Gallbladder bleeding associated with microscopic polyangiitis: a case report

Is conservative management a safe approach for patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis presenting with an acute abdomen?

Patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) often present with acute abdominal symptoms. However, recent clinical studies have suggested that some patients with AAC and an acute abdomen, especially when caused by viruses or rheumatic disease, may not require cholecystectomy and that conservative treatment is adequate. Whether cholecystectomy is superior to conservative treatment for patients with AAC presenting with a severe acute abdomen is still uncertain. This was a case series study of AAC-related literature published between 1960 and 2022. In total, 171 cases (104 viral infection-associated AAC and 67 rheumatic disease-associated AAC) were included. The prognoses of patients receiving cholecystectomy or conservative treatment were compared. To account for confounding factors, etiological stratification and logistic regression were performed. The prognosis was similar for patients undergoing cholecystectomy and conservative treatment (P value .364), and virus infection-associated AAC had a better prognosis than rheumatic disease-associated AAC (P value .032). In patients with AAC caused by viruses or rheumatic disease, the acute abdomen can be adequately managed by conservative treatment of the underlying etiology and does not mandate surgical intervention.

Onset of Takotsubo Syndrome during the Clinical Course of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Case Report

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic vasculitis resulting in severe organ injuries. ANCA is a disease-labeled antibody of AAV, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 are the main targeted antigens of ANCA. Takotsubo syndrome, a transient cardiac dysfunction caused by emotional or physical stress, is characterized by ST-segment elevation and negative T waves in electrocardiogram, transient left ventricular asynergy, and absence of obstructive coronary disease. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases of coexistence of AAV and takotsubo syndrome have been reported. Herein, we report the case of AAV complicated with takotsubo syndrome. A 78-year-old Japanese woman presented with severe renal dysfunction, which was diagnosed as MPO-ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis. Despite the treatment with cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoid, the patient presented with severe respiratory failure due to alveolar hemorrhage and heart failure. Electrocardiography indicated newly developed T wave inversions. Echocardiography demonstrated severe left ventricular dysfunction with hypokinesis of the apical area. Moreover, coronary angiography revealed no noticeable stenotic or obstructive lesions. These findings indicate the onset of takotsubo syndrome. After immunosuppressive therapy, systemic vasculitis and takotsubo syndrome were improved. Although a coexisting case of AAV and takotsubo syndrome is rare, we have to consider the possible complication of takotsubo syndrome in case of presenting acute heart failure. Considering the present case and the previously reported coexisting cases of takotsubo syndrome and AAV, we propose that female sex, initiation of glucocorticoid therapy, and high titer of MPO-ANCA are potential risk factors of developing takotsubo syndrome.