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Kaur S, Sharma N, Kapoor P, Chunduri V, Pandey AK, Garg M. Spotlight on the overlapping routes and partners for anthocyanin transport in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:868-881. [PMID: 33639001 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are produced by plants and are classified based on their chemical structure or the biosynthetic routes through which they are synthesized. Among them, flavonoids, including anthocyanins and pro-anthocyanidins (PAs), are abundant in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats in plants. The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been intensively studied, but the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin transport from the synthesis site to the storage site needs attention. Although the major transporters are well defined yet, the redundancy of these transporters for structurally similar or dis-similar anthocyanins motivates additional research. Herein, we reviewed the role of membrane transporters involved in anthocyanin transport, including ATP-binding cassette, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), Bilitranslocase-homolog (BTL), and vesicle-mediated transport. We also highlight the ability of transporters to cater distinct anthocyanins or their chemically-modified forms with overlapping transport mechanisms and sequestration into the vacuoles. Our understanding of the anthocyanin transporters could provide anthocyanin-rich crops and fruits with a benefit on human health at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Fang J, Jogaiah S, Guan L, Sun X, Abdelrahman M. Coloring biology in grape skin: a prospective strategy for molecular farming. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:429-441. [PMID: 30144090 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops that has been widely prized and cultivated for its fruit and wine. Grapes exhibit a wide range of colors, ranging from the green/yellow to the dark blue tones according to the amount and composition of anthocyanin. During the last decades, many studies regarding the genetic control of the grape color in European, American and Asian cultivars have been well documented. DNA binding genes for several transcription factors, such as MYBA1 and MYBA2 haplotype compositions at the color locus are the key determinant of anthocyanin diversity and grape skin color development. Retrotransposon in the MYBA1 promoter region and mutation in MYBA2 coding sequence resulted in a white-skinned grape. The MYB haplotypes affect the ratio of tri/di-hydroxylated anthocyanins and methylated/non-methylated anthocyanins through the regulation of several structural genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in diverse colored tones. The present review provides an overview of the current state of the molecular mechanisms underlying the genetic regulations of the anthocyanin accumulation and diversification in grapes. The hypothesized models described in this review is a step forward to potentially predict the color diversification in different grape cultivars, which translate the advances in fundamental plant biology toward the application of grape molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Puerto Rico, China
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Plant Healthcare and Diagnostic Center, PG Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka 580003, India
| | - Le Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Puerto Rico, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Puerto Rico, China
| | - Mostafa Abdelrahman
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
- Arid Land Reseach Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
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Flavonoid Interaction with a Chitinase from Grape Berry Skin: Protein Identification and Modulation of the Enzymatic Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101300. [PMID: 27689984 PMCID: PMC6273270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an antibody raised against a peptide sequence of rat bilitranslocase (anti-peptide Ab) was tested on microsomal proteins obtained from red grape berry skin. Previously, this antibody had demonstrated to recognize plant membrane proteins associated with flavonoid binding and transport. Immuno-proteomic assays identified a number of proteins reacting with this particular antibody, suggesting that the flavonoid binding and interaction may be extended not only to carriers of these molecules, but also to enzymes with very different functions. One of these proteins is a pathogenesis-related (PR) class IV chitinase, whose in vitro chitinolytic activity was modulated by two of the most representative flavonoids of grape, quercetin and catechin, as assessed by both spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assays in grape microsomes and commercial enzyme preparations. The effect of these flavonoids on the catalysis and its kinetic parameters was also evaluated, evidencing that they determine a hormetic dose-dependent response. These results highlight the importance of flavonoids not only as antioxidants or antimicrobial effectors, but also as modulators of plant growth and stress response. Implications of the present suggestion are here discussed in the light of environment and pesticide-reduction concerns.
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Wang H, Wang W, Zhan J, Yan A, Sun L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ren J, Huang W, Xu H. The accumulation and localization of chalcone synthase in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:165-176. [PMID: 27161583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS, E.C.2.3.1.74) is the first committed enzyme in the flavonoid pathway. Previous studies have primarily focused on the cloning, expression and regulation of the gene at the transcriptional level. Little is yet known about the enzyme accumulation, regulation at protein level, as well as its localization in grapevine. In present study, the accumulation, tissue and subcellular localization of CHS in different grapevine tissues (Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon) were investigated via the techniques of Western blotting, immunohistochemical localization, immunoelectron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The results showed that CHS were mainly accumulated in the grape berry skin, leaves, stem tips and stem phloem, correlated with flavonoids accumulation. The accumulation of CHS is developmental dependent in grape berry skin and flesh. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CHS were primarily localized in the exocarp and vascular bundles of the fruits during berry development; in palisade, spongy tissues and vascular bundles of the leaves; in the primary phloem and pith ray in the stems; in the growth point, leaf primordium, and young leaves of leaf buds; and in the endoderm and primary phloem of grapevine roots. Furthermore, at the subcellular level, the cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus localized patterns of CHS were observed in the grapevine vegetative tissue cells. Results above indicated that distribution of CHS in grapevine was organ-specific and tissue-specific. This work will provide new insight for the biosynthesis and regulation of diverse flavonoid compounds in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yi He Yuan Hou, Beijing 100091, China
| | - JiCheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ailing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiancheng Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiying Xu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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Shitan N. Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1283-93. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1151344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants produce a host of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities, including potential toxicity to eukaryotic cells. Plants generally manage these compounds by transport to the apoplast or specific organelles such as the vacuole, or other self-tolerance mechanisms. For efficient production of such bioactive compounds in plants or microbes, transport and self-tolerance mechanisms should function cooperatively with the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Intensive studies have identified and characterized the proteins responsible for transport and self-tolerance. In particular, many transporters have been isolated and their physiological functions have been proposed. This review describes recent progress in studies of transport and self-tolerance and provides an updated inventory of transporters according to their substrates. Application of such knowledge to synthetic biology might enable efficient production of valuable secondary metabolites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
Many of the compounds taken up by the liver are organic anions that circulate tightly bound to protein carriers such as albumin. The fenestrated sinusoidal endothelium of the liver permits these compounds to have access to hepatocytes. Studies to characterize hepatic uptake of organic anions through kinetic analyses, suggested that it was carrier-mediated. Attempts to identify specific transporters by biochemical approaches were largely unsuccessful and were replaced by studies that utilized expression cloning. These studies led to identification of the organic anion transport proteins (oatps), a family of 12 transmembrane domain glycoproteins that have broad and often overlapping substrate specificities. The oatps mediate Na(+)-independent organic anion uptake. Other studies identified a seven transmembrane domain glycoprotein, Na(+)/taurocholate transporting protein (ntcp) as mediating Na(+)-dependent uptake of bile acids as well as other organic anions. Although mutations or deficiencies of specific members of the oatp family have been associated with transport abnormalities, there have been no such reports for ntcp, and its physiologic role remains to be determined, although expression of ntcp in vitro recapitulates the characteristics of Na(+)-dependent bile acid transport that is seen in vivo. Both ntcp and oatps traffic between the cell surface and intracellular vesicular pools. These vesicles move through the cell on microtubules, using the microtubule based motors dynein and kinesins. Factors that regulate this motility are under study and may provide a unique mechanism that can alter the plasma membrane content of these transporters and consequently their accessibility to circulating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan W Wolkoff
- The Herman Lopata Chair in Liver Disease Research, Professor of Medicine and Anatomy and Structural Biology, Associate Chair of Medicine for Research, Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Director, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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Peresson C, Petrussa E, Filippi A, Tramer F, Passamonti S, Rajcevic U, Montanič S, Terdoslavich M, Čurin Šerbec V, Vianello A, Braidot E. Involvement of mammalian bilitranslocase-like protein(s) in chlorophyll catabolism of Pisum sativum L. tissues. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:109-17. [PMID: 24510308 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Putative pea bilin and cyclic tetrapyrrole transporter proteins were identified by means of an antibody raised against a bilirubin-interacting aminoacidic sequence of mammalian bilitranslocase (TC No. 2.A.65.1.1). The immunochemical approach showed the presence of several proteins mostly in leaf microsomal, chloroplast and tonoplast vesicles. In these membrane fractions, electrogenic bromosulfalein transport activity was also monitored, being specifically inhibited by anti-bilitranslocase sequence antibody. Moreover, the inhibition of transport activity in pea leaf chloroplast vesicles, by both the synthetic cyclic tetrapyrrole chlorophyllin and the heme catabolite biliverdin, supports the involvement of some of these proteins in the transport of linear/cyclic tetrapyrroles during chlorophyll metabolism. Immunochemical localization in chloroplast sub-compartments revealed that these putative bilitranslocase-like transporters are restricted to the thylakoids only, suggesting their preferential implication in the uptake of cyclic tetrapyrrolic intermediates from the stroma during chlorophyll biosynthesis. Finally, the presence of a conserved bilin-binding sequence in different proteins (enzymes and transporters) from divergent species is discussed in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Peresson
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 91, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Petrussa E, Braidot E, Zancani M, Peresson C, Bertolini A, Patui S, Vianello A. Plant flavonoids--biosynthesis, transport and involvement in stress responses. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14950-73. [PMID: 23867610 PMCID: PMC3742282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at analysing the synthesis of flavonoids, their import and export in plant cell compartments, as well as their involvement in the response to stress, with particular reference to grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). A multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) as well as ABC transporters have been demonstrated in the tonoplast of grape berry, where they perform a flavonoid transport. The involvement of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene has also been inferred. Recently, a putative flavonoid carrier, similar to mammalian bilitranslocase (BTL), has been identified in both grape berry skin and pulp. In skin the pattern of BTL expression increases from véraison to harvest, while in the pulp its expression reaches the maximum at the early ripening stage. Moreover, the presence of BTL in vascular bundles suggests its participation in long distance transport of flavonoids. In addition, the presence of a vesicular trafficking in plants responsible for flavonoid transport is discussed. Finally, the involvement of flavonoids in the response to stress is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Petrussa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Enrico Braidot
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Marco Zancani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Carlo Peresson
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Alberto Bertolini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sonia Patui
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Angelo Vianello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
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