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Grandjean C, Veronesi C, Rusterucci C, Gautier C, Maillot Y, Leschevin M, Fournet F, Drouaud J, Marcelo P, Zabijak L, Delavault P, Simier P, Bouton S, Pageau K. Pectin Remodeling and Involvement of AtPME3 in the Parasitic Plant-Plant Interaction, Phelipanche ramosa- Arabidospis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2168. [PMID: 39124288 PMCID: PMC11314565 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Phelipanche ramosa is a root parasitic plant fully dependent on host plants for nutrition and development. Upon germination, the parasitic seedling develops inside the infected roots a specific organ, the haustorium, thanks to the cell wall-degrading enzymes of haustorial intrusive cells, and induces modifications in the host's cell walls. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is susceptible to P. ramosa; thus, mutants in cell wall metabolism, particularly those involved in pectin remodeling, like Atpme3-1, are of interest in studying the involvement of cell wall-degrading enzymes in the establishment of plant-plant interactions. Host-parasite co-cultures in mini-rhizotron systems revealed that parasite attachments are twice as numerous and tubercle growth is quicker on Atpme3-1 roots than on WT roots. Compared to WT, the increased susceptibility in AtPME3-1 is associated with reduced PME activity in the roots and a lower degree of pectin methylesterification at the host-parasite interface, as detected immunohistochemically in infected roots. In addition, both WT and Atpme3-1 roots responded to infestation by modulating the expression of PAE- and PME-encoding genes, as well as related global enzyme activities in the roots before and after parasite attachment. However, these modulations differed between WT and Atpme3-1, which may contribute to different pectin remodeling in the roots and contrasting susceptibility to P. ramosa. With this integrative study, we aim to define a model of cell wall response to this specific biotic stress and indicate, for the first time, the role of PME3 in this parasitic plant-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Grandjean
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Christophe Veronesi
- CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.V.); (P.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Christine Rusterucci
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Charlotte Gautier
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Yannis Maillot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Maïté Leschevin
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Françoise Fournet
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Jan Drouaud
- Centre Régional de Ressources en Biologie Moléculaire UPJV, Bâtiment Serres-Transfert Rue Dallery—UFR des Sciences, Passage du Sourire d’Avril, F-80039 Amiens, France;
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme d’Ingénierie Cellulaire & Analyses des Protéines ICAP, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (P.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luciane Zabijak
- Plateforme d’Ingénierie Cellulaire & Analyses des Protéines ICAP, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (P.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Philippe Delavault
- CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.V.); (P.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Philippe Simier
- CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.V.); (P.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Sophie Bouton
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Karine Pageau
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (C.G.); (C.R.); (C.G.); (Y.M.); (M.L.); (F.F.)
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Gu X, Chen IG, Tsai CJ. How do holoparasitic plants exploit vitamin K1? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1976546. [PMID: 34514932 PMCID: PMC8525939 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1976546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is a thylakoid-embedded electron carrier essential for photosynthesis. Paradoxically, we found that phylloquinone biosynthesis is retained in the nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Egyptian broomrape). The phylloquinone pathway genes are preferentially expressed during development of the invasive organ, the haustorium, and exhibit strong coexpression with redox-active proteins known to be involved in parasitism. Unlike in photoautotrophic taxa, the late pathway genes of the holoparasite lack the chloroplast-targeting sequence and their proteins are targeted to the plasma membrane instead. Plasma membrane phylloquinone may enable Phelipanche to sense changes in the redox environment during host interactions. The N-truncated isoforms are conserved in several other Orobanchaceae root holoparasites, and interestingly, in a number of closely related photoautotrophic species as well. This suggests an ancient origin of distinct phylloquinone pathways predating the evolution of parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae. These findings represent exciting opportunities to probe plasma membrane phylloquinone function and diversification in parasitic and nonparasitic plant responses to external redox chemistry in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Ing-Gin Chen
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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Gu X, Chen IG, Harding SA, Nyamdari B, Ortega MA, Clermont K, Westwood JH, Tsai CJ. Plasma membrane phylloquinone biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1443-1456. [PMID: 33793953 PMCID: PMC8133638 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit flexible targeting of phylloquinone biosynthesis to facilitate plasma membrane redox signaling. Phylloquinone is a lipophilic naphthoquinone found predominantly in chloroplasts and best known for its function in photosystem I electron transport and disulfide bridge formation of photosystem II subunits. Phylloquinone has also been detected in plasma membrane (PM) preparations of heterotrophic tissues with potential transmembrane redox function, but the molecular basis for this noncanonical pathway is unknown. Here, we provide evidence of PM phylloquinone biosynthesis in a nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. A nonphotosynthetic and nonplastidial role for phylloquinone is supported by transcription of phylloquinone biosynthetic genes during seed germination and haustorium development, by PM-localization of alternative terminal enzymes, and by detection of phylloquinone in germinated seeds. Comparative gene network analysis with photosynthetically competent parasites revealed a bias of P. aegyptiaca phylloquinone genes toward coexpression with oxidoreductases involved in PM electron transport. Genes encoding the PM phylloquinone pathway are also present in several photoautotrophic taxa of Asterids, suggesting an ancient origin of multifunctionality. Our findings suggest that nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit alternative targeting of phylloquinone for transmembrane redox signaling associated with parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ing-Gin Chen
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott A Harding
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Batbayar Nyamdari
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria A Ortega
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen Clermont
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Aly R, Matzrafi M, Bari VK. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. PLANTA 2021; 253:97. [PMID: 33844068 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New transgenic and biotechnological approaches may serve as a key component in achieving crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. Root parasitic weeds inflict severe damage to numerous crops, reducing yield quantity and quality. A lack of new sources of resistance limits our ability to manage newly developing, more virulent races. Having no effective means to control the parasites in most crops, innovative biotechnological solutions are needed. Several novel biotechnological strategies using regulatory RNA molecules, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and T-DNA insertions have been acknowledged for engineering resistance against parasitic weeds. Significant breakthroughs have been made over the years in deciphering the plant genome and its functions, including the genomes of parasitic weeds. However, the basis of biotechnological strategies to generate host resistance to root parasitic weeds needs to be further developed. Gene-silencing and editing tools should be used to target key processes of host-parasite interactions, such as strigolactone biosynthesis and signaling, haustorium development, and degradation and penetration of the host cell wall. In this review, we summarize and discuss the main areas of research leading to the discovery and functional analysis of genes involved in host-induced gene silencing that target key parasite genes, transgenic host modification, and host gene editing to generate sustainable resistance to root parasitic weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel.
| | - Maor Matzrafi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel.
| | - Vinay Kumar Bari
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda, India
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Yu L, Gao B, Li Y, Tan W, Li M, Zhou L, Peng C, Xiao L, Liu Y. The synthesis of strigolactone is affected by endogenous ascorbic acid in transgenic rice for l-galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase suppressed or overexpressing. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 246-247:153139. [PMID: 32114415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice tillering, which determines the panicle number per plant, is an important agronomic trait for grain production. In higher plants, ascorbic acid (Asc) plays a major role in ROS-scavenging activity. l-Galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH, EC1.3.2.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of Asc biosynthesis in plants. Previously, we have reported that homozygous L-GalLDH-suppressed transgenic rice plants (GI) display a reduced tiller number and a lower level of foliar carotenoids (Car) compared with wild type. Strigolactones (SL), which play an important role in the suppression of shoot branching, are synthesized in the roots of rice plant using Car as substrates. In this paper, the relationship between Asc, SL, the accumulation of H2O2, changes in antioxidant capacity, enzyme activities, and gene transcriptions related to the synthesis of SL were analyzed in transgenic rice plants for L-GalLDH suppressed (GI-1 and GI-2) and overexpressing (GO-2). The results showed that the altered level of Asc in the L-GalLDH transgenic rice plants leads to a change in redox homeostasis, resulting in a marked accumulation of H2O2 and decreased antioxidant capacity in GI-1 and GI-2, but lower H2O2 content and increased antioxidant capacity in GO-2. Meanwhile, the altered level of Asc also leads to altered enzyme activities and gene transcript abundances related to SL synthesis in L-GalLDH transgenics. These observations support the conclusion that Asc influences tiller number in the L-GalLDH transgenics by affecting H2O2 accumulation and antioxidant capacity, and altering those enzyme activities and gene transcript abundances related to SL synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Yelin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijian Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingkang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Changlian Peng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yonghai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China.
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Lanfranco L, Fiorilli V, Venice F, Bonfante P. Strigolactones cross the kingdoms: plants, fungi, and bacteria in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2175-2188. [PMID: 29309622 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) first evolved as regulators of simple developmental processes in very ancient plant lineages, and then assumed new roles to sustain the increasing biological complexity of land plants. Their versatility is also shown by the fact that during evolution they have been exploited, once released in the rhizosphere, as a communication system towards plant-interacting organisms even belonging to different kingdoms. Here, we reviewed the impact of SLs on soil microbes, paying particular attention to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). SLs induce several responses in AMF, including spore germination, hyphal branching, mitochondrial metabolism, transcriptional reprogramming, and production of chitin oligosaccharides which, in turn, stimulate early symbiotic responses in the host plant. In the specific case study of the AMF Gigaspora margarita, SLs are also perceived, directly or indirectly, by the well-characterized population of endobacteria, with an increase of bacterial divisions and the activation of specific transcriptional responses. The dynamics of SLs during AM root colonization were also surveyed. Although not essential for the establishment of this mutualistic association, SLs act as positive regulators as they are relevant to achieve the full extent of colonization. This possibly occurs through a complex crosstalk with other hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Venice
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Mitsumasu K, Seto Y, Yoshida S. Apoplastic interactions between plants and plant root intruders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:617. [PMID: 26322059 PMCID: PMC4536382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic or parasitic organisms attack plant roots to obtain nutrients, and the apoplast including the plant cell wall is where the plant cell meets such organisms. Root parasitic angiosperms and nematodes are two distinct types of plant root parasites but share some common features in their strategies for breaking into plant roots. Striga and Orobanche are obligate root parasitic angiosperms that cause devastating agricultural problems worldwide. Parasitic plants form an invasion organ called a haustorium, where plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) are highly expressed. Plant-parasitic nematodes are another type of agriculturally important plant root parasite. These nematodes breach the plant cell walls by protruding a sclerotized stylet from which PCWDEs are secreted. Responding to such parasitic invasion, host plants activate their own defense responses against parasites. Endoparasitic nematodes secrete apoplastic effectors to modulate host immune responses and to facilitate the formation of a feeding site. Apoplastic communication between hosts and parasitic plants also contributes to their interaction. Parasitic plant germination stimulants, strigolactones, are recently identified apoplastic signals that are transmitted over long distances from biosynthetic sites to functioning sites. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the importance of apoplastic signals and cell walls for plant-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mitsumasu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Seto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoko Yoshida, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan,
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Pedreira J, Herrera MT, Zarra I, Revilla G. The overexpression of AtPrx37, an apoplastic peroxidase, reduces growth in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 141:177-87. [PMID: 21044085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding peroxidase function in plants is difficult because of the lack of substrate specificity, the high number of genes and their diversity in structure. In the present study, the relative expression of 22 genes coding putative peroxidases (E.C 1.11.1.x) in Arabidopsis was studied. The relative expression of AtPrx37 showed a correlation with the cessation of growth in rosette leaves as well as with the growth capacity along the flower stem. Using AtPrx37::GUS construction, its expression was associated with the vascular bundles. Furthermore, the overexpression of AtPrx37 under the control of CaMV 35S promoter rendered a dwarf phenotype with smaller plants and delayed development. The plants overexpressing AtPrx37 also showed an increase in the amount of esterified phenolic material associated with their walls. A role in the growth cessation and phenolic cross-linking during lignin deposition is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pedreira
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Rispail N, Dita MA, González-Verdejo C, Pérez-de-Luque A, Castillejo MA, Prats E, Román B, Jorrín J, Rubiales D. Plant resistance to parasitic plants: molecular approaches to an old foe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:703-712. [PMID: 17286819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic weeds pose severe constraint on major agricultural crops. Varying levels of resistance have been identified and exploited in the breeding programmes of several crops. However, the level of protection achieved to date is either incomplete or ephemeral. Resistance is mainly determined by the coexistence of several mechanisms controlled by multigenic and quantitative systems. Efficient control of the parasite requires a better understanding of the interaction and their associated resistance mechanisms at the histological, genetic and molecular levels. Application of postgenomic technologies and the use of model plants should improve the understanding of the plant-parasitic plant interaction and drive not only breeding programmes through either marker-assisted selection (MAS) or transgenesis but also the development of alternative methods to control the parasite. This review presents the current approaches targeting the characterization of resistance mechanisms and explores their potentiality to control parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rispail
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Apdo. 4084, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M-A Dita
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropica, CP 007, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil
| | - C González-Verdejo
- IFAPA-CICE (Junta de Andalucía), CIFA 'Alameda del Obispo', Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo 3092, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Pérez-de-Luque
- IFAPA-CICE (Junta de Andalucía), CIFA 'Alameda del Obispo', Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo 3092, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M-A Castillejo
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, ETSIAM-UCO, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Prats
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Apdo. 4084, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain
| | - B Román
- IFAPA-CICE (Junta de Andalucía), CIFA 'Alameda del Obispo', Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo 3092, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Jorrín
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, ETSIAM-UCO, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Rubiales
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Apdo. 4084, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain
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