1
|
D'Ascenzo N, Xie Q, Antonecchia E, Ciardiello M, Pagnani G, Pisante M. Kinetically Consistent Data Assimilation for Plant PET Sparse Time Activity Curve Signals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882382. [PMID: 35941942 PMCID: PMC9356293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time activity curve (TAC) signal processing in plant positron emission tomography (PET) is a frontier nuclear science technique to bring out the quantitative fluid dynamic (FD) flow parameters of the plant vascular system and generate knowledge on crops and their sustainable management, facing the accelerating global climate change. The sparse space-time sampling of the TAC signal impairs the extraction of the FD variables, which can be determined only as averaged values with existing techniques. A data-driven approach based on a reliable FD model has never been formulated. A novel sparse data assimilation digital signal processing method is proposed, with the unique capability of a direct computation of the dynamic evolution of noise correlations between estimated and measured variables, by taking into explicit account the numerical diffusion due to the sparse sampling. The sequential time-stepping procedure estimates the spatial profile of the velocity, the diffusion coefficient and the compartmental exchange rates along the plant stem from the TAC signals. To illustrate the performance of the method, we report an example of the measurement of transport mechanisms in zucchini sprouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D'Ascenzo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Qingguo Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Emanuele Antonecchia
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Ciardiello
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pagnani
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Pisante
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Babst BA, Braun DM, Karve AA, Frank Baker R, Tran TM, Kenny DJ, Rohlhill J, Knoblauch J, Knoblauch M, Lohaus G, Tappero R, Scherzer S, Hedrich R, Jensen KH. Sugar loading is not required for phloem sap flow in maize plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:171-180. [PMID: 35194203 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of photoassimilates from leaves to non-photosynthetic organs, such as the root and shoot apices and reproductive organs, is crucial to plant growth and yield. For nearly 90 years, evidence has been generally consistent with the theory of a pressure-flow mechanism of phloem transport. Central to this hypothesis is the loading of osmolytes, principally sugars, into the phloem to generate the osmotic pressure that propels bulk flow. Here we used genetic and light manipulations to test whether sugar import into the phloem is required as the driving force for phloem sap flow. Using carbon-11 radiotracer, we show that a maize sucrose transporter1 (sut1) loss-of-function mutant has severely reduced export of carbon from photosynthetic leaves (only ~4% of the wild type level). Yet, the mutant remarkably maintains phloem pressure at ~100% and sap flow speeds at ~50-75% of those of wild type. Potassium (K+) abundance in the phloem was elevated in sut1 mutant leaves. Fluid dynamic modelling supports the conclusion that increased K+ loading compensated for decreased sucrose loading to maintain phloem pressure, and thereby maintained phloem transport via the pressure-flow mechanism. Furthermore, these results suggest that sap flow and transport of other phloem-mobile nutrients and signalling molecules could be regulated independently of sugar loading into the phloem, potentially influencing carbon-nutrient homoeostasis and the distribution of signalling molecules in plants encountering different environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Abhijit A Karve
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Office of Technology Commercialization, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Frank Baker
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thu M Tran
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Rohlhill
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antonecchia E, Bäcker M, Cafolla D, Ciardiello M, Kühl C, Pagnani G, Wang J, Wang S, Zhou F, D'Ascenzo N, Gialanella L, Pisante M, Rose G, Xie Q. Design Study of a Novel Positron Emission Tomography System for Plant Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:736221. [PMID: 35116047 PMCID: PMC8805640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography is a non-disruptive and high-sensitive digital imaging technique which allows to measure in-vivo and non invasively the changes of metabolic and transport mechanisms in plants. When it comes to the early assessment of stress-induced alterations of plant functions, plant PET has the potential of a major breakthrough. The development of dedicated plant PET systems faces a series of technological and experimental difficulties, which make conventional clinical and preclinical PET systems not fully suitable to agronomy. First, the functional and metabolic mechanisms of plants depend on environmental conditions, which can be controlled during the experiment if the scanner is transported into the growing chamber. Second, plants need to be imaged vertically, thus requiring a proper Field Of View. Third, the transverse Field of View needs to adapt to the different plant shapes, according to the species and the experimental protocols. In this paper, we perform a simulation study, proposing a novel design of dedicated plant PET scanners specifically conceived to address these agronomic issues. We estimate their expected sensitivity, count rate performance and spatial resolution, and we identify these specific features, which need to be investigated when realizing a plant PET scanner. Finally, we propose a novel approach to the measurement and verification of the performance of plant PET systems, including the design of dedicated plant phantoms, in order to provide a standard evaluation procedure for this emerging digital imaging agronomic technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Antonecchia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Markus Bäcker
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniele Cafolla
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Charlotte Kühl
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Pagnani
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Jiale Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicola D'Ascenzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Lucio Gialanella
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Michele Pisante
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Georg Rose
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Qingguo Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Galieni A, D'Ascenzo N, Stagnari F, Pagnani G, Xie Q, Pisante M. Past and Future of Plant Stress Detection: An Overview From Remote Sensing to Positron Emission Tomography. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:609155. [PMID: 33584752 PMCID: PMC7873487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress detection is considered one of the most critical areas for the improvement of crop yield in the compelling worldwide scenario, dictated by both the climate change and the geopolitical consequences of the Covid-19 epidemics. A complicated interconnection of biotic and abiotic stressors affect plant growth, including water, salt, temperature, light exposure, nutrients availability, agrochemicals, air and soil pollutants, pests and diseases. In facing this extended panorama, the technology choice is manifold. On the one hand, quantitative methods, such as metabolomics, provide very sensitive indicators of most of the stressors, with the drawback of a disruptive approach, which prevents follow up and dynamical studies. On the other hand qualitative methods, such as fluorescence, thermography and VIS/NIR reflectance, provide a non-disruptive view of the action of the stressors in plants, even across large fields, with the drawback of a poor accuracy. When looking at the spatial scale, the effect of stress may imply modifications from DNA level (nanometers) up to cell (micrometers), full plant (millimeters to meters), and entire field (kilometers). While quantitative techniques are sensitive to the smallest scales, only qualitative approaches can be used for the larger ones. Emerging technologies from nuclear and medical physics, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, are expected to bridge the gap of quantitative non-disruptive morphologic and functional measurements at larger scale. In this review we analyze the landscape of the different technologies nowadays available, showing the benefits of each approach in plant stress detection, with a particular focus on the gaps, which will be filled in the nearby future by the emerging nuclear physics approaches to agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Galieni
- Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Ascenzo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Fabio Stagnari
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pagnani
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Qingguo Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michele Pisante
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmidt MP, Mamet SD, Ferrieri RA, Peak D, Siciliano SD. From the Outside in: An Overview of Positron Imaging of Plant and Soil Processes. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120966405. [PMID: 33119419 PMCID: PMC7605056 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120966405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron-emitting nuclides have long been used as imaging agents in medical science to spatially trace processes non-invasively, allowing for real-time molecular imaging using low tracer concentrations. This ability to non-destructively visualize processes in real time also makes positron imaging uniquely suitable for probing various processes in plants and porous environmental media, such as soils and sediments. Here, we provide an overview of historical and current applications of positron imaging in environmental research. We highlight plant physiological research, where positron imaging has been used extensively to image dynamics of macronutrients, signalling molecules, trace elements, and contaminant metals under various conditions and perturbations. We describe how positron imaging is used in porous soils and sediments to visualize transport, flow, and microbial metabolic processes. We also address the interface between positron imaging and other imaging approaches, and present accompanying chemical analysis of labelled compounds for reviewed topics, highlighting the bridge between positron imaging and complementary techniques across scales. Finally, we discuss possible future applications of positron imaging and its potential as a nexus of interdisciplinary biogeochemical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schmidt
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Mamet
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Division of Plant Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Missouri Research Reactor Center, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Derek Peak
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karve AA, Alexoff D, Kim D, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA, Babst BA. In vivo quantitative imaging of photoassimilate transport dynamics and allocation in large plants using a commercial positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:273. [PMID: 26552889 PMCID: PMC4640171 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although important aspects of whole-plant carbon allocation in crop plants (e.g., to grain) occur late in development when the plants are large, techniques to study carbon transport and allocation processes have not been adapted for large plants. Positron emission tomography (PET), developed for dynamic imaging in medicine, has been applied in plant studies to measure the transport and allocation patterns of carbohydrates, nutrients, and phytohormones labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes. However, the cost of PET and its limitation to smaller plants has restricted its use in plant biology. Here we describe the adaptation and optimization of a commercial clinical PET scanner to measure transport dynamics and allocation patterns of (11)C-photoassimilates in large crops. RESULTS Based on measurements of a phantom, we optimized instrument settings, including use of 3-D mode and attenuation correction to maximize the accuracy of measurements. To demonstrate the utility of PET, we measured (11)C-photoassimilate transport and allocation in Sorghum bicolor, an important staple crop, at vegetative and reproductive stages (40 and 70 days after planting; DAP). The (11)C-photoassimilate transport speed did not change over the two developmental stages. However, within a stem, transport speeds were reduced across nodes, likely due to higher (11)C-photoassimilate unloading in the nodes. Photosynthesis in leaves and the amount of (11)C that was exported to the rest of the plant decreased as plants matured. In young plants, exported (11)C was allocated mostly (88 %) to the roots and stem, but in flowering plants (70 DAP) the majority of the exported (11)C (64 %) was allocated to the apex. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that commercial PET scanners can be used reliably to measure whole-plant C-allocation in large plants nondestructively including, importantly, allocation to roots in soil. This capability revealed extreme changes in carbon allocation in sorghum plants, as they advanced to maturity. Further, our results suggest that nodes may be important control points for photoassimilate distribution in crops of the family Poaceae. Quantifying real-time carbon allocation and photoassimilate transport dynamics, as demonstrated here, will be important for functional genomic studies to unravel the mechanisms controlling phloem transport in large crop plants, which will provide crucial insights for improving yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A Karve
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
- Present address: Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - David Alexoff
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
- Present address: Five Eleven Pharma Inc, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Babst
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
- Present address: School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hubeau M, Steppe K. Plant-PET Scans: In Vivo Mapping of Xylem and Phloem Functioning. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:676-685. [PMID: 26440436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Medical imaging techniques are rapidly expanding in the field of plant sciences. Positron emission tomography (PET) is advancing as a powerful functional imaging technique to decipher in vivo the function of xylem water flow (with (15)O or (18)F), phloem sugar flow (with (11)C or (18)F), and the importance of their strong coupling. However, much remains to be learned about how water flow and sugar distribution are coordinated in intact plants, both under present and future climate regimes. We propose to use PET analysis of plants (plant-PET) to visualize and generate these missing data about integrated xylem and phloem transport. These insights are crucial to understanding how a given environment will affect plant physiological processes and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Hubeau
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiser MR, Reid CD, Crowell AS, Phillips RP, Howell CR. Exploring the transport of plant metabolites using positron emitting radiotracers. HFSP JOURNAL 2008; 2:189-204. [PMID: 19404430 PMCID: PMC2639937 DOI: 10.2976/1.2921207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Short-lived positron-emitting radiotracer techniques provide time-dependent data that are critical for developing models of metabolite transport and resource distribution in plants and their microenvironments. Until recently these techniques were applied to measure radiotracer accumulation in coarse regions along transport pathways. The recent application of positron emission tomography (PET) techniques to plant research allows for detailed quantification of real-time metabolite dynamics on previously unexplored spatial scales. PET provides dynamic information with millimeter-scale resolution on labeled carbon, nitrogen, and water transport over a small plant-size field of view. Because details at the millimeter scale may not be required for all regions of interest, hybrid detection systems that combine high-resolution imaging with other radiotracer counting technologies offer the versatility needed to pursue wide-ranging plant physiological and ecological research. In this perspective we describe a recently developed hybrid detection system at Duke University that provides researchers with the flexibility required to carry out measurements of the dynamic responses of whole plants to environmental change using short-lived radiotracers. Following a brief historical development of radiotracer applications to plant research, the role of radiotracers is presented in the context of various applications at the leaf to the whole-plant level that integrates cellular and subcellular signals andor controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kiser
- Physics Department, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Chantal D. Reid
- Biology Department and Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Alexander S. Crowell
- Physics Department, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Richard P. Phillips
- Biology Department and Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Calvin R. Howell
- Physics Department, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:63-70. [PMID: 16454478 DOI: 10.1002/pca.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
|