for determining MSI status using Next Generation Sequencing. However, it is not widely used in the clinic and has not been independently validated in exome data from CRC. To facilitate clinical implementation of computational determination of MSI status, we compared MSIsensor to current gold standard methods for MSI testing. METHODS MSI status was determined for 130 CRC patients (UICC stage I-IV) using immunohistochemistry, PCR based microsatellite stability testing and by applying MSIsensor to exome sequenced tumors and paired germline DNA. Furthermore, we investigated correlation between MSI status, mutational load and mutational signatures. RESULTS Eighteen out of 130 (13.8%) patients were microsatellite instable. We found a 100% agreement between MSIsensor and gold standard methods for MSI testing. All MSI tumors were hypermutated. In addition, two microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors were hypermutated, which was explained by a dominant POLE signature and pathogenic POLE mutations (p.Pro286Arg and p.Ser459Phe). CONCLUSION MSIsensor is a robust tool, which can be used to determine MSI status of tumor samples from exome sequenced CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Gaasdal Kassentoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maria Bach Laursen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Mads Heilskov Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Claus Lindbjerg Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Mathews NS, Masih D, Mittal R, Perakath B, Sakthi D, Rebekah G, Pai R, Pulimood AB. Microsatellite instability in young patients with mucinous colorectal cancers - characterization using molecular testing, immunohistochemistry, and histological features. Indian J Cancer 2019; 56:309-314. [PMID: 31607698 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_224_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The incidence of colorectal cancers (CRCs) in young Indian patients is higher than the international average. CRCs in young patients are commonly of mucinous type and show microsatellite instability (MSI). AIMS To ascertain the MSI status of mucinous CRCs in patients ≤40 years of age by molecular testing and to correlate this with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and tumor histology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 30 young mucinous CRC patients were retrieved. MSI testing was done using two mononucleotide markers - BAT26 and NR24. IHC analysis was done using MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. Histological features of all cases were studied. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software and the Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Eight out of 30 cases (26.7%) showed MSI by molecular testing. IHC identified seven of these cases. Histological features showing a statistically significant association with MSI were the presence of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma component (P = 0.003), peritumoral lymphocytes (P = 0.002) and tumor budding (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION The detection of defective mismatch repair (MMR) proteins using IHC for MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 and molecular testing using BAT26 and NR24 appears to be a good protocol to detect CRCs with MSI. Histology could be useful in identifying cases that require screening for presence of MMR protein defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitty Skariah Mathews
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dipti Masih
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohin Mittal
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Benjamin Perakath
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhananjayan Sakthi
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rekha Pai
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anna B Pulimood
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Evrard C, Tachon G, Randrian V, Karayan-Tapon L, Tougeron D. Microsatellite Instability: Diagnosis, Heterogeneity, Discordance, and Clinical Impact in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1567. [PMID: 31618962 PMCID: PMC6826728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency testing is important to the identification of Lynch syndrome and decision making regarding adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) and has become an indispensable test in metastatic tumors due to the high efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in deficient MMR (dMMR) tumors. CRCs greatly benefit from this testing as approximately 15% of them are dMMR but only 3% to 5% are at a metastatic stage. MMR status can be determined by two different methods, microsatellite instability (MSI) testing on tumor DNA, and immunohistochemistry of the MMR proteins on tumor tissue. Recent studies have reported a rate of 3% to 10% of discordance between these two tests. Moreover, some reports suggest possible intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity of MMR and MSI status. These issues are important to know and to clarify in order to define therapeutic strategy in CRC. This review aims to detail the standard techniques used for the determination of MMR and MSI status, along with their advantages and limits. We review the discordances that may arise between these two tests, tumor heterogeneity of MMR and MSI status, and possible explanations. We also discuss the strategies designed to distinguish sporadic versus germline dMMR/MSI CRC. Finally, we present new and accurate methods aimed at determining MMR/MSI status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Evrard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Gaëlle Tachon
- Department of Cancer biology, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculty of medicine, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1084, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Violaine Randrian
- Faculty of medicine, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Department of Cancer biology, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculty of medicine, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) 1084, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - David Tougeron
- Department of Medical Oncology, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculty of medicine, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France.
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Duffy MJ, Crown J. Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1228-1238. [PMID: 31315901 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.303644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy, especially the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized the management of several different cancer types in recent years. However, for most types of cancer, only a minority of patients experience a durable response. Furthermore, administration of immunotherapy can result in serious adverse reactions. Thus, for the most efficient and effective use of immunotherapy, accurate predictive biomarkers that have undergone analytical and clinical validation are necessary. CONTENT Among the most widely investigated predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy are programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), microsatellite instability/defective mismatch repair (MSI/dMMR), and tumor mutational burden (TMB). MSI/dMMR is approved for clinical use irrespective of the tumor type, whereas PD-L1 is approved only for use in certain cancer types (e.g., for predicting response to first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer). Although not yet approved for clinical use, TMB has been shown to predict response to several different forms of immunotherapy and across multiple cancer types. Less widely investigated predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy include tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes and specific gene signatures. Despite being widely investigated, assays for MSI/dMMR, PD-L1, and TMB lack standardization and are still evolving. An urgent focus of future research should be the optimization and standardization of method for determining these biomarkers. SUMMARY Biomarkers for predicting response to immunotherapy are paving the way for personalized treatment for patients with diverse cancer types. However, standardization of the available biomarker assays is an urgent requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duffy
- Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; .,UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Medical Oncology Department, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Xicola RM, Manojlovic Z, Augustus GJ, Kupfer SS, Emmadi R, Alagiozian-Angelova V, Triche T, Salhia B, Carpten J, Llor X, Ellis NA. Lack of APC somatic mutation is associated with early-onset colorectal cancer in African Americans. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1331-1341. [PMID: 30239619 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have higher incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with other US populations. They present with more right-sided, microsatellite stable disease and are diagnosed at earlier ages compared with non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). To gain insight into these trends, we conducted exome sequencing (n = 45), copy number (n = 33) and methylation analysis (n = 11) of microsatellite stable AA CRCs. Results were compared with data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Two of the 45 tumors contained POLE mutations. In the remaining 43 tumors, only 27 (63%) contained loss-of-function mutations in APC compared with 80% of TCGA NHW CRCs. APC-mutation-negative CRCs were associated with an earlier onset of CRC (P = 0.01). They were also associated with lower overall mutation burden, fewer copy number variants and a DNA methylation signature that was distinct from the CpG island methylator phenotype characterized in microsatellite unstable disease. Three of the APC-mutation-negative CRCs had loss-of-function mutations in BCL9L. Mutations in driver genes identified by TCGA exome analysis were less frequent in AA CRC cases than TCGA NHWs. Genes that regulate the WNT signaling pathway, including SOX9, GATA6, TET1, GLIS1 and FAT1, were differentially hypermethylated in APC-mutation-negative CRCs, suggesting a novel mechanism for cancer development in these tumors. In summary, we have identified a subtype of CRC that is associated with younger age of diagnosis, lack of APC mutation, microsatellite and chromosome stability, lower mutation burden and distinctive methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Xicola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zarko Manojlovic
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gaius J Augustus
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- University of Chicago Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rajyasree Emmadi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Tim Triche
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Carpten
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Llor
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona., Tucson, AZ, USA
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Nfonsam VN, Jecius H, Chen D, Omesiete PN, Ewongwo AN, Elquza E, Scott AJ, Jandova J. Increasing Incidence of Colon Cancer in the Young: Assessing the Tumor Biology. J Am Coll Surg 2019; 229:79-90. [PMID: 30995524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall incidence of colon cancer (CC) is decreasing, but with increasing early-onset colon cancer (EOCC < 50 years old). Our recent study revealed unique overexpression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in EOCC and its association with aggressiveness. The aim of this study was to assess CC biology, especially in the young, by evaluating the role of COMP in CC carcinogenesis and cancer progression, detecting COMP in serum and its association with disease stage. STUDY DESIGN Cancer and matching noninvolved tissue blocks from 12 sporadic EOCC and late-onset colon cancer (LOCC) patients of 4 disease stages were obtained from pathology archives. Ribonucleic acid expression profiling of 770 cancer-related genes using nCounter platform was performed. The COMP levels from 16 EOCC and LOCC serum samples were measured by ELISA. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels from these 16 samples were taken at the time of diagnosis. Transwell assay was performed to elucidate the role of COMP in motility and metastases. RESULTS Expression profiling revealed increased COMP levels in higher disease stage. There was 7-fold higher COMP expression (p ≤ 0.05) in stage III compare to stage I and its coexpression with GAS1, VEGFC, MAP3K8, SFRP1, and PRKACA. Higher COMP expression was seen in stage II compared with stage I (p = 0.07) and its coexpression withTLR2, IL8, RIN1, IRAK3, and CACNA2D2, and COMP was detectable in serum and showed significantly higher levels in EOCC compared with LOCC. Similar correlation was seen with CEA levels, but the difference was not significant. Transwell assay revealed significantly increased motility of HT-29 cells after treatment with recombinant COMP. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest different tumor biology between EOCC and LOCC. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein plays a significant role in CC carcinogenesis and has potential as biomarker for CC, especially aggressive EOCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hunter Jecius
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Debbie Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Emad Elquza
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Aaron J Scott
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jana Jandova
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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A practical guide to biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1-15. [PMID: 30600322 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of microsatellite instability (MSI) of every colorectal cancer (CRC) is important for prognostic and therapeutic purposes, while molecular testing helps identify actionable targeted therapy for patients with metastatic disease. This review will discuss the biomarkers commonly encountered in the clinical evaluation of CRC, and practical issues regarding MSI screening, reporting, interpretation, molecular test indication, and specimen requirements.
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Baudrin LG, Deleuze JF, How-Kit A. Molecular and Computational Methods for the Detection of Microsatellite Instability in Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:621. [PMID: 30631754 PMCID: PMC6315116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a genomic alteration in which microsatellites, usually of one to four nucleotide repeats, accumulate mutations corresponding to deletions/insertions of a few nucleotides. The MSI phenotype has been extensively characterized in colorectal cancer and is due to a deficiency of the DNA mismatch repair system. MSI has recently been shown to be present in most types of cancer with variable frequencies (from <1 to 30%). It correlates positively to survival outcome and predicts the response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The different methods developed for MSI detection in cancer require taking into consideration two critical parameters which influence method performance. First, the microsatellite markers used should be chosen carefully to ensure they are highly sensitive and specific for MSI detection. Second, the analytical method used should be highly resolute to allow clear identification of MSI and of the mutant allele genotype, and should present the lowest limit of detection possible for application in samples with low mutant allele frequency. In this review, we describe all the different molecular and computational methods developed to date for the detection of MSI in cancer, how they have evolved and improved over the years, and their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Baudrin
- Laboratoire de Génomique, Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GenMed Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Laboratoire de Génomique, Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France.,Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Alexandre How-Kit
- Laboratoire de Génomique, Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France
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Wong HL, Christie M, Gately L, Tie J, Lee B, Semira C, Lok SW, Wong R, Gibbs P. Mismatch repair deficiency assessment by immunohistochemistry: for Lynch syndrome screening and beyond. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2725-2739. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency has been studied extensively, the assessment of MMR status in colorectal and other cancers remains highly relevant, particularly in light of recent data demonstrating that MMR deficiency is a strong predictor for treatment benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors across multiple tumor types. In colorectal cancer, there is a growing consensus in support of routine MMR testing for Lynch syndrome screening, to inform prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapy use in early stage disease, and to predict response to immunotherapy in advanced disease. Here, we provide a review of the Ventana MMR Immunohistochemistry Panel, which was recently approved by the US FDA for use in Lynch syndrome screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-li Wong
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Gately
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanne Tie
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Western Health Medical School, University of Melbourne, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Lee
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Semira
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheau Wen Lok
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Wong
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Western Health Medical School, University of Melbourne, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Nouri Nojadeh J, Hashemzadeh S, Samadi Kafil H, Behrouz Sharif S, Eftekharsadat A, Ghasemnejad T, Ghojazadeh M, Sakhinia E. Evaluation of microsatellite instability in tumor and tumor marginal samples of sporadic colorectal cancer using mononucleotide markers. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:945-951. [PMID: 30564073 PMCID: PMC6295640 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a unique molecular alteration that is due to a defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. Approximately, 15-20 % of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC) display MSI. Determination of MSI status in CRC has prognostic and predictive implications. Additionally, detecting MSI is used diagnostically for tumor detection and classification. The present study analyzed a panel of five mononucleotide markers, BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-22 and NR-27, amplified in a single multiplex PCR reaction to evaluate MSI status in CRC patients. Genomic DNA from 50 CRC and paired adjacent normal tissues was used for PCR-based MSI analysis. Our finding showed microsatellite instability in 36 % of specimens. Instability with differences in allele lengths was observed in the tumoral DNA compared to the tumor-free margin DNA sample. The frequency of instability in NR-21, BAT-26 and BAT-25 markers were more than others; their frequency were 35.48 %, 29.03 %, and 22.58 %, respectively. In conclusion, the NR-21, BAT-26, and BAT-25 were the most useful markers for discriminating cancer tissue from normal, therefore these markers have demonstrated promising potential for determining MSI status in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Nouri Nojadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Hashemzadeh
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahin Behrouz Sharif
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirtaher Eftekharsadat
- Department of Pathology, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Ghasemnejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Ghojazadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Connective Tissue Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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46
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Murcia O, Juárez M, Rodríguez-Soler M, Hernández-Illán E, Giner-Calabuig M, Alustiza M, Egoavil C, Castillejo A, Alenda C, Barberá V, Mangas-Sanjuan C, Yuste A, Bujanda L, Clofent J, Andreu M, Castells A, Llor X, Zapater P, Jover R. Colorectal cancer molecular classification using BRAF, KRAS, microsatellite instability and CIMP status: Prognostic implications and response to chemotherapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203051. [PMID: 30188916 PMCID: PMC6126803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to validate a molecular classification of colorectal cancer (CRC) based on microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status, BRAF, and KRAS and investigate each subtype’s response to chemotherapy. Design This retrospective observational study included a population-based cohort of 878 CRC patients. We classified tumours into five different subtypes based on BRAF and KRAS mutation, CIMP status, and MSI. Patients with advanced stage II (T4N0M0) and stage III tumours received 5-fluoruracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy or no adjuvant treatment based on clinical criteria. The main outcome was disease-free survival (DFS). Results Patients with the combination of microsatellite stable (MSS) tumours, BRAF mutation and CIMP positive exhibited the worst prognosis in univariate (log rank P<0.0001) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.05–2.93, P = 0.03) after adjusting for age, sex, chemotherapy, and TNM stage. Treatment with 5-FU-based regimens improved prognosis in patients with the combination of MSS tumours, KRAS mutation and CIMP negative (log rank P = 0.003) as well as in patients with MSS tumours plus BRAF and KRAS wild-type and CIMP negative (log-rank P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, and TNM stage in the multivariate analysis, only patients with the latter molecular combination had independently improved prognosis after adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio 2.06, 95% CI 1.24–3.44, P = 0.005). Conclusion We confirmed the prognostic value of stratifying CRC according to molecular subtypes using MSI, CIMP status, and somatic KRAS and BRAF mutation. Patients with traditional chromosomally unstable tumours obtained the best benefit from adjuvant 5-FU-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Murcia
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Míriam Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Soler
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Hernández-Illán
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mar Giner-Calabuig
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miren Alustiza
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cecilia Egoavil
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Adela Castillejo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Alenda
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Barberá
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carolina Mangas-Sanjuan
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Yuste
- Oncology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luís Bujanda
- Gastroenterology Unity, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joan Clofent
- Gastroentyerology Unit, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Spain
| | - Montserrat Andreu
- Gastroenterology Unit, IMIM: Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Llor
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pedro Zapater
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Berardinelli GN, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Durães R, Antônio de Oliveira M, Guimarães D, Reis RM. Advantage of HSP110 (T17) marker inclusion for microsatellite instability (MSI) detection in colorectal cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28691-28701. [PMID: 29983889 PMCID: PMC6033349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a genetic pathway leading to CRC, associated with particular clinicopathological features, and recently a major biomarker of immunotherapy response. There is little information the frequency MSI among Brazilian CRC patients, and it is still debatable the ideal methodology for MSI screening in countries with limited resources. We proposed to evaluate MSI by molecular and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods, to compare both methodologies and also to assess the inclusion of a novel microsatellite marker, HSP110 (T17). The molecular MSI evaluation was performed using a PCR-multiplex panel in a total of 1013 CRC patients. Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) expression were evaluated by IHC. HSP110 (T17) marker was analyzed by fragment analysis. Molecularly, 89.5% of cases were MSI-negative and 10.5% were MSI-positive. The IHC showed that 88.9% of cases exhibited MMR-proficient status, 10.2% were MMR-deficient and 0.9% was inconclusive. Genotyping of the HSP110 (T17) in 106 MSI-positive and 215 MSI-negative cases showed its alteration only among the MSI-positive cases. We observed agreement (0.956, Kappa Test) between both molecular and IHC methodologies, with only eight discordant results, and in this subset of cases the HSP110 (T17) corroborate the molecular findings. This study suggests the use of molecular assays over IHC for MSI analysis and proposes the inclusion HSP110 (T17) marker as a complementary analysis in discordant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronílson Durães
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Jales, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Guimarães
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Endoscopy, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Life and Health sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Gualtar Campus, Braga, Portugal
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48
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Zheng J, Huang B, Nie X, Zhu Y, Han N, Li Y. The clinicopathological features and prognosis of tumor MSI in East Asian colorectal cancer patients using NCI panel. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1355-1364. [PMID: 29366338 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare test results obtained from a PCR assay for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) five loci criteria for detecting microsatellite instability (MSI) with those obtained from immunohistochemistry of mismatch repair and a five-mononucleotide site amplification system in East Asian patients with colorectal cancer. PATIENTS & METHODS A total of 245 East Asian patients with colorectal cancer were studied retrospectively at our institution. RESULTS The consistency of the NCI panel PCR method compared with detection of mismatch repair protein expression by immunohistochemistry was 0.898. High level MSI (MSI-H) status was correlated with the Tumor, Node, Metastasis stage, tumor location site, metastasis, tumor grade, mucinous histological type and BRAF-type mutations. CONCLUSION The NCI panel PCR assay has excellent sensitivity and specificity for detecting MSI in an East Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Bangxing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiu Nie
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ningning Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongshu Biotech Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
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Nojadeh JN, Behrouz Sharif S, Sakhinia E. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:159-168. [PMID: 29743854 PMCID: PMC5938532 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Although it is one of the most common cancers worldwide, CRC would be one of the most curable cancers if it is detected in the early stages. Molecular changes that occur in colorectal cancer may be categorized into three main groups: 1) Chromosomal Instability (CIN), 2) Microsatellite Instability (MSI), and 3) CpG Island Methylator phenotype (CIMP). Microsatellites, also known as Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are small (1-6 base pairs) repeating stretches of DNA scattered throughout the entire genome and account for approximately 3 % of the human genome. Due to their repeated structure, microsatellites are prone to high mutation rate. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a unique molecular alteration and hyper-mutable phenotype, which is the result of a defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, and can be defined as the presence of alternate sized repetitive DNA sequences which are not present in the corresponding germ line DNA. The presence of MSI is found in sporadic colon, gastric, sporadic endometrial and the majority of other cancers. Approximately, 15-20 % of colorectal cancers display MSI. Determination of MSI status in CRC has prognostic and therapeutic implications. As well, detecting MSI is used diagnostically for tumor detection and classification. For these reasons, microsatellite instability analysis is becoming more and more important in colorectal cancer patients. The objective of this review is to provide the comprehensive summary of the update knowledge of colorectal cancer classification and diagnostic features of microsatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Nouri Nojadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahin Behrouz Sharif
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Tabriz Genetic Analysis Centre (TGAC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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50
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The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Microsatellite Instability in Ovarian Epithelial Cancers Detected by Molecular Genetic Studies in a Sample of Iranian Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.11599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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