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Cousin VL, Pittet LF. Microbiological features of drowning-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:61. [PMID: 38641650 PMCID: PMC11031557 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-024-01287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning-associated pneumonia (DAP) is frequent in drowned patients, and possibly increases mortality. A better understanding of the microorganisms causing DAP could improve the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. We aimed to describe the pooled prevalence of DAP, the microorganisms involved, and the impact of DAP on drowned patients. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 01/2000 and 07/2023 reporting on DAP occurrence and microorganisms involved. RESULTS Of 309 unique articles screened, 6 were included, involving 688 patients. All were retrospective cohort studies, with a number of patients ranging from 37 to 270. Studies were conducted in Europe (France N = 3 and Netherland N = 1), United States of America (N = 1) and French West Indies (N = 1). Mortality ranged between 18 to 81%. The pooled prevalence of DAP was 39% (95%CI 29-48), similarly following freshwater (pooled prevalence 44%, 95%CI 36-52) or seawater drowning (pooled prevalence 42%, 95%CI 32-53). DAP did not significantly impact mortality (pooled odds ratio 1.43, 95%CI 0.56-3.67) but this estimation was based on two studies only. Respiratory samplings isolated 171 microorganisms, mostly Gram negative (98/171, 57%) and mainly Aeromonas sp. (20/171, 12%). Gram positive microorganisms represented 38/171 (22%) isolates, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (21/171, 12%). Water salinity levels had a limited impact on the distribution of microorganisms, except for Aeromonas sp. who were exclusively found following freshwater drowning (19/106, 18%) and never following seawater drowning (0%) (p = 0.001). No studies reported multidrug-resistant organisms but nearly 30% of the isolated microorganisms were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, the drug that was the most commonly prescribed empirically for DAP. CONCLUSIONS DAP are commonly caused by Gram-negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas sp. which is exclusively isolated following freshwater drowning. Empirical antimicrobial therapy should consider covering them, noting than amoxicillin-clavulanate may be inadequate in about one-third of the cases. The impact of DAP on patients' outcome is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir L Cousin
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Laure F Pittet
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Department of Pediatric, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Rengifo LM, Haywood JD, Koberlein GC, Zeller KA, Ramirez KA. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a 4-year-old male following submersion in a manure pond. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:933-938. [PMID: 37650709 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is uncommon in immunocompetent patients, but rare cases have been described after nonfatal drowning, particularly in contaminated water sources. Given subacute disease manifestations, diagnostic difficulties and the rapidly progressive nature of this organism, its mortality rate approaches 50%. Clinicians must rely on nonculture-based biomarkers and imaging to inform early diagnosis. There are currently no recommendations regarding diagnostics or empiric therapy for mold infections in near-drowning patients. We report a fatal case of IPA in a 4-year-old male following submersion in a manure pond. Early serum biomarkers and empiric voriconazole should be strongly considered in all patients after near-drowning in contaminated water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Rengifo
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jonathan D Haywood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - George C Koberlein
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kristen A Zeller
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kacy A Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Peri F, De Nardi L, Canuto A, Gaiero A, Noli S, Ferretti M, Vergine G, Falcioni A, Copponi E, Tagliabue B, Massart F, Fabiani E, Stringhi C, Rubini M, Zamagni G, Amaddeo A, Genovese MR, Norbedo S. Drowning in Children and Predictive Parameters: A 15-Year Multicenter Retrospective Analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:516-523. [PMID: 37335544 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning is a serious and underestimated public health problem, with the highest morbidity and mortality reported among children. Data regarding pediatric outcomes of drowning are often inadequate, and data collection is poorly standardized among centers. This study aims to provide an overview of a drowning pediatric population in pediatric emergency department, focusing on its main characteristics and management and evaluating prognostic factors. METHODS This is a retrospective multicenter study involving eight Italian Pediatric Emergency Departments. Data about patients between 0 to 16 years of age who drowned between 2006 and 2021 were collected and analyzed according to the Utstein-style guidelines for drowning. RESULTS One hundred thirty-five patients (60.9% males, median age at the event 5; interquartile range, 3-10) were recruited and only those with known outcome were retained for the analysis (133). Nearly 10% had a preexisting medical conditions with epilepsy being the most common comorbidity. One third were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) and younger males had a higher rate of ICU admission than female peers. Thirty-five patients (26.3%) were hospitalized in a medical ward while 19 (14.3%) were discharged from the emergency department and 11 (8.3%) were discharged after a brief medical observation less than 24 hours. Six patients died (4.5%). Medium stay in the ED was approximately 40 hours. No difference in terms of ICU admission was found between cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders or trained medical personnel ( P = 0.388 vs 0.390). CONCLUSIONS This study offers several perspectives on ED victims who drowned. One of the major finding is that no difference in outcomes was seen in patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders or medical services, highlighting the importance of a prompt intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Peri
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura De Nardi
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arianna Canuto
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Gaiero
- Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Serena Noli
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Institute, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Ferretti
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Institute, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vergine
- Department of Pediatrics, Infermi Hospital Rimini, ASL Romagna, Italy
| | - Alice Falcioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Infermi Hospital Rimini, ASL Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Bruna Tagliabue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Massart
- Pediatric Unit, Maternal and Infant Department, Santa Chiara's University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fabiani
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Gaspare Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Monica Rubini
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Parma Children's Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Zamagni
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amaddeo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Genovese
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Norbedo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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Varner JD, Liu A. Pediatric Drowning: In Deep Water. Pediatr Ann 2022; 51:e450-e455. [PMID: 36476198 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20221006-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drowning is one of the most common causes of death globally. The current literature identifies risk factors associated with pediatric drowning and strategies to prevent its occurrence. This article seeks to equip pediatricians with the appropriate education and guidance to provide targeted counsel to parents with children of different age groups, as well as medical management, when faced with a drowning victim. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(12):e450-e455.].
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杨 楠, 代 继. [Clinical and microbiological characteristics of children with drowning-associated aspiration pneumonia]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2022; 24:417-422. [PMID: 35527418 PMCID: PMC9044991 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the clinical and microbiological characteristics of children with drowning-associated aspiration pneumonia, so as to provide a reference for empirical selection of antibacterial agents. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 185 children with drowning-associated aspiration pneumonia who were admitted to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2010 to October 2020. According to the drowning environment, these children were divided into four groups: fecal group (n=44), freshwater group (n=69), swimming pool group (n=41), and contaminant water group (n=31). The clinical characteristics and pathogen detection results were reviewed and compared among the four groups. RESULTS The 185 children had an age of 4 months to 17 years (median 34 months). Sputum cultures were performed on 157 children, and 103 were tested positive (65.6%), with 87 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (68.5%), 37 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (29.1%), and 3 strains of fungi (2.4%). Gram-negative bacteria were the main pathogen in the fecal group and the contaminant water group, accounting for 88.2% (30/34) and 78.3% (18/23), respectively. The freshwater group had a significantly higher detection rate of Gram-positive bacteria than the fecal group (P<0.008), and the swimming pool group had an equal detection rate of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSIONS For pulmonary bacterial infection in children with drowning in feces or contaminant water, antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria may be applied empirically, while for children with drowning in a swimming pool or freshwater, broad-spectrum antibiotics may be used as initial treatment, and subsequently the application of antibiotics may be adjusted according to the results of the drug sensitivity test.
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