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Kim CY, Chung MS, Park JS. Visible Korean based on true color sectioned images for making realistic digital human, twenty years' record: a review. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:935-947. [PMID: 38717503 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visible Korean (VK) consists of two-dimensional (2D) images and three-dimensional (3D) models. The VK is used in various educational tools and research sources for anatomy. In this paper, we report on the records of the VK over 20 years. METHODS Research papers related to Visible Korean were reviewed. RESULTS Through this report of VK records, we highlighted the essential points for making true color and ultra-high-resolution sectioned images of human and animal bodies, for making various 2D and 3D applications from the sectioned images, and for good use of the sectioned images and their applications. CONCLUSION In this metaverse age that various virtual environments are required in medical education and research, the VK dataset meets the reality of virtual human models as fundamental data owing to the actual color and high resolution of the VK dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, 87 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, 87 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong H, Andersson J, Hess A, Jezzard P. Effect of subject-specific head morphometry on specific absorption rate estimates in parallel-transmit MRI at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:2376-2390. [PMID: 36656151 PMCID: PMC10952207 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of morphing an established reference electromagnetic head model to a subject-specific morphometry for the estimation of specific absorption rate (SAR) in 7T parallel-transmit (pTx) MRI. METHODS Synthetic T1 -weighted MR images were created from three high-resolution open-source electromagnetic head voxel models. The accuracy of morphing a "reference" (multimodal image-based detailed anatomical [MIDA]) electromagnetic model into a different subject's native space (Duke and Ella) was compared. Both linear and nonlinear registration methods were evaluated. Maximum 10-g averaged SAR was estimated for circularly polarized mode and for 5000 random RF shim sets in an eight-channel transmit head coil, and comparison made between the morphed MIDA electromagnetic models and the native Duke and Ella electromagnetic models, respectively. RESULTS The averaged error in maximum 10-g averaged SAR estimation across pTx MRI shim sets between the MIDA and the Duke target model was reduced from 17.5% with only rigid-body registration, to 11.8% when affine linear registration was used, and further reduced to 10.7% when nonlinear registration was used. The corresponding figures for the Ella model were 16.7%, 11.2%, and 10.1%. CONCLUSION We found that morphometry accounts for up to half of the subject-specific differences in pTx SAR. Both linear and nonlinear morphing of an electromagnetic model into a target subject improved SAR agreement by better matching head size, morphometry, and position. However, differences remained, likely arising from details in tissue composition estimation. Thus, the uncertainty of the head morphometry and tissue composition may need to be considered separately to achieve personalized SAR estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbae Jeong
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesper Andersson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Aaron Hess
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research ExcellenceOxfordUK
| | - Peter Jezzard
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Gomez-Tames J, Laakso I, Hirata A. Review on biophysical modelling and simulation studies for transcranial magnetic stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:24TR03. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aba40d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chung BS, Park JS. Automatic segmentation of true color sectioned images using FMRIB Software Library: First trial in brain, gray matter, and white matter. Clin Anat 2020; 33:1197-1203. [PMID: 31943396 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) models of the brain made from magnetic resonance images (MRI) are used in various medical fields. 3D models assembled from grayscale color and low-resolution can be complemented with true color sectioned images of the Visible Korean. The purpose of this study is to apply the MRI automatic segmentation technique to the sectioned images. 3D models of the sectioned images, which have true color and high resolution, can be produced without manual segmentation. The Brain Extraction Tool and the Automated Segmentation Tool of the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) were chosen for automatic segmentation. Using those tools, true color sectioned images were reconstructed from gray 3D models of brain, gray matter, and white matter. Color 3D models of those structures were generated from the gray 3D models using MRIcroGL. The color 3D models made from the sectioned images revealed details of brain anatomy that could not be observed on the 3D models from MRI. This trial suggests that convergence of the MRI segmentation technique with color sectioned images is a time-efficient method for producing color 3D models of various structures. In future, the method of this study will be used for various sectioned images of cadavers. The resulting color sectioned images and 3D models will be made available to other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Sun Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
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Park JS. Neuroman: Voxel Phantoms from Surface Models of 300 Head Structures Including 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:192-205. [PMID: 31855595 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For a precise simulation of electromagnetic radiation effects, voxel phantoms require detailed structures to approximate humans. The phantoms currently used still do not have sophisticated structures. This paper presents voxel and surface models of 300 head structures with cranial nerves and reports on a technique for voxel reconstruction of the cranial nerves having very thin and small structures. In real-color sectioned images of the head (voxel size: 0.1 mm), 300 structures were segmented using Photoshop. A surface reconstruction was performed automatically on Mimics. Voxel conversion was run on Voxel Studio. The abnormal shapes of the voxel models were found and classified into three types: thin cord, thin layers, and thin parts in the structures. The abnormal voxel models were amended using extended, filled, and manual voxelization methods devised for this study. Surface models in STL format and as PDF files of the 300 head structures were produced. The STL format has good scalability, so it can be used in most three-dimensional surface model software. The PDF file is very user friendly for students and researchers who want to learn the head anatomy. Voxel models of 300 head structures were produced (TXT format), and their voxel quantity and weight were measured. A voxel model is difficult to handle, and the surface model cannot use the radiation simulation. Consequently, the best method for making precise phantoms is one in which the flaws of the voxel and surface models complement each other, as in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Park JS, Jung YW. Peeled images and sectioned images from real-color volume models of foot. Surg Radiol Anat 2020; 43:37-43. [PMID: 32676743 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In all educational materials, the foot cannot be peeled from skin to the bone at constant intervals, like as real dissection. The aim of this study was to produce the peeled images which the foot structures can be peeled gradually along a skin-curved surface in real color, like a real dissection. In addition, the sectioned images of typical and atypical planes are presented in real color and high resolution. METHODS From the sectioned images of real color, foot volume models were made using Photoshop, Matlab, and MRIcroGL. Peeled images and sectioned images of the typical planes were produced from the volume models. All images were placed into the browsing software. An atypical plane could be shown in a real-time using the volume models of the foot. RESULTS Using the peeled images, in which the foot can be rotated at 5-degree intervals and stripped gradually at 0-30 mm depth, the foot anatomy could be learned precisely and efficiently. The sectional anatomy of the foot for radiology and orthopedic surgery could also be learned easily using the sectioned images of typical (horizontal, coronal, and sagittal) and atypical planes. CONCLUSION The most significant merit of the volume models is that all outcomes can be displayed with proper colors of the body structures on any plane. By virtue of these merits, the volume models are useful for learning medical education, research, and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Wook Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
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Kim CY, Lee AK, Choi HD, Park JS. Dawn of the Visible Monkey: Segmentation of the Rhesus Monkey for 2D and 3D Applications. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e100. [PMID: 32301292 PMCID: PMC7167398 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To properly utilize the sectioned images in a Visible Monkey dataset, it is essential to segment the images into distinct structures. This segmentation allows the sectioned images to be compiled into two-dimensional or three-dimensional software packages to facilitate anatomy and radiology education, and allows them to be used in experiments involving electromagnetic radiation. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the potential of the sectioned images using the segmented images. METHODS Using sectioned images of a monkey's entire body, 167 structures were segmented using Adobe Photoshop. The segmented images and sectioned images were packaged into the browsing software. Surface models were made from the segmented images using Mimics. Volume models were made from the sectioned images and segmented images using MRIcroGL. RESULTS In total, 839 segmented images of 167 structures in the entire body of a monkey were produced at 0.5-mm intervals (pixel size, 0.024 mm; resolution, 8,688 × 5,792; color depth, 24-bit color; BMP format). Using the browsing software, the sectioned images and segmented images were able to be observed continuously and magnified along with the names of the structures. The surface models of PDF file were able to be handled freely using Adobe Reader. In the surface models, the space information of all segmented structures was able to be identified using Sim4Life. On MRIcroGL, the volume model was able to be browsed and sectioned at any angle with real color. CONCLUSION Browsing software, surface models, and volume models are able to be produced based on the segmentation of the sectioned images. These will be helpful for students and researchers studying monkey anatomy and radiology, as well as for biophysicists examining the effects of electromagnetic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Ae Kyoung Lee
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung Do Choi
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea.
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Chung BS, Park JS. Real-Color Volume Models Made from Real-Color Sectioned Images of Visible Korean. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e86. [PMID: 30886552 PMCID: PMC6417999 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volume models made from magnetic resonance images on computed tomographs can produce horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes that are used widely in clinics, although detailed structures cannot be identified. Existing real color volume models are mostly commercial and their production methods have not been released. The aim of this study was to distribute free of charge, real-color volume models produced from sectioned images with the production method. METHODS The original voxel size of sectioned images was increased appropriately so that the volume model could be handled by typical personal computers. By using Dicom Browser and MRIcroGL, the sectioned images were processed to become the volume models. RESULTS On the MRIcroGL, the resultant volume model with the voxel size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3 could be displayed and freely rotated. By adjusting variables of the software, desired oblique planes could be produced instantly. With overlay function, a model of segmented structure can be overlapped to the entire volume models. The sectioned images with high quality and the segmentation data of Visible Korean enabled the identification of detailed anatomical structures on the planes. CONCLUSION The volume models can be used by medical students and doctors for learning sectional anatomy. Other researchers can utilize the method of this study to produce volume models from their own sectioned images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Sun Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
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Kalloch B, Bode J, Kozlov M, Pampel A, Hlawitschka M, Sehm B, Villringer A, Möller HE, Bazin PL. Semi-automated generation of individual computational models of the human head and torso from MR images. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:2090-2105. [PMID: 30230021 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Simulating the interaction of the human body with electromagnetic fields is an active field of research. Individualized models are increasingly being used, as anatomical differences affect the simulation results. We introduce a processing pipeline for creating individual surface-based models of the human head and torso for application in simulation software based on unstructured grids. The pipeline is designed for easy applicability and is publicly released on figshare. METHODS The pipeline covers image acquisition, segmentation, generation of segmentation masks, and surface mesh generation of the single, external boundary of each structure of interest. Two gradient-echo sequences are used for image acquisition. Structures of the head and body are segmented using several atlas-based approaches. They consist of bone/skull, subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, white matter, spinal cord, lungs, the sinuses of the skull, and a combined class of all other structures including skin. After minor manual preparation, segmentation images are processed to segmentation masks, which are binarized images per segmented structure free of misclassified voxels and without an internal boundary. The proposed workflow is applied to 2 healthy subjects. RESULTS Individual differences of the subjects are well represented. The models are proven to be suitable for simulation of the RF electromagnetic field distribution. CONCLUSION Image segmentation, creation of segmentation masks, and surface mesh generation are highly automated. Manual interventions remain for preparing the segmentation images prior to segmentation mask generation. The generated surfaces exhibit a single boundary per structure and are suitable inputs for simulation software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kalloch
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Bode
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Engineering Physics, University of Applied Sciences Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kozlov
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André Pampel
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Sehm
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Bazin
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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