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Cheng L, Shi C, Nakamura S, Esaki N, Ichiba Y, Tanaka M, Sakai K, Matsui T. Adiponectin-Receptor Agonistic Dipeptide Tyr-Pro Stimulates the Acetylcholine Nervous System in NE-4C Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7121-7129. [PMID: 38511275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The dipeptide Tyr-Pro has physiological potential for intact transportability into the brain parenchyma, prevention of cognitive impairment, and an adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) agonistic effect. The present study aimed to understand the effect of Tyr-Pro on the acetylcholine (ACh) nervous system and its underlying mechanism in NE-4C nerve cells. Concentration-dependent ACh production was induced by stimulation with Tyr-Pro and AdipoRon (an AdipoR1 agonist), along with the expression of AdipoR1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in NE-4C cells. By knocking down AdipoR1 in the cells, Tyr-Pro promoted ChAT expression, along with the activations of AMPK and ERK 1/2. Tyr-Pro did not alter acetylcholinesterase or ACh receptors, indicating that the dipeptide might operate as an ACh accelerator in nerve cells. This study provides the first evidence that the AdipoR1 agonistic Tyr-Pro is a promising dipeptide responsible for the stimulation of the ACh nervous system by AdipoR1-induced ChAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Cheng
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Caiyue Shi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Saya Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nana Esaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichiba
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenta Sakai
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Thakur A, Faujdar C, Sharma R, Sharma S, Malik B, Nepali K, Liou JP. Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8596-8685. [PMID: 35786935 PMCID: PMC9297300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant
brain tumor characterized
by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative
cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts
have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the
past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical
level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-,
selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion
of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of
new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating
ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery
endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery
(challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets,
and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered
sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked
upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors
as therapeutic targets in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chetna Faujdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201307, India
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Basant Malik
- Department of Sterile Product Development, Research and Development-Unit 2, Jubiliant Generics Ltd., Noida 201301, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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3
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Duly AMP, Kao FCL, Teo WS, Kavallaris M. βIII-Tubulin Gene Regulation in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:851542. [PMID: 35573698 PMCID: PMC9096907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.851542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule proteins form a dynamic component of the cytoskeleton, and play key roles in cellular processes, such as vesicular transport, cell motility and mitosis. Expression of microtubule proteins are often dysregulated in cancer. In particular, the microtubule protein βIII-tubulin, encoded by the TUBB3 gene, is aberrantly expressed in a range of epithelial tumours and is associated with drug resistance and aggressive disease. In normal cells, TUBB3 expression is tightly restricted, and is found almost exclusively in neuronal and testicular tissues. Understanding the mechanisms that control TUBB3 expression, both in cancer, mature and developing tissues will help to unravel the basic biology of the protein, its role in cancer, and may ultimately lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to target this protein. This review is devoted to the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of TUBB3 in normal and cancerous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M. P. Duly
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity C. L. Kao
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Rogala B, Khan ZA, Jackson-Boeters L, Darling MR. Investigation of the Molecular Profile of Granular Cell Tumours and Schwannomas of the Oral Cavity. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10030038. [PMID: 35323240 PMCID: PMC8946879 DOI: 10.3390/dj10030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Granular cell tumours (GCTs) are rare submucosal lesions, thought to develop from Schwann cells, characterised by large polygonal cells with abundant lysosomes. The objectives of this study are to investigate whether GCTs have an antigen-presenting cell (APC) phenotype or a neural crest phenotype using immunohistochemistry and to compare expression profiles with Schwannomas. Immunoreactivity to CD68, HLA-DR, CD163, CD40 and CD11c (APC phenotype) and markers of neural crest cell (NCC) origin S100, SOX10, NSE and GAP43 in 23 cases of GCTs and 10 cases of Schwannomas were evaluated. RT-qPCR was used to identify a possible NCC developmental phenotype in 6 cases of GCTs. GAP43 was identified as a new NCC marker for GCTs, and some evidence was found for an APC phenotype from CD68 and HLA-DR immunoreactivity. RT-qPCR failed to identify an NCC developmental phenotype of GCTs, likely due to technical issues.
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5
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Parker AL, Teo WS, McCarroll JA, Kavallaris M. An Emerging Role for Tubulin Isotypes in Modulating Cancer Biology and Chemotherapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071434. [PMID: 28677634 PMCID: PMC5535925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin proteins, as components of the microtubule cytoskeleton perform critical cellular functions throughout all phases of the cell cycle. Altered tubulin isotype composition of microtubules is emerging as a feature of aggressive and treatment refractory cancers. Emerging evidence highlighting a role for tubulin isotypes in differentially influencing microtubule behaviour and broader functional networks within cells is illuminating a complex role for tubulin isotypes regulating cancer biology and chemotherapy resistance. This review focuses on the role of different tubulin isotypes in microtubule dynamics as well as in oncogenic changes that provide a survival or proliferative advantage to cancer cells within the tumour microenvironment and during metastatic processes. Consideration of the role of tubulin isotypes beyond their structural function will be essential to improving the current clinical use of tubulin-targeted chemotherapy agents and informing the development of more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia L Parker
- Tumour Biology and Targeting, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- Tumour Biology and Targeting, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Joshua A McCarroll
- Tumour Biology and Targeting, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Tumour Biology and Targeting, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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6
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Post-Translational Tubulin Modifications in Human Astrocyte Cultures. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2566-2576. [PMID: 28512712 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein tubulin plays an integral role in the functional specialization of many cell types. In the central nervous system, post-translational modifications and the expression of specific tubulin isotypes in neurons have been analyzed in greater detail than in their astrocytic counterparts. In this study, we characterized post-translational specifications of tubulin in human astrocytes using the normal human astrocyte (NHA; Lonza) commercial cell line of fetal origin. Immunocytochemical techniques were implemented in conjunction with confocal microscopy to image class III β-tubulin (βIII-tubulin), acetylated tubulin, and polyglutamylated tubulin using fluorescent antibody probes. Fluorescent probe intensity differences and colocalization were quantitatively assessed with the 'EBImage' package for the statistical programming language R. Colocalization analysis revealed that, although both acetylated tubulin and polyglutamylated tubulin showed a high degree of correlation with βIII-tubulin, the correlation with acetylated tubulin was stronger. Quantification and statistical analysis of fluorescence intensity demonstrated that the fluorescence probe intensity ratio for acetylated tubulin/βIII-tubulin was greater than the ratio for polyglutamylated tubulin/βIII-tubulin. The open source GEODATA set GSE819950, comprising RNA sequencing data for the NHA cell line, was mined for the expression of enzymes responsible for tubulin modifications. Our analysis uncovered greater expression at the mRNA level for enzymes reported to function in acetylation and deacetylation as compared to enzymes implicated in glutamylation and deglutamylation. Taken together, the results represent a step toward unraveling the tubulin isotypic expression profile and post-translational modification patterns in astrocytes during human brain development.
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7
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Analysis of expression of transcription factors in early human retina. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 60:94-102. [PMID: 28377129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina originates in the central nervous system. Due to its accessibility and simplicity, the retina has become an invaluable model for studying the basic mechanisms involved in development. To date, considerable knowledge regarding the interactions among genes that coordinate retinal development has been gained from extensive research in model animals. However, our understanding of retinal development in humans remains undeveloped. Here, we analyze the expression of transcription factors that are involved in the early development of the retina in human embryos at 6-12 weeks post-conception. Our work demonstrates that early developing neural retinas can be divided into two layers, the outer and inner neuroblast layers. Eye-field transcription factors and those related to the early development of the retina have distinct expression patterns in the two layers. Cell-type-specific transcription factors emerge at 8 weeks. These data provide clear and systemic structures for early retinal development in human.
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8
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Bielle F, Ducray F, Mokhtari K, Dehais C, Adle-Biassette H, Carpentier C, Chanut A, Polivka M, Poggioli S, Rosenberg S, Giry M, Marie Y, Duyckaerts C, Sanson M, Figarella-Branger D, Idbaih A. Tumor cells with neuronal intermediate progenitor features define a subgroup of 1p/19q co-deleted anaplastic gliomas. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:567-579. [PMID: 27543943 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrated diagnosis of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted, grade III (O3id ) is a histomolecular entity that WHO 2016 classification distinguished from other diffuse gliomas by specific molecular alterations. In contrast, its cell portrait is less well known. The present study is focused on intertumor and intratumor, cell lineage-oriented, heterogeneity in O3id . Based on pathological, transcriptomic and immunophenotypic studies, a novel subgroup of newly diagnosed O3id overexpressing neuronal intermediate progenitor (NIP) genes was identified. This NIP overexpression pattern in O3id is associated with: (i) morphological and immunohistochemical similarities with embryonic subventricular zone, (ii) proliferating tumor cell subpopulation with NIP features including expression of INSM1 and no expression of SOX9, (iii) mutations in critical genes involved in NIP biology and, (iv) increased tumor necrosis. Interestingly, NIP tumor cell subpopulation increases in O3id recurrence compared with paired newly diagnosed tumors. Our results, validated in an independent cohort, emphasize intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity in O3id and identified a tumor cell subpopulation exhibiting NIP characteristics that is potentially critical in oncogenesis of O3id . A better understanding of spatial and temporal intratumor cell heterogeneity in O3id will open new therapeutic avenues overcoming resistance to current antitumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Bielle
- Service de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - François Ducray
- Service de Neuro-oncologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Service de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,OncoNeuroTek, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Caroline Dehais
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, F-75013, France
| | | | - Catherine Carpentier
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Anaïs Chanut
- Service de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Marc Polivka
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Département de Pathologie, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Poggioli
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Shai Rosenberg
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Marine Giry
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Yannick Marie
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,OncoNeuroTek, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Service de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Marc Sanson
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Département de Pathologie et Neuropathologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Marseille, France.,Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U911, Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, F-75013, France
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- POLA Network investigators: Amiens: Christine Desenclos, Henri Sevestre; Angers: Philippe Menei, Audrey Rousseau; Besançon: Joel Godard, Gabriel Viennet; Bobigny: Antoine Carpentier; Bordeaux: Sandrine Eimer, Hugues Loiseau; Brest: Phong Dam-Hieu, Isabelle Quintin-Roué; Caen: Jean-Sebastien Guillamo, Emmanuelle Lechapt-Zalcman; Clermont-Ferrand:Jean-Louis Kemeny, Toufik Khallil; Clichy: Dominique Cazals-Hatem, Thierry Faillot; Cornebarrieu: Ioana Carpiuc, Pomone Richard; Créteil: Caroline Le Guerinel; Colmar: Claude Gaultier, Marie-Christine Tortel; Dijon: Marie-Hélène Aubriot-Lorton, François Ghiringhelli; Kremlin-Bicêtre: Clovis Adam, Fabrice Parker; Lille: Claude-Alain Maurage, Carole Ramirez; Limoges: Edouard Marcel Gueye, François Labrousse; Lyon: Anne Jouvet; Marseille: Olivier Chinot; Montpellier: Luc Bauchet, Valérie Rigau; Nancy: Patrick Beauchesne, Dr Guillaume Gauchotte; Nantes: Mario Campone, Delphine Loussouarn; Nice: Denys Fontaine, Fanny Vandenbos; Orléans: Claire Blechet, Mélanie Fesneau; Paris: Jean Yves Delattre (national coordinator of the network), Selma Elouadhani-Hamdi, Damien Ricard; Poitiers: Delphine Larrieu-Ciron, Pierre-Marie Levillain; Reims: Philippe Colin, Marie-Danièle Diebold; Rennes: Danchristian Chiforeanu, Elodie Vauléon; Rouen: Olivier Langlois, Annie Laquerrière; Saint-Etienne: Marie Janette Motsuo Fotso, Michel Peoc'h; Saint-Pierre de la réunion: Marie Andraud, Gwenaelle Runavot; Strasbourg: Marie-Pierre Chenard, Georges Noel; Suresnes: Dr Stéphane Gaillard, Dr Chiara Villa; Toulon: Nicolas Desse; Toulouse: Elisabeth Cohen-Moyal, Emmanuelle Uro-Coste; Villejuif: Frédéric Dhermain
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9
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Zhao X, Yue C, Chen J, Tian C, Yang D, Xing L, Liu H, Jin Y. Class III β-Tubulin in Colorectal Cancer: Tissue Distribution and Clinical Analysis of Chinese Patients. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3915-3924. [PMID: 27771732 PMCID: PMC5088737 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class III β-tubulin (βIII-tubulin) has been reported to express at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical implication of βIII-tubulin expression at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We recruited 111 patients with surgically resected colorectal carcinoma for bIII-tubulin expression analysis. The cases with bIII-tubulin-positive tumor cells found only in the invasive front tumor area were assigned to the invasive front group, while the remaining cases were all assigned to the non-invasive front group. Clinical analysis of βIII-tubulin and other clinical data was performed. RESULTS The positive staining rates and staining intensity of bIII-tubulin were significantly different between the invasive and non-invasive front groups (p=0.001 and p=0.006), and there was a significant difference in tumor differentiation between the 2 groups (p=0.032). In the non-invasive front group, staining intensity of bIII-tubulin was significantly associated with positive staining rates and lymphatic metastasis (p<0.001 and p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed the tissue distribution of bIII-tubulin expression at invasive margin or diffuse distribution. Expression of bIII-tubulin was correlated with tumor differentiation and lymphatic metastasis, suggesting a potential role of bIII-tubulin in tumor differentiation and metastasis. This study may shed light on bIII-tubulin as a novel potential molecular target for a new anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Changli Yue
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng Tian
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University andBeijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Honggang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yulan Jin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, China (mainland)
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10
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Yeh LCC, Banerjee A, Prasad V, Tuszynski JA, Weis AL, Bakos T, Yeh IT, Ludueña RF, Lee JC. Effect of CH-35, a novel anti-tumor colchicine analogue, on breast cancer cells overexpressing the βIII isotype of tubulin. Invest New Drugs 2015; 34:129-37. [PMID: 26686345 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The subunit protein of microtubules is tubulin, which has been the target for some of the most successful and widely used anti-tumor drugs. Most of the drugs that target tubulin bind to the β subunit. There are many isotypes of β-tubulin and their distributions differ among different tissues. The βIII isotype is over-expressed in many tumors, particularly those that are aggressive, metastatic, and drug resistant. We have previously reported the design and synthesis of a series of compounds to fit the colchicine site on βIII but not on the other isotypes. In the current study, we tested the toxicity and the anti-tumor activity of one of these compounds, CH-35, on the human breast tumor MDA-MB-231 over-expressing βIII in a xenogeneic mouse model. We found that CH-35 was as toxic as Taxol® in vivo. Although the βIII-over-expressing cells developed into very fast-growing tumors, CH-35 was more effective against this tumor than was Taxol. Our results suggest that CH-35 is a promising candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Chuan C Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Asok Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Veena Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander L Weis
- Oncovista Innovative Therapies, Inc., 14785 Omicron Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Tamas Bakos
- Oncovista Innovative Therapies, Inc., 14785 Omicron Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - I-Tien Yeh
- Pathology Department, Virginia Hospital Center, 1701 N George Mason Dr, Arlington, VA, 22205, USA
| | - Richard F Ludueña
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - John C Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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11
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Matsumura N, Nobusawa S, Ikota H, Hirato J, Hirose T, Yokoo H, Nakazato Y. Coexpression of cyclin D1 and alpha-internexin in oligodendroglial tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:261-7. [PMID: 26233522 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial tumors with neuronal differentiation cases have been reported in recent studies. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to both oligodendrocytes and neurons; however, little is known about the association between OPCs and oligodendroglial tumors with neuronal differentiation. Previously, we observed the coexpression of cyclin D1, one of the OPC markers, and alpha-internexin (INA) in oligodendroglial tumor cells. INA is a neuronal marker, and has been indicated as an immunohistochemical surrogate of chromosome 1p/19q co-deletion in oligodendroglial tumors. In this study, we investigated the expression status in 83 gliomas immunohistochemically, and found that cyclin D1-positive cells were commonly detected in gliomas. There was no correlation between the cyclin D1 and Ki-67 labeling indices, suggesting an unrecognized role of cyclin D1 other than a cell cycle regulator in gliomas. Cyclin D1/INA double-positive cells were consistently observed in oligodendroglial tumors regardless of histological grade. In 2 cases of oligodendroglioma with neuronal differentiation, the tumor cells of neuronal morphology showed higher expression of INA, suggesting INA expression may be associated with a bona fide neuronal phenotype. The prevalence of cyclin D1/INA double-positive cells is a distinct feature of oligodendroglial tumors. This new characteristic finding may have practical utility in glioma classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Matsumura
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikota
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takanori Hirose
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakazato
- Department of Pathology, Hidaka Hospital, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
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12
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Hale JS, Sinyuk M, Rich JN, Lathia JD. Decoding the cancer stem cell hypothesis in glioblastoma. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:319-30. [PMID: 24379973 DOI: 10.2217/cns.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the complexity of nervous system cancers has been enhanced through the incorporation of cellular heterogeneity into tumor models, with cellular subsets displaying stem cell characteristics. Advanced cancers such as glioblastoma are organized in a hierarchy with cancer stem cells at the apex. Cancer stem cells are functionally defined by their ability to self-renew and propagate tumors similar to the parental tumors from which they are derived. We will discuss advances in cancer stem cells, including the ability to prospectively isolate and interrogate cancer stem cells, by defining molecular mechanisms responsible for the tumor maintenance and growth. While the field of cancer stem cell biology is relatively young, continued elucidation of the tumor hierarchy holds promise for the development of novel patient therapies.
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13
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Quick Q, Paul M, Skalli O. Roles and potential clinical applications of intermediate filament proteins in brain tumors. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:40-8. [PMID: 25976260 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are cytoplasmic and nuclear cytoskeletal proteins. Of the ~70 IF proteins, nearly 12 are found in the nervous system, where their expression is largely cell-type specific. Astrocytes express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas different neuron types contain neurofilament proteins, α-internexin, or peripherin. These proteins are often downregulated in brain cancer. In addition, brain cancer cells may also contain vimentin, nestin, and synemin, which are the IF proteins found in neural progenitor cells. In different brain tumor types, the expression of nestin, vimentin, and α-internexin appears to correlate with the clinical outcome. Experimental investigations have also demonstrated that IF proteins have distinct roles in specific brain tumor cell behaviors: nestin, for instance, is important for the proliferation of glioma cells, whereas synemin also affect their mobility. The mechanisms responsible for these effects involve the interaction of IF proteins with specific signaling pathways. Synemin, for instance, positively regulates glioma cell proliferation by antagonizing protein phosphatase 2A. Further evidence for the potential of IF proteins as therapeutic targets derives from animal models showing the influence of IF proteins on tumor growth. Nestin downregulation, for instance, dramatically reduced intracerebral glioma growth. Selective targeted therapies of IFs to date primarily include gene therapy approaches using nestin or GFAP gene promoters to drive transgene expression into glioma cells. Although attempts to identify small molecules specifically antagonizing IF proteins have been unsuccessful to date, it is anticipated that the identification of such compounds will be instrumental in expanding therapeutic approaches for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy Quick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN
| | - Madhumita Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
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14
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Katsetos CD, Reginato MJ, Baas PW, D'Agostino L, Legido A, Tuszyn Ski JA, Dráberová E, Dráber P. Emerging microtubule targets in glioma therapy. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:49-72. [PMID: 25976261 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in the genomics and epigenomics of diffuse gliomas and glioblastoma to date have not been translated into effective therapy, necessitating pursuit of alternative treatment approaches for these therapeutically challenging tumors. Current knowledge of microtubules in cancer and the development of new microtubule-based treatment strategies for high-grade gliomas are the topic in this review article. Discussed are cellular, molecular, and pharmacologic aspects of the microtubule cytoskeleton underlying mitosis and interactions with other cellular partners involved in cell cycle progression, directional cell migration, and tumor invasion. Special focus is placed on (1) the aberrant overexpression of βIII-tubulin, a survival factor associated with hypoxic tumor microenvironment and dynamic instability of microtubules; (2) the ectopic overexpression of γ-tubulin, which in addition to its conventional role as a microtubule-nucleating protein has recently emerged as a transcription factor interacting with oncogenes and kinases; (3) the microtubule-severing ATPase spastin and its emerging role in cell motility of glioblastoma cells; and (4) the modulating role of posttranslational modifications of tubulin in the context of interaction of microtubules with motor proteins. Specific antineoplastic strategies discussed include downregulation of targeted molecules aimed at achieving a sensitization effect on currently used mainstay therapies. The potential role of new classes of tubulin-binding agents and ATPase inhibitors is also examined. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the distinct behaviors of microtubules in glioma tumorigenesis and drug resistance is key to the discovery of novel molecular targets that will fundamentally change the prognostic outlook of patients with diffuse high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology and Pediatric Neuro-oncology Program, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Mauricio J Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca D'Agostino
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology and Pediatric Neuro-oncology Program, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Agustin Legido
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology and Pediatric Neuro-oncology Program, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jack A Tuszyn Ski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction in gliomas has been linked to abnormalities of mt energy metabolism, marked by a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis ("Warburg effect"), disturbances in mt membrane potential regulation and apoptotic signaling, as well as to somatic mutations involving the Krebs cycle enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Evolving biological concepts with potential therapeutic implications include interaction between microtubule proteins and mitochondria (mt) in the control of closure of voltage-dependent anion channels and in the regulation of mt dynamics and the mt-endoplasmic reticulum network. The cytoskeletal protein βIII-tubulin, which is overexpressed in malignant gliomas, has emerged as a prosurvival factor associated in part with mt and also as a marker of chemoresistance. Mt-targeted therapeutic strategies that are discussed include the following: (1) metabolic modulation with emphasis on dichloroacetate, a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor; (2) tumor cell death via apoptosis induced by tricyclic antidepressants, microtubule-modulating drugs, and small molecules or compounds capable of inflicting reactive oxygen species-dependent tumor cell death; and (3) pretreatment mt priming and mt-targeted prodrug cancer therapy.
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16
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Diffuse leptomeningeal neuroepithelial tumor: 9 pediatric cases with chromosome 1p/19q deletion status and IDH1 (R132H) immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:763-71. [PMID: 23588371 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31827bf4cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal dissemination in children is typical of high-grade, and occasionally low-grade, neoplasms. Rare cases of widely disseminated oligodendroglia-like leptomeningeal tumors, sometimes with associated spinal cord lesions, have been described that respond to treatment and follow an indolent course. Whether these lesions represent an established tumor category or are a unique entity remains to be established. We present 9 pediatric cases of such diffuse leptomeningeal neuroepithelial tumors (DLNT), 8 with assessment of 2 common genetic alterations seen in oligodendrogliomas, 1p and 19q chromosomal deletions and isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) R132H mutations. Four patients were male and 5 female, with a mean age at presentation of 4 years (range, 2 to 7 y). All presented with signs of increased intracranial pressure and diffuse contrast enhancement of the leptomeninges by magnetic resonance imaging. Three had a cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord tumor, and another had a small cerebellar lesion. Leptomeningeal biopsies showed a thickened and fibrotic arachnoid infiltrated by monotonous cells with round nuclei and prominent perinuclear clearing. All cases were strongly immunoreactive for S100 protein, and most showed faint granular synaptophysin reactivity. Six of 8 cases showed deletions of chromosome arm 1p by fluorescence in situ hybridization, 2 of which also had loss of 19q. None of the lesions reacted with IDH1-R132H antibodies. Although the clinicopathologic features show overlap of these DLNT lesions with oligodendroglioma and extraventricular neurocytoma, they do not exactly match either one, suggesting that DLNTs are a distinct tumor entity.
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17
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Takahashi H, Kakita A, Tomikawa M, Okamoto K, Kameyama S. Oligodendroglioma (WHO grade I) in a young epilepsy patient: a specific entity lying within the spectrum of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor? Neuropathology 2013; 33:645-51. [PMID: 23432071 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied a frontal lobe subcortical cystic tumor that had been resected from a 13-year-old girl with a 3-year history of intractable partial seizure. Currently, more than 13 years after surgery, the patient remains recurrence-free and has no neurological deficits. Histological examination showed that the tumor was non-infiltrating and paucicellular with a mucinous matrix, and consisted of fairly uniform small cells with round to oval nuclei. Within the mucinous matrix, the tumor cells were often arranged in pseudorosettes around small blood vessels. Mitotic activity and necrosis were absent, with a Ki-67 labeling index of <1%. Based on the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings, the constituent tumor cells were considered to be those of oligodendroglioma, including mini-gemistocytes and gliofibrillary oligodendrocytes. No neuronal elements were identified. Features of cortical dysplasia (FCD Type 1) were evident in the cortex covering the lesion. The surrounding white matter also contained a significant number of ectopic neurons. The entire pathological picture appeared to differ somewhat from that of ordinary oligodendroglioma (WHO grade II). Considering the clinical and pathological features, the present unusual oligodendroglioma appeared to represent a previously undescribed form of oligodendroglioma (WHO grade I) lying within the spectrum of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT; WHO grade I). Simultaneously, the present oligodendroglioma also raises the question of whether or not oligodendrocyte-like cells of DNTs truly show neurocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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18
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Ludueña RF. A Hypothesis on the Origin and Evolution of Tubulin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 302:41-185. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407699-0.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Ait-Belkacem R, Calligaris D, Sellami L, Villard C, Granjeaud S, Schembri T, Berenguer C, Ouafik L, Figarella-Branger D, Chinot O, Lafitte D. Tubulin isoforms identified in the brain by MALDI in-source decay. J Proteomics 2012; 79:172-9. [PMID: 23279932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers is a major issue for enhancement of chemotherapies. The molecular characterization of tissues necessitates the identification of thousands of biomolecules each participating in physiopathological processes. MALDI in-source decay (ISD) fragmentation has already been proven to be effective for protein characterization. However, the difficulty to identify proteins from complex mixtures such as tissue sections can limit the applications of this technique. In this study, we evidenced that tubulin has an unusual fragmentation pathway in the MALDI source. This striking property allowed the detecting of several mouse brain tubulin isotypes simultaneously by simply using laser fragmentation. Tubulin isoforms are consistent markers of a bad prognosis of solid tumors and could be the target of targeted chemotherapies. Such a direct molecular printout of tubulin in tissues is a milestone that should be useful either at preclinical or clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Ait-Belkacem
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, UMR911 CRO2, 13385, Marseille, France
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20
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Agamanolis DP, Katsetos CD, Klonk CJ, Bartkowski HM, Ganapathy S, Staugaitis SM, Kuerbitz SJ, Patton DF, Talaizadeh A, Cohen BH. An unusual form of superficially disseminated glioma in children: report of 3 cases. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:727-33. [PMID: 22596013 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811426500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Three children, aged 4, 5, and 9 years, had an insidious onset of ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hydrocephalus and countless foci of high T2 signal coating the cerebellum, basilar cisterns, brainstem, and fourth ventricle. Similar lesions were present in the spinal cord. Symptoms were relatively mild given the massive tumor burden. Biopsies were composed of superficially infiltrating cells with oligodendroglioma-like features (perinuclear halos and cytologic monotony) and microcysts. Classical cytogenetic analysis of 2 cases showed normal karyotypes. Chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed 1p36 deletion with intact 19q in 2 cases and no abnormality in one. A similar combination of clinical, MRI, and histopathologic findings has been reported previously in 10 other cases. The pathologic findings suggest a glioma with diffuse or multifocal superficial origin and do not correspond to a described entity in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri P Agamanolis
- Department of Pathology, Akron Children's Hospital and Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Akron, OH 44308, USA.
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21
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Epothilones in Development for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Novel Anti-Tubulin Agents With the Potential to Overcome Taxane Resistance. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 13:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Chadarévian JPD, Legido A, Halligan GE, Faerber EN, Piatt JH, Morrissette JD, Ara J, Grant ML, Katsetos CD. Cerebellar gliomatosis in a toddler: case report of a challenging condition and review of the literature. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:511-20. [PMID: 21940698 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811419315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gliomatosis confined to the cerebellum is most unusual. We report such a case in a 20-month-old male who presented with unsteadiness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a diffuse area of abnormal signal intensity within both cerebellar hemispheres, which did not enhance after contrast administration. The patient underwent a biopsy, which revealed a diffuse glioma infiltrating the cerebellum. Overall, the tumor cells had oligodendroglioma-like features and exhibited only focal vimentin immunoreactivity. They were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptophysin, βIII-tubulin, and neurofilament protein. Immunofluorescence, performed on primary biopsy explants maintained in cell culture without exposure to growth factors or differentiation-promoting agents, revealed widespread nestin immunoreactivity and immunolabeling of occasional cells with antibodies to platelet-derived growth factor-α and O1/O4, markers of oligodendrocyte precursor-cells and immature oligodendrocytes, respectively. Fluorescent in situ hybridization performed on explants, touch preparations, and paraffin sections failed to reveal loss of heterozygosity for either 1p36 or 19q13. The patient was treated with temozolomide and remains stable, albeit with residual quiescent tumor, more than 3 years after surgery. This report calls attention to an unusual presentation of gliomatosis confined to the cerebellum of a toddler and addresses salient aspects of clinical and radiological differential diagnosis, as well as therapeutic challenges encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre de Chadarévian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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23
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Sedláček J, Fábry M, Sieglová I, Král V, Uhnáková B, Múdra M, Kronrád L, Sawicka A, Mikolajczak R, Řezáčová P. Recombinant fragment of an antibody tailored for direct radioiodination. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Sedláček
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 Praha 6; Praha 6 CZ; 16637; Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 Praha 6; Praha 6 CZ; 16637; Czech Republic
| | - Irena Sieglová
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 Praha 6; Praha 6 CZ; 16637; Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 Praha 6; Praha 6 CZ; 16637; Czech Republic
| | - Bronislava Uhnáková
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 Praha 6; Praha 6 CZ; 16637; Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Múdra
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Leo Kronrád
- Division of Radiopharmaceuticals; Nuclear Research Institute Řež plc.; Řež near Prague; Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flemingovo nam. 2 Praha 6; Praha 6 CZ; 16637; Czech Republic
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24
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Abstract
We developed tubulin purification strategies that allowed sufficient material to be produced for compound-screening projects. Tubulins were polymerized in the presence of compounds using either turbidometric or fluorescence polymerization assays. IC50 and EC50 values were calculated and used to determine ratios between host and target tubulin (TT) (e.g., IC50-neuronal tubulin/IC50-TT). This ratio can be compared between compounds to identify the ones which are most selective for a particular TT. We found ratios for different compounds ranged from 0.16 to 4.0 between neuronal and cancer cell tubulin indicating that the sequence and posttranslational heterogeneity between these tubulins are sufficient to identify selective ligands for the TT. Likewise, compounds compared between neuronal and fungal tubulin had ratios ranging from 0.03 to 0.60, and compounds compared between neuronal to plant tubulin had ratios ranging from 0.03 to 52. Considering these data, we believe cancer cell tubulin-targeted drugs could be obtained with ratios in excess of 20, herbicides with ratios in excess of 200, and fungicides in excess of 200.
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25
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Tseng CY, Mane JY, Winter P, Johnson L, Huzil T, Izbicka E, Luduena RF, Tuszynski JA. Quantitative analysis of the effect of tubulin isotype expression on sensitivity of cancer cell lines to a set of novel colchicine derivatives. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:131. [PMID: 20509970 PMCID: PMC2890610 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A maximum entropy approach is proposed to predict the cytotoxic effects of a panel of colchicine derivatives in several human cancer cell lines. Data was obtained from cytotoxicity assays performed with 21 drug molecules from the same family of colchicine compounds and correlate these results with independent tubulin isoform expression measurements for several cancer cell lines. The maximum entropy method is then used in conjunction with computed relative binding energy values for each of the drug molecules against tubulin isotypes to which these compounds bind with different affinities. RESULTS We have found by using our analysis that alphabetaI and alphabetaIII tubulin isoforms are the most important isoforms in establishing predictive response of cancer cell sensitivity to colchicine derivatives. However, since alphabetaI tubulin is widely distributed in the human body, targeting it would lead to severe adverse side effects. Consequently, we have identified tubulin isotype alphabetaIII as the most important molecular target for inhibition of microtubule polymerization and hence cancer cell cytotoxicity. Tubulin isotypes alphabetaI and alphabetaII are concluded to be secondary targets. CONCLUSIONS The benefit of being able to correlate expression levels of specific tubulin isotypes and the resultant cell death effect is that it will enable us to better understand the origin of drug resistance and hence design optimal structures for the elimination of cancer cells. The conclusion of the study described herein identifies tubulin isotype alphabetaIII as a target for optimized chemotherapy drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Tseng
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Y Mane
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Philip Winter
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Lorelei Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Torin Huzil
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Izbicka
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The Institute for Drug Development, 14960 Omicron Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Richard F Luduena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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26
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Katsetos CD, Dráberová E, Legido A, Dumontet C, Dráber P. Tubulin targets in the pathobiology and therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. I. Class III beta-tubulin. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:505-13. [PMID: 19650075 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest form of primary brain cancer in adults. Despite advances in molecular biology and genetics of gliomas currently there is no effective treatment or promising molecularly targeted experimental therapeutic strategies for these tumors. In previous studies we have shown aberrant overexpression of the class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII-tubulin) in GBM and have proposed that this change may reflect perturbations in microtubule dynamics associated with glioma tumorigenesis, tumor progression and malignant transformation into GBM. This minireview focuses on microtubules and tubulin as emerging targets in potential therapy of GBM using a new class of betaIII-tubulin-targeted drugs in the light of recent developments concerning the function and potential role of this isotype in clinically aggressive tumor behavior, cancer stem cells, tumor hypoxia and chemoresistance to tubulin binding agents, principally taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine and Section of Neurology, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19134, USA
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27
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Kuo LT, Kuo KT, Lee MJ, Wei CC, Scaravilli F, Tsai JC, Tseng HM, Kuo MF, Tu YK. Correlation among pathology, genetic and epigenetic profiles, and clinical outcome in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2872-9. [PMID: 19330828 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a correlation between specific genetic changes, such as loss of chromosome 1p and 19q, and sensitivity of oligodendroglial neoplasm to radiotherapy and chemotherapy; epigenetic changes also play an important role in some tumors. In this retrospective study, we analyzed chromosomal alterations in 17 loci and promoter methylation status of 8 tumor-related genes in 49 oligodendroglial tumors (29 WHO grade II and 11 WHO grade III oligodendrogliomas; 7 WHO grade II and 2 WHO grade III oligoastrocytomas) using quantitative microsatellite analysis and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and correlated this information with clinical data. We also performed immunohistochemical stains for Ki-67 and O (6)-methyl guanine-DNA methyl transferase. Our results showed that the frequency of deletions in regions on 1p, 9p, 10q, 17p and 19q were 71.4%, 26.5%, 6.1%, 69.4% and 89.8%, respectively. Promoter methylation was detected in p14, p15, p16, p53, p73, PTEN, MGMT and RASSF1A genes in 24.5%, 6.1%, 46.9%, 0%, 6.1%, 42.9%, 53.1% and 77.6% of tumors, respectively. Statistical analysis identified that 9p22 loss, p73 methylation and p15 methylation were independently associated with reduced overall survival, and Ki-67 labeling index (LI) > or = 5%, 9p22 loss, no loss of 19q, p73 methylation, p14 methylation and unmethylated MGMT predicted shorter progression-free survival. Our findings suggest that the frequent deletion and hypermethylation of tumor-related genes may represent a mechanism of tumor development and progression and emphasize the importance of defining new molecular markers for predicting prognosis, tumor recurrence and therapeutic response in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, [corrected] Taiwan
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28
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Portyanko A, Kovalev P, Gorgun J, Cherstvoy E. beta(III)-tubulin at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer: possible link to invasion. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:541-8. [PMID: 19360438 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell locomotion, including cancer cell invasion, is closely associated with the dynamics of cytoskeletal structures. Previous in vitro studies indicated that tubulin isotype composition may affect polymerization properties and dynamics of microtubules. Colorectal cancer is a good model for studying tumour invasion because of the easily detectable invasive front. Hence, we investigated the localization of beta(III)-tubulin in colorectal cancer specimens. Immunohistochemical staining for beta(III)-tubulin was evident in cancer cells apparently budding from adjacent malignant cells with a higher differentiation and negative staining. An association between beta(III)-tubulin immunoreactivity and tumour budding grade was demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting a preferential localization of beta(III)-tubulin in the invading epithelium. From this finding arises the possibility that changes in tubulin isotypes could modulate the invading activity of cancer cells. Further investigations are needed to determine whether our findings have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Portyanko
- Department of Pathology, Belarusian State Medical University, 220116, Dzerzhynsky Ave. 83, Minsk, Belarus.
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29
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Joe PA, Banerjee A, Ludueña RF. The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human betaIII tubulin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:476-86. [PMID: 18435451 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is the target for some very powerful anti-mitotic and anti-tumor drugs. The betaIII tubulin isotype is found in very few normal tissues, but is often found in tumors, where it has been implicated in resistance to anti-tumor drugs. The betaIII isotype occurs in fish, amphibians, birds and mammals and its unique features are highly conserved in evolution. One of these features is the replacement of cys239 by ser239. Cys239 is unusual in being highly sensitive to oxidation; in fact, oxidation of this residue inhibits microtubule assembly. The betaIII isotype also has a very unusual cys124, where other beta isotypes have ser/ala124. The striking conservation in betaIII of vertebrates strongly suggests that cys124 and ser239 play functional roles. We have prepared the C124S and S239C mutants of betaIII and tested their effects on the functional properties of tubulin. We have found that both the betaIII C124S and betaIII S239C mutants bind colchicine less well than does wild-type alphabetaIII, and also make transfected HeLa cells more resistant to colchicine. However, the double mutant, betaIII C124S/S239C, binds colchicine still less well than do either of the single mutants, but in contrast to the former, the double mutant increases the cells' sensitivity to colchicine. Our results indicate that the roles that these residues play in colchicine binding and microtubule integrity are far more complex than previously imagined and that the specific residues at which betaIII differs from the other isotypes act collectively to keep betaIII in a functional conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Joe
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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30
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Class III beta-tubulin is constitutively coexpressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein and nestin in midgestational human fetal astrocytes: implications for phenotypic identity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:341-54. [PMID: 18379434 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31816a686d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII-tubulin) is widely regarded as a neuronal marker in developmental neurobiology and stem cell research. To test the specificity of this marker protein, we determined its expression and distribution in primary cultures of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes isolated from the cerebral hemispheres of 2 human fetuses at 18 to 20 weeks of gestation. Cells were maintained as monolayer cultures for 1 to 21 days without differentiation induction. By immunofluorescence microscopy, coexpression of betaIII-tubulin and GFAP was detected in cells at all time points but in spatially distinct patterns. The numbers of GFAP+ cells gradually decreased from Days 1 to 21 in vitro, whereas betaIII-tubulin immunoreactivity was present in 100% of cells at all time points. beta-III-tubulin mRNA and protein expression were demonstrated in cultured cells by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Glial fibrillary acidic protein+/beta-III-tubulin-positive cells coexpressed nestin and vimentin but lacked neurofilament proteins, CD133, and glutamate-aspartate transporter. Weak cytoplasmic staining was detected with antibodies against microtubule-associated protein 2 isoforms. Confocal microscopy, performed on autopsy brain samples of human fetuses at 16 to 20 gestational weeks, revealed widespread colocalization of GFAP and betaIII-tubulin in cells of the ventricular/subventricular zones and the cortical plate. Our results indicate that in the midgestational human brain, betaIII-tubulin is not neuron specific because it is constitutively expressed in GFAP+/nestin+ presumptive fetal astrocytes.
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31
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Fontaine D, Vandenbos F, Lebrun C, Paquis V, Frenay M. [Diagnostic and prognostic values of 1p and 19q deletions in adult gliomas: critical review of the literature and implications in daily clinical practice]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 164:595-604. [PMID: 18565359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Losses of chromosomes 1p and 19q are deemed correlated with diagnosis of oligodendroglioma, higher chemosensitivity and better prognosis. We reviewed the literature to evaluate the usefulness of these correlations in daily clinical practice. The rates of deletions relative to histology (WHO classifications) were extracted from 33 studies, including 2666 patients. The 1p deletions and 1p19q codeletion mean rates were respectively 65.4 and 63.3% in oligodendrogliomas, 28.7 and 21.6% in oligoastrocytomas, 13.2 and 7.5% in astrocytomas, 11.6 and 2.9% in glioblastomas. The presence of 1p deletion and 1p19q codeletion were strongly correlated with the histological diagnosis corresponding to oligodendroglioma. Calculation of specificity, sensitivity, predictive positive values and false negative rates suggests that presence of deletion 1p or codeletion represents a strong argument in favor of the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma. However, considering the high false negative rate, absence of such deletions does not rule out the diagnosis. In grade 3 oligodendroglial tumors, the probability of responding to chemotherapy, and the duration of response, were higher when codeletions were present. This suggests that, in these tumors, the presence of codeletion is a strong argument in favor of adjuvant chemotherapy. However, chemotherapy should not be systematically excluded when codeletions are absent, as the chances of response are about 33% in this situation. Data concerning low-grade gliomas were more controversial. Oligodendroglial tumors with 1p deletion or 1p19q codeletion seemed to have a better prognosis, as five-year survival rates were 50% higher than in tumors without deletion. This might be explained by the correlation between 1p deletion and other identified prognosis factors: (1) higher chemosensitivity, (2) tumor location more frequently in the frontal lobe, leading to better resection and lower risk of neurological deficit, (3) slower growth rate, (4) higher risk of epilepsy, leading to an early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fontaine
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, UNSA, 30, avenue de la Voie-Romaine, 06000 Nice, France.
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Kinjo S, Hirato J, Nakazato Y. Low grade diffuse gliomas: shared cellular composition and morphometric differences. Neuropathology 2008; 28:455-65. [PMID: 18282166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Low grade diffuse gliomas arising in the brain are challenging to treat because of their ability to infiltrate adjacent tissue. We attempted to clarify the cellular composition and histopathological features of low grade gliomas by utilizing morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Seventy-eight cases of low grade gliomas were examined including 21 diffuse astrocytomas (DA), 36 oligodendrogliomas (OL), and 21 oligoastrocytomas (OA), based on the WHO classification system. Moreover, OL were subdivided into three types based on the morphological characteristics advocated by Daumas-Duport et al.: OL type I, OL type II, and OL type III. The cellularity, nuclear form factor, and conditional entropy corresponding to the nuclear pleomorphism were measured in each sample by the image analysis software "Gunmetry." Twenty-two cases were immunohistochemically analyzed for the expression of several antigens. Morphometric data indicated that the cellularity of OL type II was significantly higher than that of DA, and that the conditional entropy of OL type III was significantly lower than that of DA. Although the results of the immunohistochemical studies were almost consistent with previous reports, there were significant differences in the expression of GFAP, nestin and p53 between DA and OL. Double immunostaining revealed that expression of Olig2 and GFAP, and Olig2 and nestin was mutually exclusive in most glioma cells. Moreover, the coexpression of nestin and GFAP occurred in DA and OA, but not in OL. We conclude that each glioma include cells expressing GFAP, cells expressing nestin, and cells expressing Olig2 in a characteristic proportion for each tumor type. We suggest that diffuse gliomas share cellular compositions in different ratios and that they can be distinguished by morphometrical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Kinjo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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33
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Kondo T. Making of glioma-initiating cells. Inflamm Regen 2008. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.28.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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34
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Pacey LKK, Doering LC. Developmental expression of FMRP in the astrocyte lineage: implications for fragile X syndrome. Glia 2007; 55:1601-9. [PMID: 17823967 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common causes of mental retardation in humans, Fragile X syndrome, results from the absence of FMRP, the protein product of the FMR1 gene. In the nervous system, expression of FMRP has been thought to be confined mainly to neurons as little research has examined FMRP expression in non-neuronal lineages. We present evidence that, in addition to neuronal expression, FMRP is expressed in developing CNS glial cells in vitro and in vivo. The neurosphere assay was used to establish cultures of stem and progenitor cells from the brains of wildtype and FMRP knockout (B6.129.FMR1/FvBn) mouse pups. When the neurospheres were differentiated in vitro, approximately 50% of the FMRP positive cells also expressed GFAP. Immunocytochemical studies of the embryonic and postnatal mouse brain revealed coexpression of FMRP and GFAP in the developing hippocampus. Prominent coexpression was also observed in ependymal cells surrounding the third ventricle and astrocytes of the glia limitans. No double-labeled cells were evident in the brains of young adult mice. Cells coexpressing FMRP and the oligodendrocyte precursor marker NG2 were also identified in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of the early postnatal brain. Our results suggest that FMRP is expressed in cells of non-neuronal lineage(s) during development. This represents potential involvement of glial cells in the neural development of fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K K Pacey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Centre, HSC 1R1, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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35
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Vyberg M, Ulhøi BP, Teglbjaerg PS. Neuronal features of oligodendrogliomas--an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2007; 50:887-96. [PMID: 17543079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess neuronal differentiation in oligodendrogliomas (ODGs). METHODS AND RESULTS An electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study of 41 consecutive cases was performed. In all cases, tumour cells with neuritic structures were identified ultrastructurally, including synapses and neurosecretory granules. For the immunohistochemical identification of synaptophysin, monoclonal antibody clones 27G12, Snp88 and SY38 and a polyclonal antibody were compared in optimized protocols on slides from a spectrum of tissues and 16 ODGs. 27G12 gave the best signal-to-noise ratio, while SY38 gave the poorest. When 27G12 was applied on all 41 ODGs, widespread immunoreactivity was obtained in 100%. Among three antibodies to chromogranin compared similarly, clone LK2H10 and a polyclonal antibody gave identical patterns of immunoreactivity, whereas clone DAK-A3 gave weaker reactions. When LK2H10 was applied on all tumours, staining was found in 12 (29%). All tumours but one stained strongly for glial fibrillary acidic protein and all for synapsin I. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed a concomitant 1p/19q deletion in 12/16 ODGs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for widespread neuronal differentiation in ODGs, suggesting that these tumours may be derived from progenitor cells with limited commitment. Antibody selection and protocol optimization are mandatory for reliable immunohistochemistry results.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemistry
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/ultrastructure
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/chemistry
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/genetics
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Middle Aged
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Oligodendroglioma/chemistry
- Oligodendroglioma/genetics
- Oligodendroglioma/pathology
- Oligodendroglioma/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vyberg
- Institute of Pathology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
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36
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Laggner U, Pipp I, Budka H, Hainfellner JA, Preusser M. Immunohistochemical detection of class III ?-tubulin in primary brain tumours: variable expression in most tumour types limits utility as a differential diagnostic marker. Histopathology 2007; 50:949-52. [PMID: 17543088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Maltman DJ, Przyborski SA. Application of proteomic technology to neural stem cell science and neurology. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread recognition of the potential that stem cells hold for the treatment and repair of a large number of disorders affecting the human CNS. Therefore, stem cell research will go hand in hand with progress in specific areas of neuroscience. Proteomics has great potential to make important contributions to the basic understanding of neurological processes, and to deliver much needed cellular biomarkers in both of these fields. This review focuses on the importance of proteomic research in neuroscience, in particular the application of biomarker discovery in stem cells and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Maltman
- University of Durham, School of Biological & Biomedical Science, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK and, ReInnervate Limited, Old Shire Hall, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP, UK
| | - Stefan A Przyborski
- University of Durham, School of Biological & Biomedical Science, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK and, ReInnervate Limited, Old Shire Hall, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP, UK
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38
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Katsetos CD, Dráberová E, Smejkalová B, Reddy G, Bertrand L, de Chadarévian JP, Legido A, Nissanov J, Baas PW, Dráber P. Class III β-Tubulin and γ-Tubulin are Co-expressed and Form Complexes in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1387-98. [PMID: 17406983 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the neuronal-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype and the centrosome-associated gamma-tubulin are aberrantly expressed in astrocytic gliomas (Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 2003, 55:77-96; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006, 65:455-467). Here we determined the expression, distribution and interaction of betaIII-tubulin and gamma-tubulin in diffuse-type astrocytic gliomas (grades II-IV) (n = 17) and the human glioblastoma cell line T98G. By immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy, betaIII-tubulin and gamma-tubulin were co-distributed in anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas and to a lesser extent, in low-grade diffuse astrocytomas (P < 0.05). In T98G glioblastoma cells betaIII-tubulin was associated with microtubules whereas gamma-tubulin exhibited striking diffuse cytoplasmic staining in addition to its expectant centrosome-associated pericentriolar distribution. Treatment with different anti-microtubule drugs revealed that betaIII-tubulin was not associated with insoluble gamma-tubulin aggregates. On the other hand, immunoprecipitation experiments unveiled that both tubulins formed complexes in soluble cytoplasmic pools, where substantial amounts of these proteins were located. We suggest that aberrant expression and interactions of betaIII-tubulin and gamma-tubulin may be linked to malignant changes in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA.
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Abstract
Both stem cells and cancer cells are thought to be capable of unlimited proliferation. Moreover, many tumours and cancer cell lines express stem cell markers, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporters, by which the cells pump out specific fluorescent dyes as well as anti-cancer drugs, suggesting either that cancer cells resemble stem cells or that cancers contain stem-like cells. Using the common characteristics of brain tumour cells and neural stem cells, several research groups have succeeded in identifying stem-like cells (cancer stem-like cells) in brain tumours and brain cancer cell lines. The purified cancer stem-like cells, but not the other cancer cells, self-renew and form tumours when transplanted in vivo. Thus, cancer stem-like cells in brain tumours might be a crucial target for anti-brain tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kondo
- Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK.
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40
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Yuan X, Curtin J, Xiong Y, Liu G, Waschsmann-Hogiu S, Farkas DL, Black KL, Yu JS. Isolation of cancer stem cells from adult glioblastoma multiforme. Oncogene 2005; 23:9392-400. [PMID: 15558011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary brain tumor and is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells. It is unclear which cells within the tumor mass are responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance. In this study, we report that brain tumor stem cells can be identified from adult GBMs. These tumor stem cells form neurospheres, possess the capacity for self-renewal, express genes associated with neural stem cells (NSCs), generate daughter cells of different phenotypes from one mother cell, and differentiate into the phenotypically diverse populations of cells similar to those present in the initial GBM. Having a distinguishing feature from normal NSCs, these tumor stem cells can reform spheres even after the induction of differentiation. Furthermore, only these tumor stem cells were able to form tumors and generate both neurons and glial cells after in vivo implantation into nude mice. The identification of tumor stem cells within adult GBM may represent a major step forward in understanding the origin and maintenance of GBM and lead to the identification and testing of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Yuan
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Suite 800 East, 8631 West 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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41
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Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Yachnis AT. In Reply. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004. [DOI: 10.5858/2004-128-392-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony T. Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL 32610-0275
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42
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Katsetos CD, de Chadarévian JP, Legido A, Perentes E, Mörk SJ. Giant cell glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128:391-2; author reply 392-3. [PMID: 15043454 DOI: 10.5858/2004-128-391-gcgapx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kondo T, Setoguchi T, Taga T. Persistence of a small subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells in the C6 glioma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:781-6. [PMID: 14711994 PMCID: PMC321758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307618100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both stem cells and cancer cells are thought to be capable of unlimited proliferation. Paradoxically, however, some cancers seem to contain stem-like cells (cancer stem cells). To help resolve this paradox, we investigated whether established malignant cell lines, which have been maintained for years in culture, contain a subpopulation of stem cells. In this article, we show that many cancer cell lines contain a small side population (SP), which, in many normal tissues, is thought to contain the stem cells of the tissue. We demonstrate that in the absence of serum the combination of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor maintains SP cells in the C6 glioma cell line. Moreover, we show that C6 SP cells, but not non-SP cells, can generate both SP and non-SP cells in culture and are largely responsible for the in vivo malignancy of this cell line. Finally, we provide evidence that C6 SP cells can produce both neurons and glial cells in vitro and in vivo. We propose that many cancer cell lines contain a minor subpopulation of stem cells that is enriched in an SP, can be maintained indefinitely in culture, and is crucial for their malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kondo
- Department of Cell Fate Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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44
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Katsetos CD, Legido A, Perentes E, Mörk SJ. Class III beta-tubulin isotype: a key cytoskeletal protein at the crossroads of developmental neurobiology and tumor neuropathology. J Child Neurol 2003; 18:851-66; discussion 867. [PMID: 14736079 DOI: 10.1177/088307380301801205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the cytoskeletal protein class III beta-tubulin isotype is reviewed in the context of human central nervous system development and neoplasia. Compared to systemic organs and tissues, class III beta-tubulin is abundant in the brain, where it is prominently expressed during fetal and postnatal development. As exemplified in cerebellar neurogenesis, the distribution of class III beta-tubulin is neuron associated, exhibiting different temporospatial gradients in the neuronal progeny of the external granule layer versus the neuroepithelial germinal matrix of the velum medullare. However, transient expression of this protein is also present in the telencephalic subventricular zones comprising putative neuronal and/or glial precursor cells. This temporospatially restricted, potentially non-neuronal expression of class III beta-tubulin may have implications in the accurate identification of presumptive neurons derived from transplanted embryonic stem cells. In the adult central nervous system, the distribution of class III beta-tubulin is almost exclusively neuron specific. Altered patterns of expression are noted in brain tumors. In "embryonal"-type neuronal/neuroblastic tumors of the central nervous system, such as the medulloblastomas, class III beta-tubulin expression is associated with neuronal differentiation and decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, the expression of class III beta-tubulin in gliomas is associated with an ascending grade of histologic malignancy and with correspondingly high proliferative indices. Thus, class III beta-tubulin expression in neuronal or neuroblastic tumors is differentiation dependent, whereas in glial tumors, it is aberrant and/or represents "dedifferentiation" associated with the acquisition of glial progenitor-like phenotype(s). From a diagnostic perspective, the detection of class III beta-tubulin immunostaining in neoplastic cells should not be construed as categorical evidence of divergent neuronal differentiation in tumors, which are otherwise phenotypically glial. Because class III beta-tubulin is present in neoplastic but not in normal differentiated glial cells, the elucidation of molecular mechanisms responsible for the altered expression of this isotype may provide critical insights into the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the growth and progression of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Martinez-Diaz H, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Powell SZ, Yachnis AT. Giant cell glioblastoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma show different immunohistochemical profiles for neuronal antigens and p53 but share reactivity for class III beta-tubulin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:1187-91. [PMID: 12946225 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-1187-gcgapx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Giant cell glioblastoma multiforme (GCGBM) and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) are clinically, radiographically, and histologically distinct tumors of the central nervous system. However, they share features of gross circumscription, reticulin deposition, lymphocytic infiltrates, and prominent populations of tumor giant cells. Neuronal antigens have been detected in the neoplastic cells of PXAs, but to our knowledge have not been studied previously in GCGBMs. While TP53 is mutated in most GCGBMs, a feature usually paralleled by strong immunostaining of the protein, the expression pattern of PXAs has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVES To compare the immunoprofiles of GCGBM and PXA with regard to neuronal antigens and p53 and to evaluate the potential diagnostic utility of such a panel. DESIGN Archival paraffin sections of 9 GCGBMs and 9 PXAs were immunostained for class III beta-tubulin, neuronal nuclear antigen, neurofilament protein, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and p53. RESULTS Giant cell glioblastomas were strongly immunoreactive for class III beta-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein, but showed only rare staining for the other neuronal polypeptides. In contrast, PXAs usually showed at least focal staining of individual tumor cells for most of the neuronal antigens tested. Tubulin was strongly positive in tumor giant cells and in smaller neoplastic cells of both tumor types. Double-immunolabeling revealed distinct populations of tumor cells that expressed either glial fibrillary acidic protein or tubulin and dual-labeling of individual cells in GCGBM and PXA. Strong p53 staining was observed in many tumor cells in 5 of 8 GCGBMs tested, while staining for this antigen was negative or focally positive in 6 of 8 PXAs examined. CONCLUSIONS Giant cell glioblastoma multiforme and PXA show distinct patterns of immunoreactivity for neuronal antigens and p53 that may be useful diagnostically in difficult cases or in limited samples. These results provide further evidence of neuronal antigen expression by PXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Martinez-Diaz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Katsetos CD, Herman MM, Mörk SJ. Class III beta-tubulin in human development and cancer. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2003; 55:77-96. [PMID: 12740870 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The differential cellular expression of class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII) is reviewed in the context of human embryological development and neoplasia. As compared to somatic organs and tissues, betaIII is abundant in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS) where it is prominently expressed during fetal and postnatal development. As exemplified in cerebellar and sympathoadrenal neurogenesis, the distribution of betaIII is neuron-associated, exhibiting distinct temporospatial gradients according to the regional neuroepithelia of origin. However, transient expression of this protein is also present in the subventricular zones of the CNS comprising putative neuronal- and/or glial precursor cells, as well as in Kulchitsky neuroendocrine cells of the fetal respiratory epithelium. This temporally restricted, potentially non-neuronal expression may have implications in the identification of presumptive neurons derived from embryonic stem cells. In adult tissues, the distribution of betaIII is almost exclusively neuron-specific. Altered patterns of expression are noted in cancer. In "embryonal"- and "adult-type" neuronal tumors of the CNS and PNS, betaIII is associated with neuronal differentiation and decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, the presence of betaIII in gliomas and lung cancer is associated with an ascending histological grade of malignancy. Thus, betaIII expression in neuronal tumors is differentiation-dependent, while in non-neuronal tumors it is aberrant and/or represents "dedifferentiation" associated with the acquisition of progenitor-like phenotypic properties. Increased expression in various epithelial cancer cell lines is associated with chemoresistance to taxanes. Because betaIII is present in subpopulations of neoplastic, but not in normal differentiated glial or somatic epithelial cells, the elucidation of mechanisms responsible for the altered expression of this isotype may provide insights into the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Macaulay RJB, Raffel C, Roth KA, Kros JM. Oligodendrogliomas with neurocytic differentiation. A report of 4 cases with diagnostic and histogenetic implications. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:947-55. [PMID: 12430711 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/61.11.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglioma represents a distinct type of diffuse glioma with a relatively favorable prognosis. Although an O2A-like glial progenitor cell of origin has been suggested, a neuronal-oligodendroglial progenitor cell is also of interest, particularly because variable degrees of neuronal marker expression have been reported in typical oligodendrogliomas. We present 2 female and 2 male patients (ages 34-54) with frontal lobe oligodendrogliomas containing a) morphologically distinct collections of small round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, b) well-formed Homer Wright-like and perivascular rosettes, and c) demonstrable neuronal differentiation by immunohistochemistry and/or electron microscopy in the rosette-associated regions. Unlike extraventricular neurocytomas, these cases featured an infiltrative growth pattern and a classic oligodendroglioma immunophenotype in non-rosette bearing portions of each tumor. FISH analysis demonstrated chromosome 1p and 19q codeletions in 3 (75%) cases, both in regions with and without rosettes. Recurrences were common, although all patients are currently alive 4 months to 13 yr from initial diagnosis. Based on clinicopathologic and genetic features, we diagnosed these tumors as oligodendrogliomas with neurocytic differentiation. However, it is unclear whether they represent a) gliomas with divergent neuronal differentiation, b) a distinctive form of glioneuronal neoplasm, or c) a reflection of glioneuronal histogenesis in oligodendrogliomas in general. In any case, their occurrence suggests a histogenetic overlap between oligodendroglioma and extraventricular neurocytoma not previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Perry
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA
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Brat DJ. Critical Commentary to: Extraventricular Neurocytoma: Morphological and Immunohistochemical Considerations on Differential Diagnosis. Pathol Res Pract 2002. [DOI: 10.1078/0344-0338-00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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