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Lorentzian AC, Rever J, Ergin EK, Guo M, Akella NM, Rolf N, James Lim C, Reid GSD, Maxwell CA, Lange PF. Targetable lesions and proteomes predict therapy sensitivity through disease evolution in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7161. [PMID: 37989729 PMCID: PMC10663560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) genomes show that relapses often arise from subclonal outgrowths. However, the impact of clonal evolution on the actionable proteome and response to targeted therapy is not known. Here, we present a comprehensive retrospective analysis of paired ALL diagnosis and relapsed specimen. Targeted next generation sequencing and proteome analysis indicate persistence of actionable genome variants and stable proteomes through disease progression. Paired viably-frozen biopsies show high correlation of drug response to variant-targeted therapies but in vitro selectivity is low. Proteome analysis prioritizes PARP1 as a pan-ALL target candidate needed for survival following cellular stress; diagnostic and relapsed ALL samples demonstrate robust sensitivity to treatment with two PARP1/2 inhibitors. Together, these findings support initiating prospective precision oncology approaches at ALL diagnosis and emphasize the need to incorporate proteome analysis to prospectively determine tumor sensitivities, which are likely to be retained at disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Lorentzian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jenna Rever
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Enes K Ergin
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Meiyun Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Neha M Akella
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nina Rolf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C James Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gregor S D Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Rahavi SM, Aletaha M, Farrokhi A, Lorentzian A, Lange PF, Maxwell CA, Lim CJ, Reid GSD. Adaptation of the Th-MYCN Mouse Model of Neuroblastoma for Evaluation of Disseminated Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12071. [PMID: 37569447 PMCID: PMC10419036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma remains a profound clinical challenge that requires eradication of neuroblastoma cells from a variety of organ sites, including bone marrow, liver, and CNS, to achieve a cure. While preclinical modeling is a powerful tool for the development of novel cancer therapies, the lack of widely available models of metastatic neuroblastoma represents a significant barrier to the development of effective treatment strategies. To address this need, we report a novel luciferase-expressing derivative of the widely used Th-MYCN mouse. While our model recapitulates the non-metastatic neuroblastoma development seen in the parental transgenic strain, transplantation of primary tumor cells from disease-bearing mice enables longitudinal monitoring of neuroblastoma growth at distinct sites in immune-deficient or immune-competent recipients. The transplanted tumors retain GD2 expression through many rounds of serial transplantation and are sensitive to GD2-targeted immune therapy. With more diverse tissue localization than is seen with human cell line-derived xenografts, this novel model for high-risk neuroblastoma could contribute to the optimization of immune-based treatments for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed M. Rahavi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Maryam Aletaha
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 W28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Amanda Lorentzian
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Philipp F. Lange
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 950 W28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Christopher A. Maxwell
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 W28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Chinten James Lim
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 W28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Gregor S. D. Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 W28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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3
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Barnabas G, Goebeler V, Tsui J, Bush JW, Lange PF. ASAP─Automated Sonication-Free Acid-Assisted Proteomes─from Cells and FFPE Tissues. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3291-3299. [PMID: 36724070 PMCID: PMC9933881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are an invaluable resource for retrospective studies, but protein extraction and subsequent sample processing steps have been shown to be challenging for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Streamlined high-throughput sample preparation workflows are essential for efficient peptide extraction from complex clinical specimens such as fresh frozen tissues or FFPE. Overall, proteome analysis has gained significant improvements in the instrumentation, acquisition methods, sample preparation workflows, and analysis pipelines, yet even the most recent FFPE workflows remain complex and are not readily scalable. Here, we present an optimized workflow for automated sonication-free acid-assisted proteome (ASAP) extraction from FFPE sections. ASAP enables efficient protein extraction from FFPE specimens, achieving similar proteome coverage as established methods using expensive sonicators, resulting in reduced sample processing time. The broad applicability of ASAP on archived pediatric tumor FFPE specimens resulted in high-quality data with increased proteome coverage and quantitative reproducibility. Our study demonstrates the practicality and superiority of the ASAP workflow as a streamlined, time- and cost-effective pipeline for high-throughput FFPE proteomics of clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina
D. Barnabas
- Department
of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Verena Goebeler
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Janice Tsui
- Department
of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Bush
- Department
of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Philipp F. Lange
- Department
of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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4
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Guimarães GM, Tesser-Gamba F, Petrilli AS, Donato-Macedo CRP, Alves MTS, de Lima FT, Garcia-Filho RJ, Oliveira R, Toledo SRC. Molecular profiling of osteosarcoma in children and adolescents from different age groups using a next-generation sequencing panel. Cancer Genet 2021; 258-259:85-92. [PMID: 34666222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor, with a peak of incidence in the second decade of life and possibly associated with the presence of germline mutations. Besides, clinicians have pointed to a second, rarer group of patients that develops OS before 10 years old. Here we access, through next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategy, the genetic alterations present in OS and blood samples from patients diagnosed before and during the second decade of life. A custom NGS panel, designed for the main alterations described in childhood and adolescence neoplasms, named Oncomine Childhood Cancer Research Assay (OCCRA©), was used. Of all 84 OS samples investigated, 42 (50%) presented some somatic variant, with TP53, MYC, CDK4, RB1 and PDGFRA genes harboring the most observed genetic variants. MYC CNVs were more frequent in tumors from patients diagnosed before 10 years old (X21= 5.18, p = 0.023). Additionally, patients diagnosed during the second decade of life presented a higher percentage of somatic and germline variants. Germline variants in TP53 and RB1 were found in 5 of the 11 (45.5%) patients analyzed. Clinical variables and tumor histopathological characteristics were also collected and correlated with our molecular findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Guimarães
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Morphology and Genetics Department, Genetics Discipline, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F Tesser-Gamba
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A S Petrilli
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C R P Donato-Macedo
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M T S Alves
- Pathology Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F T de Lima
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gynecology Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R J Garcia-Filho
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Oncology Orthopedics Group, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Oliveira
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Surgery Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S R C Toledo
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute/GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Morphology and Genetics Department, Genetics Discipline, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Cabral de Carvalho Corrêa D, Tesser-Gamba F, Dias Oliveira I, Saba da Silva N, Capellano AM, de Seixas Alves MT, Dastoli PA, Cavalheiro S, Caminada de Toledo SR. Gliomas in children and adolescents: investigation of molecular alterations with a potential prognostic and therapeutic impact. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:107-119. [PMID: 34626238 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas represent the most frequent central nervous system (CNS) tumors in children and adolescents. However, therapeutic strategies for these patients, based on tumor molecular profile, are still limited compared to the wide range of treatment options for the adult population. We investigated molecular alterations, with a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in gliomas of childhood and adolescence using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategy. METHODS We selected 95 samples with initial diagnosis of glioma from patients treated at Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP. All samples were categorized according to the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the CNS, which included 39 low-grade gliomas (LGGs) and 56 high-grade gliomas (HGGs). Four HGG samples were classified as congenital glioblastoma (cGBM). NGS was performed to identify somatic genetic variants in tumor samples using the Oncomine Childhood Cancer Research Assay® (OCCRA®) panel, from Thermo Fisher Scientific®. RESULTS Genetic variants were identified in 76 of 95 (80%) tumors. In HGGs, the most common molecular alteration detected was H3F3A c.83A > T variant (H3.3 K27M) and co-occurring mutations in ATRX, TP53, PDGFRA, MET, and MYC genes were also frequently observed. One HGG sample was reclassified as supratentorial ependymoma ZFTA-fusion positive after NGS was performed. In LGGs, four KIAA1549-BRAF fusion transcripts were detected and this alteration was the most recurrent genetic event and favorable prognostic factor identified. Additionally, genetic variants in ALK and NTRK genes, which provide potential targets for therapy with Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, were identified in two different cases of cGBM that were classified as infant-type hemispheric glioma, a newly recognized subgroup of pediatric HGG. CONCLUSION Molecular profiling by the OCCRA® panel comprehensively addressed the most relevant genetic variants in gliomas of childhood and adolescence, as these tumors have specific patterns of molecular alterations, outcomes, and effectiveness to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cabral de Carvalho Corrêa
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.,Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Tesser-Gamba
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Indhira Dias Oliveira
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Nasjla Saba da Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Andrea Maria Capellano
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa de Seixas Alves
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alessandra Dastoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Cavalheiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Caminada de Toledo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute-GRAACC/UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 743 Botucatu Street, 8th Floor - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil. .,Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Uzozie AC, Ergin EK, Rolf N, Tsui J, Lorentzian A, Weng SSH, Nierves L, Smith TG, Lim CJ, Maxwell CA, Reid GSD, Lange PF. PDX models reflect the proteome landscape of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia but divert in select pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:96. [PMID: 33722259 PMCID: PMC7958471 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Murine xenografts of pediatric leukemia accurately recapitulate genomic aberrations. How this translates to the functional capacity of cells remains unclear. Here, we studied global protein abundance, phosphorylation, and protein maturation by proteolytic processing in 11 pediatric B- and T- cell ALL patients and 19 corresponding xenografts. Methods Xenograft models were generated for each pediatric patient leukemia. Mass spectrometry-based methods were used to investigate global protein abundance, protein phosphorylation, and limited proteolysis in paired patient and xenografted pediatric acute B- and T- cell lymphocytic leukemia, as well as in pediatric leukemia cell lines. Targeted next-generation sequencing was utilized to examine genetic abnormalities in patients and in corresponding xenografts. Bioinformatic and statistical analysis were performed to identify functional mechanisms associated with proteins and protein post-translational modifications. Results Overall, we found xenograft proteomes to be most equivalent with their patient of origin. Protein level differences that stratified disease subtypes at diagnostic and relapse stages were largely recapitulated in xenografts. As expected, PDXs lacked multiple human leukocyte antigens and complement proteins. We found increased expression of cell cycle proteins indicating a high proliferative capacity of xenografted cells. Structural genomic changes and mutations were reflected at the protein level in patients. In contrast, the post-translational modification landscape was shaped by leukemia type and host and only to a limited degree by the patient of origin. Of 201 known pediatric oncogenic drivers and drug-targetable proteins, the KMT2 protein family showed consistently high variability between patient and corresponding xenografts. Comprehensive N terminomics revealed deregulated proteolytic processing in leukemic cells, in particular from caspase-driven cleavages found in patient cells. Conclusion Genomic and host factors shape protein and post-translational modification landscapes differently. This study highlights select areas of diverging biology while confirming murine patient-derived xenografts as a generally accurate model system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01835-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuli C Uzozie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Enes K Ergin
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nina Rolf
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janice Tsui
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Amanda Lorentzian
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel S H Weng
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lorenz Nierves
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Theodore G Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - C James Lim
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregor S D Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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