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Manesh A, Meltzer E, Jin C, Britto C, Deodhar D, Radha S, Schwartz E, Rupali P. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a clinical seminar. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6129661. [PMID: 33550411 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rationale for review: Enteric fever (EF) caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) and S. Paratyphi (Salmonella Paratyphi) remains an important cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in many low-income countries and, therefore, still poses a major infectious risk for travellers to endemic countries. Main findings: Although the global burden of EF has decreased over the past two decades, prevalence of EF remains high in Asia and Africa, with the highest prevalence reported from the Indian subcontinent. These statistics are mirrored by data on travel-related EF. Widespread and increasing antimicrobial resistance has narrowed treatment options for travel-related EF. Ceftriaxone- and azithromycin-based therapies are commonly used, even with the emergence of extremely drug-resistant typhoid in Pakistan. Preventive measures among locals and travellers include provision of safe food and water and vaccination. Food and water precautions offer limited protection, and the efficacy of Salmonella Typhi vaccines is only moderate signifying the need for travellers to be extra cautious. Recommendations: Improvement in the diagnosis of typhoid with high degree of clinical suspicion, better diagnostic assays, early and accurate detection of resistance, therapy with appropriate drugs, improvements in hygiene and sanitation with provision of safe drinking water in endemic areas and vaccination among travellers as well as in the endemic population are keys to controlling typhoid. While typhoid vaccines are recommended for travellers to high-risk areas, moderate efficacy and inability to protect against Salmonella Paratyphi are limitations to bear in mind. Improved Salmonella Typhi vaccines and vaccines against Salmonella Paratyphi A are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Manesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Eyal Meltzer
- Department of Medicine `C', Center for Geographic Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl Britto
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Divya Deodhar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sneha Radha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Department of Medicine `C', Center for Geographic Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Priscilla Rupali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Dutton P, Leeb A, Mills DJ, Andrews R, Lau CL. Adverse Events Following Immunization With Combined vs Concurrent Monovalent Hepatitis A and Typhoid Vaccines in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:192-195. [PMID: 32333678 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Combined hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is available in Australia, but licensed for use from age 16 years; however it is used "off-label" in children. The combined vaccine is well tolerated in children aged 2-16 years and the risk of adverse events is similar to those receiving concurrent monovalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paul Dutton
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alan Leeb
- Illawarra Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Travel Medicine Alliance Clinics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross Andrews
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Travel Medicine Alliance Clinics, Brisbane, Australia
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Yap N, Purcell R, Buttery J. Pre-traveller typhoid vaccinations for Australian children visiting friends and relatives overseas. A call to (inject) arms. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:956-958. [PMID: 32043295 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Yap
- Department of Paediatric Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Purcell
- Department of Paediatric Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- Department of Paediatric Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kinder auf Reisen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-017-0430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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