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Salo SK, Harries CA, Riddoch MJ, Smith AD. Visuospatial memory in apraxia: Exploring quantitative drawing metrics to assess the representation of local and global information. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01531-w. [PMID: 38334870 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychological evidence suggests that visuospatial memory is subserved by two separable processing systems, with dorsal underpinnings for global form and ventral underpinnings for the integration of part elements. Previous drawing studies have explored the effects of Gestalt organisation upon memory for hierarchical stimuli, and we here present an exploratory study of an apraxic dorsal stream patient's (MH) performance. We presented MH with a stimulus set (previously reported by Riddoch et al., Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(7), 641-671, 2003) and devised a novel quantitative scoring system to obtain a finer grain of insight into performance. Stimuli possessed either good or poor Gestalt qualities and were reproduced in a copy condition and two visual memory conditions (with unlimited viewing before the model was removed, or with 3 s viewing). MH's copying performance was impaired in comparison to younger adult and age-matched older adult controls, with a variety of errors at the local level but relatively few at the global level. However, his performance in the visual memory conditions revealed impairments at the global level. For all participants, drawing errors were modulated by the Gestalt qualities of the stimuli, with accuracy at the global and local levels being lesser for poor global stimuli in all conditions. These data extend previous observations of this patient, and support theories that posit interaction between dorsal and ventral streams in the representation of hierarchical stimuli. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of visuospatial memory in neurological patients, and also evaluate the application of quantitative metrics to the interpretation of drawings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Salo
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
- Brain Research and Imaging Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| | | | - M Jane Riddoch
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alastair D Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
- Brain Research and Imaging Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
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2
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Manolov R, Onghena P. Defining and assessing immediacy in single-case experimental designs. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 118:462-492. [PMID: 36106573 PMCID: PMC9825864 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Immediacy is one of six data aspects (alongside level, trend, variability, overlap, and consistency) that has to be accounted for when visually analyzing single-case data. Given that it is one of the aspects that has received considerably less attention than other data aspects, the current text offers a review of the proposed conceptual definitions of immediacy (i.e., what it refers to) and also of the suggested operational definitions (i.e., how exactly is it assessed and/or quantified). Provided that a variety of conceptual and operational definitions is identified, we propose following a sensitivity analysis using a randomization test for assessing immediate effects in single-case experimental designs, by identifying when changes were most clear. In such a sensitivity analysis, the immediate effects are tested for multiple possible intervention points and for different possible operational definitions. Robust immediate effects can be detected if the results for the different operational definitions converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen Manolov
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of PsychologyUniversity of Barcelona
| | - Patrick Onghena
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Sciences Research GroupKU Leuven – University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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3
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Côté M, Dufour M, Tremblay J. Integrative couple treatment for pathological gamblers with an emphasis on forgiveness processes: A case study with three couples. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:1017-1039. [PMID: 35698442 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gambling's impact on a couple's relationship is an essential element in the gambling disorder (GD). Gamblers tend to lie to their partner to conceal the extent of their gambling problems and debts, which can lead to a serious relational transgression for the couple. One promising avenue is a couple treatment focusing on forgiveness processes. The objective of this study was to determine whether the Integrative Couple Treatment for Pathological Gamblers (ICT-PG) with an emphasis on forgiveness processes helped couples to enhance these processes. A Single-Case Research Design (SCRD) was used with three couples in which one of the members had a GD. The results highlight the importance of jointly analyzing the forgiveness processes between the gamblers and their partner, which constantly influenced each other. These promising results illustrate the relevance of integrating forgiveness processes in treatment for couples where one of the members has a GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Côté
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CISSS-CA, Lévis, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaires sur les Dépendances (IUD), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chaire de recherche sur l'étude du jeu, Université Concordia, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Dufour
- Institut Universitaires sur les Dépendances (IUD), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chaire de recherche sur l'étude du jeu, Université Concordia, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Tremblay
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CISSS-CA, Lévis, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaires sur les Dépendances (IUD), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Recherche et intervention sur les substances psychoactives - Québec (RISQ), UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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4
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Jacob J, Costa da Silva L, Sefi A, Edbrooke‐Childs J. Online counselling and goal achievement: Exploring meaningful change and the types of goals progressed by young people. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Jacob
- Child Outcomes Research Consortium Anna Freud National Centre for Children and FamiliesThe Kantor Centre of Excellence London UK
| | - Luís Costa da Silva
- Child Outcomes Research Consortium Anna Freud National Centre for Children and FamiliesThe Kantor Centre of Excellence London UK
| | | | - Julian Edbrooke‐Childs
- Child Outcomes Research Consortium Anna Freud National Centre for Children and FamiliesThe Kantor Centre of Excellence London UK
- Evidence Based Practice Unit Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families and University College London London UK
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5
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van Son D, van der Does W, Band GPH, Putman P. EEG Theta/Beta Ratio Neurofeedback Training in Healthy Females. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2021; 45:195-210. [PMID: 32458282 PMCID: PMC7391399 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-020-09472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies suggest that EEG theta/beta ratio (TBR) is inversely related to executive cognitive control. Neurofeedback training aimed at reducing TBR (TBR NFT) might provide a tool to study causality in this relation and might enhance human performance. To investigate whether TBR NFT reduces TBR in healthy participants. Twelve healthy female participants were assigned (single blind) to one of three groups. Groups differed on baseline durations and one group received only sham NFT. TBR NFT consisted of eight or fourteen 25-min sessions. No evidence was found that TBR NFT had any effect on TBR. The current TBR NFT protocol is possibly ineffective. This is in line with a previous study with a different protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana van Son
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem van der Does
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guido P H Band
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Putman
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Hunter JE, McLay LK, France KG, Blampied NM. Sleep and stereotypy in children with autism: effectiveness of function-based behavioral treatment. Sleep Med 2021; 80:301-304. [PMID: 33610955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high rates of sleep problems, which exacerbate the core symptoms of ASD, including stereotypy (restricted and repetitive behaviors). Conversely, stereotypy can interfere with sleep by actively competing with sleep-facilitative behaviors (eg, lying down quietly). Behavioral interventions informed by functional behavioral assessment (FBA) significantly reduce sleep problems in children with ASD, however, their impact on sleep-interfering stereotypy is not clear. This study investigated the effectiveness of function-based behavioral treatments for sleep problems, including sleep-interfering stereotypy, in children with ASD, the maintenance of these effects, and parents' satisfaction with the treatment process. METHODS A non-concurrent multiple baselines across participants design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of function-based, individualized treatments for sleep problems and sleep-interfering stereotypy in three children with ASD. For each participant, stereotypy was automatically maintained and interfered with the initiation and/or re-initiation of sleep. Parents implemented multi-component treatments that included a faded bedtime procedure. RESULTS Treatment reduced sleep problems in 2/3 participants, and the duration of stereotypy was reduced in all participants. Treatment effects were largely maintained at follow-up, and parent-reported satisfaction was high. CONCLUSION These results support prior research demonstrating the effectiveness of FBA-informed behavioral treatments for sleep problems in children with ASD. Further, this study shows that these treatments may be effective in reducing sleep-interfering stereotypy. Future research should more thoroughly investigate the bidirectional relationships between sleep and core symptoms of ASD, and address how these relationships are assessed and treated in the sleep context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene E Hunter
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Te Kura Mātai Hauora, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, NZ, USA.
| | - Laurie K McLay
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Te Kura Mātai Hauora, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, NZ, USA
| | - Karyn G France
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Te Kura Mātai Hauora, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, NZ, USA.
| | - Neville M Blampied
- School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Te Kura Mahi ā-Hirikapo, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, NZ, USA.
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7
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Zuidersma M, Riese H, Snippe E, Booij SH, Wichers M, Bos EH. Single-Subject Research in Psychiatry: Facts and Fictions. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:539777. [PMID: 33281636 PMCID: PMC7691231 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.539777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence in the field of psychiatry is mainly derived from group-based ("nomothetic") studies that yield group-aggregated results, while often the need is to answer questions that apply to individuals. Particularly in the presence of great inter-individual differences and temporal complexities, information at the individual-person level may be valuable for personalized treatment decisions, individual predictions and diagnostics. The single-subject study design can be used to make inferences about individual persons. Yet, the single-subject study is not often used in the field of psychiatry. We believe that this is because of a lack of awareness of its value rather than a lack of usefulness or feasibility. In the present paper, we aimed to resolve some common misconceptions and beliefs about single-subject studies by discussing some commonly heard "facts and fictions." We also discuss some situations in which the single-subject study is more or less appropriate, and the potential of combining single-subject and group-based study designs into one study. While not intending to plea for single-subject studies at the expense of group-based studies, we hope to increase awareness of the value of single-subject research by informing the reader about several aspects of this design, resolving misunderstanding, and providing references for further reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij Zuidersma
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harriëtte Riese
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Evelien Snippe
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne H. Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H. Bos
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Kuhn BR, LaBrot ZC, Ford R, Roane BM. Promoting Independent Sleep Onset in Young Children: Examination of the Excuse Me Drill. Behav Sleep Med 2020; 18:730-745. [PMID: 31621416 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1674852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is compelling evidence to support behavioral interventions as the first-line approach for bedtime resistance in young children. Among the behavioral treatment options, extinction ("cry it out") has the most extensive empirical support and tends to produce the most rapid gains. There are well known problems with the use of extinction, however, including side effects (extinction burst, spontaneous recovery) and poor acceptance, not to mention that extinction fails to teach children appropriate replacement behaviors (what "to do"). This study introduces a new behavioral sleep intervention, the Excuse Me Drill, designed to address some of the limitations of extinction. The EMD was formally evaluated for the first time using a multiple-baseline research design across four participants with sleep disturbance.Participants: Participants included four children who were clinically referred to outpatient pediatric psychology clinics for the treatment of behavioral insomnia of childhood, and included one 2-year-old female, two 7-year-old females, and one 7-year-old male. All participants had a history of dependent sleep onset at bedtime (i.e., parents remained in the child's bedroom upon sleep onset). Methods: A non-concurrent multiple baseline design across participants was used to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the EMD. During baseline, parents collected data on independent sleep onset and disruptive bedtime behaviors, but conducted the bedtime routine as usual. Immediately following baseline, parents implemented the EMD protocol until data indicated that children were consistently initiating sleep independently. Follow-up data were collected to determine the extent to which children continued to initiate sleep independently at bedtime in absence of the EMD. Results: Outcomes were promising as the EMD successfully taught all four children to initiate sleep independently and produced notable decreases in disruptive bedtime behavior. Results were maintained at follow-up for three of four participants. In addition, parents rated the EMD to be a socially acceptable procedure for their children. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that the EMD was effective in promoting independent sleep onset and reducing disruptive bedtime behavior that maintained over time. The EMD should be considered to be a viable alternative to traditional extinction procedures for pediatric sleep disturbance. Implications for practice, limitations, and direction for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Medical Center/Munroe-Meyer Institute , Omaha, NE
| | - Zachary C LaBrot
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Medical Center/Munroe-Meyer Institute , Omaha, NE
| | - Ryan Ford
- Tidal Integrated Health, NOVA Behavioral Healthcare Corporation , Golsboro
| | - Brandy M Roane
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX
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9
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Mangelsdorf SN, Conroy R, Mehl MR, Norton PJ, Alisic E. Listening to Family Life After Serious Pediatric Injury: A Study of Four Cases. FAMILY PROCESS 2020; 59:1191-1208. [PMID: 31506948 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Following a serious child injury, the entire family can be affected. Gaining an understanding of family support, interactions, and stress levels can help clinicians tailor treatment. Presently, these factors are assessed mainly via self-reports and structured observations. We aimed to explore the value of naturalistic observation of postinjury parent-child interactions, in order to highlight how clinicians might use these data in their practice. Our qualitative study involved an in-depth analysis of four cases from the Ear for Recovery project, against the backdrop of the larger sample's characteristics. Children who had been hospitalized with a serious injury wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR). Over a two-day period postdischarge, the EAR recorded 30-second audio "snippets" every 5 minutes. Families also completed self-report measures on family functioning, child stress and social support, parent stress, optimism, and self-efficacy. For each case, two coders independently used an ethnographic method, integrating self-report measures, family and injury characteristics, audio recordings, and transcripts to mimic integration of information within clinical practice. The coders then reached consensus on the main themes for each case through discussion. Families showed substantial variation in their communication in terms of content, tone, and frequency, including moments of conflict, humor, and injury-related conversations. We explored how these recorded interactions converged with and diverged from the self-report data. The EAR provided an opportunity for rich descriptions of individual families' communication and activities, yielding potential clinical information that may be otherwise difficult or impractical to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaminka N Mangelsdorf
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rowena Conroy
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Peter J Norton
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Eva Alisic
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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10
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Power of a randomization test in a single case multiple baseline AB design. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228355. [PMID: 32027683 PMCID: PMC7004358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomization test can be used to statistically test hypotheses in multiple baseline designs to complement the commonly used visual inspection analysis. A crossed factor simulation study was performed to investigate the power of a randomization test in an multiple baseline design. The results show that the degree of autocorrelation of the observations, the number of participants, the effect size, the overlap of possible start moments of the intervention between participants, the ratio of the number of measurements in the baseline- and intervention phase, a gradually emerging effect, and the number of measurements had strong main effects on the power. The two-way interactions between number of participants and effect size, and between the number of measurements and the number of start moments of the intervention also had a large effect. An online tool was developed to calculate the power of a multiple baseline design given several design characteristics.
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Quartly-Scott GI, Miller CB, Hawes DJ. A brief behavioral treatment for unresolved insomnia in adolescents: a single-case multiple baseline pilot study, evaluating self-reported outcomes of efficacy, safety, and acceptability. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 16:97-105. [PMID: 31957660 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insomnia is a significant problem for many adolescents and often is associated with detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Drawing on emerging models of intervention in the adult literature, this pilot study investigated the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of a novel, brief (3-week) behavioral intervention among adolescents with unresolved chronic insomnia. METHODS A multiple baseline (staggered start) A-B with follow-up single-case design (n = 2) was used to evaluate intervention outcomes across treatment and at 2-month follow-up in the domains of sleep, mood and affect, fatigue, and parent-child conflict. Outcomes were indexed with multi-informant data collected using adolescent reports on mood/affect and sleep diaries, and parent reports on parent-child conflict. RESULTS Posttreatment and 2-month follow-up data indicated improvements in self-reported sleep quality, including sleep onset latency and increased sleep efficiency. Indicators related to participant mood, stress, and parent-child interactions remained relatively stable over the course of treatment, suggesting that the sleep restriction component of the intervention did not produce adverse effects for the adolescents or their families. CONCLUSIONS A brief 3-week intervention adapted from the adult literature was associated with improved sleep-wake cycles in adolescents with chronic insomnia. Change during the treatment phase was particularly rapid and maintained over time. In conjunction with low observed risk and adverse effects, the potential for this treatment to provide a safe, acceptable, and cost-effective manualized treatment for adolescent insomnia warrants larger-scale clinical evaluation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; Title: Does a one month brief behavioral treatment improve sleep for high school adolescents (ages 12-17): an open label pilot study; Identifier: ACTRN12618000835246; URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375102.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher B Miller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hawes
- Clinical Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Naar S, Spring B. Commentary: Methods and Designs for T1 Translation in Pediatric Psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 44:418-424. [PMID: 30462239 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Naar
- Center for Translational Behavioral Research, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University
| | - Bonnie Spring
- Center for Behavior and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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13
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Surfing the Urge: An informal mindfulness practice for the self-management of aggression by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Black SR, Blampied N, Arnold LE, Fristad MA. Is evidence‐based treatment helping my patient? Utilizing modified Brinley plots to measure clinical change. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019; 26. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Abstract
In their commentary, Beauchaine and Slep (2018) raise important issues regarding research on behavioral parenting training (BPT). In this reply we highlight key points of agreement and respond to issues that we feel require clarification. BPT has been repeatedly proven effective in decreasing disruptive child behavior (also in the work of our research team). Yet, there is much to learn about for whom and how BPT is effective. Specifically, assessing the how (i.e., mediation) comes with many challenges. One of these challenges is taking into account the timeline of change, and being able to infer causal mechanisms of change. We argue that cross-lagged panel models (which we, and many other scholars, used) are a valid and valuable method for testing mediation. At the same time, our results raise important questions, specifically about the timing and form of expected changes in parenting and child behavior after BPT. For example, are these changes linear and gradual or do they happen more suddenly? To select the appropriate design, assessment tools, and statistical models to test mediation, we need to state detailed hypotheses on what changes when. An important next step might be to assess multiple putative mediators on different timescales, not only before and after, but specifically also during BPT.
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16
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Zwiebel S, Villasante-Tejanos AG, de Leon J. Periodic Catatonia Marked by Hypercortisolemia and Exacerbated by the Menses: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Psychiatry 2018; 2018:4264763. [PMID: 30073108 PMCID: PMC6057322 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4264763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kahlbaum first described catatonia; later Kraepelin, Gjessing, and Leonhard each defined periodic catatonia differently. A 48-year-old female with catatonia, whose grandmother probably died from it, was prospectively followed for >4 years in a US psychiatric state hospital. Through 4 catatonic episodes (one lasting 17 months) there were menstrual exacerbations of catatonia and increases in 4 biological variables: (1) creatine kinase (CK) up to 4,920 U/L, (2) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) up to 424 U/L, (3) late afternoon cortisol levels up to 28.0 mcg/dL, and (4) white blood cell (WBC) counts up to 24,200/mm3 with neutrophilia without infections. Records from 17 prior admissions documented elevations of WBC and LDH and included an abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) which normalized with electroconvulsive therapy. Two later admissions showed CK and WBC elevations. We propose that these abnormalities reflect different aspects of catatonic biology: (1) the serum CK, the severity of muscle damage probably exacerbated by the menses; (2) the hypercortisolemia, the associated fear; (3) the leukocytosis with neutrophilia, the hypercortisolemia; and (4) the LDH elevations, which appear to be influenced by other biological abnormalities. Twentieth-century literature was reviewed for (1) menstrual exacerbations of catatonia, (2) biological abnormalities related to periodic catatonia, and (3) familial periodic catatonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Zwiebel
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Jose de Leon
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
- Psychiatry and Neurosciences Research Group (CTS-549), Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, 18971 Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health Net (CIBERSAM), Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country, 01004 Vitoria, Spain
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Karazsia BT. Editorial: New Instructions for Single-Subject Research in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 43:585-587. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Power analysis is an overlooked and underreported aspect of study design. A priori power analysis involves estimating the sample size required for a study based on predetermined maximum tolerable Type I and II error rates and the minimum effect size that would be clinically, practically, or theoretically meaningful. Power is more often discussed within the context of large-N group designs, but power analyses can be used in small-N research and within-subjects designs to maximize the probative value of the research. In this tutorial, case studies illustrate how power analysis can be used by behavior analysts to compare two independent groups, behavior in baseline and intervention conditions, and response characteristics across multiple within-subject treatments. After reading this tutorial, the reader will be able to estimate just noticeable differences using means and standard deviations, convert them to standardized effect sizes, and use G*Power to determine the sample size needed to detect an effect with desired power.
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Krasny-Pacini A, Evans J. Single-case experimental designs to assess intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation: A practical guide. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 61:164-179. [PMID: 29253607 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Single-case experimental designs (SCED) are experimental designs aiming at testing the effect of an intervention using a small number of patients (typically one to three), using repeated measurements, sequential (±randomized) introduction of an intervention and method-specific data analysis, including visual analysis and specific statistics. The aim of this paper is to familiarise professionals working in different fields of rehabilitation with SCEDs and provide practical advice on how to design and implement a SCED in clinical rehabilitation practice. Research questions suitable for SCEDs and the different types of SCEDs (e.g., alternating treatment designs, introduction/withdrawal designs and multiple baseline designs) are reviewed. Practical steps in preparing a SCED design are outlined. Examples from different rehabilitation domains are provided throughout the paper. Challenging issues such as the choice of the repeated measure, assessment of generalisation, randomization, procedural fidelity, replication and generalizability of findings are discussed. Simple rules and resources for data analysis are presented. The utility of SCEDs in physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Krasny-Pacini
- Institut universitaire de réadaptation Clemenceau-Strasbourg, 45, boulevard Clemenceau, 67082 Strasbourg, France; Service de chirurgie orthopédique infantile, hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg, France; GRC handicap cognitif et réadaptation (HanCRe), hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtière, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, The Academic Centre, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, United Kingdom
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20
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One by One: Accumulating Evidence by using Meta-Analytical Procedures for Single-Case Experiments. BRAIN IMPAIR 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a unilevel and multilevel approach for the analysis and meta-analysis of single-case experiments (SCEs). We propose a definition of SCEs and derive the specific features of SCEs’ data that have to be taken into account when analysing and meta-analysing SCEs. We discuss multilevel models of increasing complexity and propose alternative and complementary techniques based on probability combining and randomisation test wrapping. The proposed techniques are demonstrated with real-life data and corresponding R code.
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Singh NN, Lancioni GE, Myers RE, Karazsia BT, Courtney TM, Nugent K. A mindfulness-based intervention for self-management of verbal and physical aggression by adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome. Dev Neurorehabil 2017; 20:253-260. [PMID: 27019027 DOI: 10.3109/17518423.2016.1141436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a dearth of clinical and research literature on the treatment of maladaptive behaviors in adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention, Meditation on the Soles of the Feet (SoF), to facilitate self-management of verbal and physical aggression. METHOD We utilized a multiple-baseline design across participants to test the intervention with three adolescents diagnosed with PWS. RESULTS Relative to baseline, verbal aggression decreased to minimal levels following mindfulness-based practice and physical aggression was nearly eliminated. Intervention effects were maintained at 12-month follow-up. Quantitative analytics confirmed statistically significant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The SoF mindfulness intervention was effective in reducing verbal and physical aggression in three adolescents with PWS. Future research should test the SoF intervention with this clinical population in a larger clinical trial, and the SoF intervention may be applicable to other pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirbhay N Singh
- a Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
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22
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Manolov R, Moeyaert M. How Can Single-Case Data Be Analyzed? Software Resources, Tutorial, and Reflections on Analysis. Behav Modif 2016; 41:179-228. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445516664307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present article aims to present a series of software developments in the quantitative analysis of data obtained via single-case experimental designs (SCEDs), as well as the tutorial describing these developments. The tutorial focuses on software implementations based on freely available platforms such as R and aims to bring statistical advances closer to applied researchers and help them become autonomous agents in the data analysis stage of a study. The range of analyses dealt with in the tutorial is illustrated on a typical single-case dataset, relying heavily on graphical data representations. We illustrate how visual and quantitative analyses can be used jointly, giving complementary information and helping the researcher decide whether there is an intervention effect, how large it is, and whether it is practically significant. To help applied researchers in the use of the analyses, we have organized the data in the different ways required by the different analytical procedures and made these data available online. We also provide Internet links to all free software available, as well as all the main references to the analytical techniques. Finally, we suggest that appropriate and informative data analysis is likely to be a step forward in documenting and communicating results and also for increasing the scientific credibility of SCEDs.
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23
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Single-Case Research Methods: History and Suitability for a Psychological Science in Need of Alternatives. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2016; 49:323-49. [PMID: 25876996 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-014-9290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a historical and conceptual analysis of a group of research strategies known as the Single-Case Methods (SCMs). First, we present an overview of the SCMs, their history, and their major proponents. We will argue that the philosophical roots of SCMs can be found in the ideas of authors who recognized the importance of understanding both the generality and individuality of psychological functioning. Second, we will discuss the influence that the natural sciences' attitude toward measurement and experimentation has had on SCMs. Although this influence can be traced back to the early days of experimental psychology, during which incipient forms of SCMs appeared, SCMs reached full development during the subsequent advent of Behavior Analysis (BA). Third, we will show that despite the success of SCMs in BA and other (mainly applied) disciplines, these designs are currently not prominent in psychology. More importantly, they have been neglected as a possible alternative to one of the mainstream approaches in psychology, the Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST), despite serious controversies about the limitations of this prevailing method. Our thesis throughout this section will be that SCMs should be considered as an alternative to NHST because many of the recommendations for improving the use of significance testing (Wilkinson & the TFSI, 1999) are main characteristics of SCMs. The paper finishes with a discussion of a number of the possible reasons why SCMs have been neglected.
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Mizrahi T, Sultan S, Charest MC, Aramideh J, Charrette MC, Streff A, Plante C, Duval M. Training nurses in basic hypno-analgesia techniques to reduce procedural distress and pain in children: A feasibility trial. COGENT MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2016.1165083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Mizrahi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge Sultan
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Charest
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jennifer Aramideh
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Charrette
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anouk Streff
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Plante
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michel Duval
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
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25
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Green D. Making the case for using personalised outcome measures to track progress in psychotherapy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY & COUNSELLING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13642537.2015.1130075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Karazsia BT, Berlin KS. Adding practical tools to our toolbox: introduction to the special issue on quantitative methodologies. J Pediatr Psychol 2015; 39:121-3. [PMID: 24578377 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Karazsia
- PhD, Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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27
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Barbot B, Perchec C. New directions for the study of within-individual variability in development: the power of "N = 1". New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2015; 2015:57-67. [PMID: 25732016 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an introduction to the idiographic approach ("N = 1" research) in developmental psychology and an overview of methodological and statistical techniques employed to address the study of within-individual variability in development. Through a popularization of the idiographic approach and associated statistical techniques, but also through technical advances in the apparatus used to produce single-case intensive longitudinal data, the "power" of "N = 1" is becoming increasingly tangible and may challenge, or supplement, established paradigms in nomothetic (group-level) developmental psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Barbot
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, USA
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28
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Freeman KA, Riley A, Duke DC, Fu R. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Interventions for Fecal Incontinence With Constipation. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39:887-902. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schurman JV, Gayes LA. Commentary: Putting tools in context: how pediatric psychologists can leverage science to improve clinical care. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39:262-3. [PMID: 24443739 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Verrill Schurman
- PhD, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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