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Zhang X, Lai T, Zhang P, Zhang X, Yuan C, Jin Z, Li H, Yu Z, Qin C, Tör M, Ma P, Cheng Q, Hong Y. Mini review: Revisiting mobile RNA silencing in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 278:113-117. [PMID: 30471724 PMCID: PMC6556431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-cell autonomous RNA silencing can spread from cell to cell and over long-distances in animals and plants. This process is genetically determined and requires mobile RNA signals. Genetic requirement and molecular nature of the mobile signals for non-cell-autonomous RNA silencing were intensively investigated in past few decades. No consensus dogma for mobile silencing can be reached in plants, yet published data are sometimes inconsistent and controversial. Thus, the genetic requirements and molecular signals involved in plant mobile silencing are still poorly understood. This article revisits our present understanding of intercellular and systemic non-cell autonomous RNA silencing, and summarises current debates on RNA signals for mobile silencing. In particular, we discuss new evidence on siRNA mobility, a DCL2-dependent genetic network for mobile silencing and its potential biological relevance as well as 22 nt siRNA being a mobile signal for non-cell-autonomous silencing in both Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. This sets up a new trend in unravelling genetic components and small RNA signal molecules for mobile silencing in (across) plants and other organisms of different kingdoms. Finally we raise several outstanding questions that need to be addressed in future plant silencing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Tongfei Lai
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chen Yuan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Zhenhui Jin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Mahmut Tör
- Worcester-Hangzhou Joint Molecular Plant Health Laboratory, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Qi Cheng
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Worcester-Hangzhou Joint Molecular Plant Health Laboratory, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK; Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK.
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Rajabu CA, Kennedy GG, Ndunguru J, Ateka EM, Tairo F, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT. Lanai: A small, fast growing tomato variety is an excellent model system for studying geminiviruses. J Virol Methods 2018. [PMID: 29530481 PMCID: PMC5904752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Florida Lanai is a tomato variety suitable for virus-host interaction studies. Florida-Lanai was infected by geminiviruses delivered by different methods. Florida-Lanai shows distinct measurable symptoms for different geminiviruses. Florida-Lanai has a small size, rapid growth and is easy to maintain. Florida-Lanai is an excellent choice for comparing geminivirus infections.
Geminiviruses are devastating single-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of crops in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Tomato, which is a host for more than 100 geminiviruses, is one of the most affected crops. Developing plant models to study geminivirus-host interaction is important for the design of virus management strategies. In this study, “Florida Lanai” tomato was broadly characterized using three begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV; Tomato mottle virus, ToMoV; Tomato golden mosaic virus, TGMV) and a curtovirus (Beet curly top virus, BCTV). Infection rates of 100% were achieved by agroinoculation of TYLCV, ToMoV or BCTV. Mechanical inoculation of ToMoV or TGMV using a microsprayer as well as whitefly transmission of TYLCV or ToMoV also resulted in 100% infection frequencies. Symptoms appeared as early as four days post inoculation when agroinoculation or bombardment was used. Symptoms were distinct for each virus and a range of features, including plant height, flower number, fruit number, fruit weight and ploidy, was characterized. Due to its small size, rapid growth, ease of characterization and maintenance, and distinct responses to different geminiviruses, “Florida Lanai” is an excellent choice for comparing geminivirus infection in a common host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rajabu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA; Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - J Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - E M Ateka
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F Tairo
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - L Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - J T Ascencio-Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Polk Hall 132, Box 7622, NCSU Campus, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA.
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Qin C, Li B, Fan Y, Zhang X, Yu Z, Ryabov E, Zhao M, Wang H, Shi N, Zhang P, Jackson S, Tör M, Cheng Q, Liu Y, Gallusci P, Hong Y. Roles of Dicer-Like Proteins 2 and 4 in Intra- and Intercellular Antiviral Silencing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1067-1081. [PMID: 28455401 PMCID: PMC5462052 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is an innate antiviral mechanism conserved in organisms across kingdoms. Such a cellular defense involves DICER or DICER-LIKEs (DCLs) that process plant virus RNAs into viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Plants encode four DCLs that play diverse roles in cell-autonomous intracellular virus-induced RNA silencing (known as VIGS) against viral invasion. VIGS can spread between cells. However, the genetic basis and involvement of vsiRNAs in non-cell-autonomous intercellular VIGS remains poorly understood. Using GFP as a reporter gene together with a suite of DCL RNAi transgenic lines, here we show that despite the well-established activities of DCLs in intracellular VIGS and vsiRNA biogenesis, DCL4 acts to inhibit intercellular VIGS whereas DCL2 is required (likely along with DCL2-processed/dependent vsiRNAs and their precursor RNAs) for efficient intercellular VIGS trafficking from epidermal to adjacent cells. DCL4 imposed an epistatic effect on DCL2 to impede cell-to-cell spread of VIGS. Our results reveal previously unknown functions for DCL2 and DCL4 that may form a dual defensive frontline for intra- and intercellular silencing to double-protect cells from virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Bin Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Yaya Fan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Eugene Ryabov
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Mei Zhao
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Mahmut Tör
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Qi Cheng
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Yule Liu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.);
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.);
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.);
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.);
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
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Qin C, Chen W, Shen J, Cheng L, Akande F, Zhang K, Yuan C, Li C, Zhang P, Shi N, Cheng Q, Liu Y, Jackson S, Hong Y. A Virus-Induced Assay for Functional Dissection and Analysis of Monocot and Dicot Flowering Time Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:875-885. [PMID: 28400493 PMCID: PMC5462034 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced flowering (VIF) uses virus vectors to express Flowering Locus T (FT) to induce flowering in plants. This approach has recently attracted wide interest for its practical applications in accelerating breeding in crops and woody fruit trees. However, the insight into VIF and its potential as a powerful tool for dissecting florigenic proteins remained to be elucidated. Here, we describe the mechanism and further applications of Potato virus X (PVX)-based VIF in the short-day Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Maryland Mammoth. Ectopic delivery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtFT by PVX/AtFT did not induce the expression of the endogenous FT ortholog NtFT4; however, it was sufficient to trigger flowering in Maryland Mammoth plants grown under noninductive long-day conditions. Infected tobacco plants developed no systemic symptoms, and the PVX-based VIF did not cause transgenerational flowering. We showed that the PVX-based VIF is a much more rapid method to examine the impacts of single amino acid mutations on AtFT for floral induction than making individual transgenic Arabidopsis lines for each mutation. We also used the PVX-based VIF to demonstrate that adding a His- or FLAG-tag to the N or C terminus of AtFT could affect its florigenic activity and that this system can be applied to assay the function of FT genes from heterologous species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SFT and rice (Oryza sativa) Hd3a Thus, the PVX-based VIF represents a simple and efficient system to identify individual amino acids that are essential for FT-mediated floral induction and to test the ability of mono- and dicotyledonous FT genes and FT fusion proteins to induce flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Linming Cheng
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Femi Akande
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Chen Yuan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Chunyang Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Qi Cheng
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Yule Liu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.);
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.);
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
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5
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Robles Luna G, Reyes CA, Peña EJ, Ocolotobiche E, Baeza C, Borniego MB, Kormelink R, García ML. Identification and characterization of two RNA silencing suppressors encoded by ophioviruses. Virus Res 2017; 235:96-105. [PMID: 28428007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus psorosis virus and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus are two members of the genus Ophiovirus, family Ophioviridae. So far, how these viruses can interfere in the antiviral RNA silencing pathway is not known. In this study, using a local GFP silencing assay on Nicotiana benthamiana, the 24K-25K and the movement protein (MP) of both viruses were identified as RNA silencing suppressor proteins. Upon their co-expression with GFP in N. benthamiana 16c plants, the proteins also showed to suppress systemic RNA (GFP) silencing. The MPCPsV and 24KCPsV proteins bind long (114 nucleotides) but not short-interfering (21 nt) dsRNA, and upon transgenic expression, plants showed developmental abnormalities that coincided with an altered miRNA accumulation pattern. Furthermore, both proteins were able to suppress miRNA-induced silencing of a GFP-sensor construct and the co-expression of MPCPsV and 24KCPsV exhibited a stronger effect, suggesting they act at different stages of the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Robles Luna
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina A Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo J Peña
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ocolotobiche
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Baeza
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Belén Borniego
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - María Laura García
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Conti G, Rodriguez MC, Venturuzzi AL, Asurmendi S. Modulation of host plant immunity by Tobamovirus proteins. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:737-747. [PMID: 27941090 PMCID: PMC5378186 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish successful infection, plant viruses produce profound alterations of host physiology, disturbing unrelated endogenous processes and contributing to the development of disease. In tobamoviruses, emerging evidence suggests that viral-encoded proteins display a great variety of functions beyond the canonical roles required for virus structure and replication. Among these, their modulation of host immunity appears to be relevant in infection progression. SCOPE In this review, some recently described effects on host plant physiology of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-encoded proteins, namely replicase, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP), are summarized. The discussion is focused on the effects of each viral component on the modulation of host defense responses, through mechanisms involving hormonal imbalance, innate immunity modulation and antiviral RNA silencing. These effects are described taking into consideration the differential spatial distribution and temporality of viral proteins during the dynamic process of replication and spread of the virus. CONCLUSION In discussion of these mechanisms, it is shown that both individual and combined effects of viral-encoded proteins contribute to the development of the pathogenesis process, with the host plant's ability to control infection to some extent potentially advantageous to the invading virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - A. L. Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | - S. Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
- For correspondence. E-mail
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7
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Navarro JA, Pallás V. An Update on the Intracellular and Intercellular Trafficking of Carmoviruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1801. [PMID: 29093729 PMCID: PMC5651262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite harboring the smallest genomes among plant RNA viruses, carmoviruses have emerged as an ideal model system for studying essential steps of the viral cycle including intracellular and intercellular trafficking. Two small movement proteins, formerly known as double gene block proteins (DGBp1 and DGBp2), have been involved in the movement throughout the plant of some members of carmovirus genera. DGBp1 RNA-binding capability was indispensable for cell-to-cell movement indicating that viral genomes must interact with DGBp1 to be transported. Further investigation on Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) DGBp1 subcellular localization and dynamics also supported this idea as this protein showed an actin-dependent movement along microfilaments and accumulated at the cellular periphery. Regarding DGBp2, subcellular localization studies showed that MNSV and Pelargonium flower break virus DGBp2s were inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane but only MNSV DGBp2 trafficked to plasmodesmata (PD) via the Golgi apparatus through a COPII-dependent pathway. DGBp2 function is still unknown but its localization at PD was a requisite for an efficient cell-to-cell movement. It is also known that MNSV infection can induce a dramatic reorganization of mitochondria resulting in anomalous organelles containing viral RNAs. These putative viral factories were frequently found associated with the ER near the PD leading to the possibility that MNSV movement and replication could be spatially linked. Here, we update the current knowledge of the plant endomembrane system involvement in carmovirus intra- and intercellular movement and the tentative model proposed for MNSV transport within plant cells.
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8
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Zhou T, Zhang H, Lai T, Qin C, Shi N, Wang H, Jin M, Zhong S, Fan Z, Liu Y, Wu Z, Jackson S, Giovannoni JJ, Rolin D, Gallusci P, Hong Y. Virus-induced gene complementation reveals a transcription factor network in modulation of tomato fruit ripening. Sci Rep 2012; 2:836. [PMID: 23150786 PMCID: PMC3495281 DOI: 10.1038/srep00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant virus technology, in particular virus-induced gene silencing, is a widely used reverse- and forward-genetics tool in plant functional genomics. However the potential of virus technology to express genes to induce phenotypes or to complement mutants in order to understand the function of plant genes is not well documented. Here we exploit Potato virus X as a tool for virus-induced gene complementation (VIGC). Using VIGC in tomato, we demonstrated that ectopic viral expression of LeMADS-RIN, which encodes a MADS-box transcription factor (TF), resulted in functional complementation of the non-ripening rin mutant phenotype and caused fruits to ripen. Comparative gene expression analysis indicated that LeMADS-RIN up-regulated expression of the SBP-box (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like) gene LeSPL-CNR, but down-regulated the expression of LeHB-1, an HD-Zip homeobox TF gene. Our data support the hypothesis that a transcriptional network may exist among key TFs in the modulation of fruit ripening in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Warwick HRI and School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
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9
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Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Did silencing suppression counter-defensive strategy contribute to origin and evolution of the triple gene block coding for plant virus movement proteins? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:136. [PMID: 22783263 PMCID: PMC3390553 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y. Morozov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G. Solovyev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
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10
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Qin C, Shi N, Gu M, Zhang H, Li B, Shen J, Mohammed A, Ryabov E, Li C, Wang H, Liu Y, Osman T, Vatish M, Hong Y. Involvement of RDR6 in short-range intercellular RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2012; 2:467. [PMID: 22737403 PMCID: PMC3381291 DOI: 10.1038/srep00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, non-cell autonomous RNA silencing spreads between cells and over long distances. Recent work has revealed insight on the genetic and molecular components essential for cell-to-cell movement of RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. Using a local RNA silencing assay, we report on a distinct mechanism that may govern the short-range (6-10 cell) trafficking of virus-induced RNA silencing from epidermal to neighbouring palisade and spongy parenchyma cells in Nicotiana benthamiana. This process involves a previously unrecognised function of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) gene. Our data suggest that plants may have evolved distinct genetic controls in intercellular RNA silencing among different types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signalling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signalling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mei Gu
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hang Zhang
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
- Chengdu Rongsheng Pharmaceuticals, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signalling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signalling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Atef Mohammed
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Eugene Ryabov
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Chunyang Li
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
- Chengdu Rongsheng Pharmaceuticals, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signalling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Yule Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Toba Osman
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Manu Vatish
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signalling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
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11
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Amari K, Vazquez F, Heinlein M. Manipulation of plant host susceptibility: an emerging role for viral movement proteins? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:10. [PMID: 22639637 PMCID: PMC3355624 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) to counteract RNA silencing, a major antiviral defense response in plants. Recent studies indicate a role of virus-derived siRNAs in manipulating the expression of specific host genes and that certain plant viral movement proteins (MPs) can act as viral enhancers of RNA silencing (VERs) by stimulating the spread of silencing between cells. This suggests that viruses have evolved complex responses capable to efficiently hijack the host RNA silencing machinery to their own advantage. We draw here a dynamic model of the interaction of plant viruses with the silencing machinery during invasion of the host. The model proposes that cells at the spreading front of infection, where infection starts from zero and the VSR levels are supposedly low, represent potential sites for viral manipulation of host gene expression by using virus- and host-derived small RNAs. Viral MPs may facilitate the spread of silencing to produce a wave of small RNA-mediated gene expression changes ahead of the infection to increase host susceptibility. When experimentally ascertained, this hypothetical model will call for re-defining viral movement and the function of viral MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Amari
- UPR2357 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des PlantesStrasbourg, France
| | - Franck Vazquez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Part of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Botanical Institute of the University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- UPR2357 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des PlantesStrasbourg, France
- Department of Plant Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Part of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Botanical Institute of the University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Manfred Heinlein, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France. e-mail:
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12
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Benitez-Alfonso Y, Faulkner C, Ritzenthaler C, Maule AJ. Plasmodesmata: gateways to local and systemic virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1403-12. [PMID: 20687788 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-10-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As channels that provide cell-to-cell connectivity, plasmodesmata are central to the local and systemic spread of viruses in plants. This review discusses the current state of knowledge of the structure and function of these channels and the ways in which viruses bring about functional changes that allow macromolecular trafficking to occur. Despite the passing of two decades since the first identification of a viral movement protein that mediates these changes, our understanding of the relevant molecular mechanisms remains in its infancy. However, viral movement proteins provide valuable tools for the modification of plasmodesmata and will continue to assist in the dissection of plasmodesmal properties in relation to their core roles in cell-to-cell communication.
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13
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Li C, Zhang K, Zeng X, Jackson S, Zhou Y, Hong Y. A cis element within flowering locus T mRNA determines its mobility and facilitates trafficking of heterologous viral RNA. J Virol 2009; 83:3540-8. [PMID: 19193810 PMCID: PMC2663265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02346-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis flowering locus T (FT) gene encodes the mobile florigen essential for floral induction. While movement of the FT protein has been shown to occur within plants, systemic spread of FT mRNA remains to be unequivocally demonstrated. Utilizing novel RNA mobility assay vectors based on two distinct movement-defective viruses, Potato virus X and Turnip crinkle virus, and an agroinfiltration assay, we demonstrate that nontranslatable FT mRNA, independent of the FT protein, moves throughout Nicotiana benthamiana and mutant Arabidopsis plants and promotes systemic trafficking of viral and green fluorescence protein RNAs. Viral ectopic expression of FT induced flowering in the short-day N. tabacum Maryland Mammoth tobacco under long-day conditions. Recombinant Potato virus X bearing FT RNA spread and established systemic infection more quickly than the parental virus. The cis-acting element essential for RNA movement was mapped to the nucleotides 1 to 102 of the FT mRNA coding sequence. These data demonstrate that a plant self-mobile RNA molecule can mediate long-distance trafficking of heterologous RNAs and raise the possibility that FT RNA, along with the FT protein, may be involved in the spread of the floral stimulus throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
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14
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Shi Y, Ryabov EV, van Wezel R, Li C, Jin M, Wang W, Fan Z, Hong Y. Suppression of local RNA silencing is not sufficient to promote cell-to-cell movement of Turnip crinkle virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:15-22. [PMID: 19568335 PMCID: PMC2634062 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.1.7573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biological relationship between suppression of RNA silencing and virus movement poses an intriguing question in virus-plant interactions. Here, we have used a local RNA silencing assay, based on a movement-deficient Turnip crinkle virus TCV/GFPDeltaCP, to investigate the influence of silencing suppression by three different viral suppressors: the TCV 38K coat protein (CP), the 126K protein of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and P19 of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) on cell-to-cell movement and long-distance spread of TCV/GFPDeltaCP. First, we found that TCV CP blocked the induction of local RNA silencing, but failed to support virus trafficking in silencing-suppressed transgenic plants, although it acted as a functional movement protein in non-transformed plants. Second, we demonstrated that the TMV 126K suppressor inhibited TCV/GFPDeltaCP-mediated RNA silencing, but did not facilitate intercellular spread of the chimaeric carmovirus. However, TMV and TMVDeltaCP prevented the initiation of RNA silencing by TCV/GFPDeltaCP and caused TCV/GFPDeltaCP to move between cells, although only TMV supported its long-distance spread. Third, TBSV P19 functioned as a movement protein for TCV/GFPDeltaCP and as a silencing suppressor in non-transformed and silencing-suppressed transgenic plants. We further identified three types of mutant P19 proteins that possessed no or varied functionality in silencing suppression and in the facilitation of carmovirus movement. These results suggest that, although suppression of local RNA silencing is essential for the maintenance of viral RNA, recovery of cell-to-cell movement and long-distance spread of movement-deficient carmoviruses is not a direct consequence of such silencing suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
- Department of Plant Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Eugene V Ryabov
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
| | - Rene van Wezel
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
| | - Chunyang Li
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
| | - Mingfei Jin
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
- School of Life Science; East China Normal University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
- Department of Plant Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Warwick HRI; University of Warwick; Warwick, Wellesbourne UK
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