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Feng J, Song B, Zhang Y. Semantic parsing of the life process by quantum biology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:79-89. [PMID: 36126802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A fact that an ever-increasingly number of research attention has focused on quantum biology demonstrates that it is, by no means, new to works in physic and mathematics, but to molecular biologists, geneticists, and biochemists. This is owing to that quantum biology serves as a distinctive discipline, by using quantum theory to study life sciences in combination with physics, mechanics, mathematics, statistics, and modern biology. Notably, quantum mechanics and its fundamental principles have been employed to clarify complex biological processes and molecular homeostasis within the organic life. Consequently, using the principles of quantum mechanics to study dynamic changes and energy transfer of molecules at the quantum level in biology has been accepted as an unusually distinguishable way to a better explanation of many phenomena in life. It is plausible that a clear conceptual quantum theoretical event is also considered to generally occur for short-term picoseconds or femtoseconds on microscopic nano- and subnanometer scales in biology and biosciences. For instance, photosynthesis, enzyme -catalyzed reactions, magnetic perception, the capture of smell and vision, DNA fragmentation, cellular breathing, mitochondrial processing, as well as brain thinking and consciousness, are all manifested within quantum superposition, quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, quantum tunneling, and other effects. In this mini-review, we describe the recent progress in quantum biology, with a promising direction for further insights into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Bioengineering College and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402260, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering & Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Bo Song
- School of Optical-Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402260, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering & Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Pimm ML, Hotaling J, Henty-Ridilla JL. Profilin choreographs actin and microtubules in cells and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:155-204. [PMID: 32859370 PMCID: PMC7461721 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Actin and microtubules play essential roles in aberrant cell processes that define and converge in cancer including: signaling, morphology, motility, and division. Actin and microtubules do not directly interact, however shared regulators coordinate these polymers. While many of the individual proteins important for regulating and choreographing actin and microtubule behaviors have been identified, the way these molecules collaborate or fail in normal or disease contexts is not fully understood. Decades of research focus on Profilin as a signaling molecule, lipid-binding protein, and canonical regulator of actin assembly. Recent reports demonstrate that Profilin also regulates microtubule dynamics and polymerization. Thus, Profilin can coordinate both actin and microtubule polymer systems. Here we reconsider the biochemical and cellular roles for Profilin with a focus on the essential cytoskeletal-based cell processes that go awry in cancer. We also explore how the use of model organisms has helped to elucidate mechanisms that underlie the regulatory essence of Profilin in vivo and in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Hotaling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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3
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Information-Processing Model of Concept Formation – Is First Language Acquisition Universal? CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/cait-2018-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The analysis of child’s speech corpora shows that the process of acquisition of English and French displays identical development of children’s expressions when the speech-utterances are presented as Fibonacci-weighted classes of concepts. A model of concept complexity and information processing based on principles of optimality is proposed to explain this statistical result.
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Loreng TD, Smith EF. The Central Apparatus of Cilia and Eukaryotic Flagella. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028118. [PMID: 27770014 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The motile cilium is a complex organelle that is typically comprised of a 9+2 microtubule skeleton; nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubules. Like the doublet microtubules, the central microtubules form a scaffold for the assembly of protein complexes forming an intricate network of interconnected projections. The central microtubules and associated structures are collectively referred to as the central apparatus (CA). Studies using a variety of experimental approaches and model organisms have led to the discovery of a number of highly conserved protein complexes, unprecedented high-resolution views of projection structure, and new insights into regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding. Here, we review recent progress in defining mechanisms for the assembly and function of the CA and include possible implications for the importance of the CA in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Loreng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Elizabeth F Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Barlow PW. The natural history of consciousness, and the question of whether plants are conscious, in relation to the Hameroff-Penrose quantum-physical 'Orch OR' theory of universal consciousness. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1041696. [PMID: 26478778 PMCID: PMC4594572 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1041696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Barlow
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol Life Sciences Building; Bristol, UK
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Gardiner J. Use of Arabidopsis to Model Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia and Other Movement Disorders. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Remarkable reductions of PAKs in the brain tissues of scrapie-infected rodent possibly linked closely with neuron loss. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203:291-302. [PMID: 24870058 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are irreversible progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized in the brain by PrP(Sc) deposits, neuronal degeneration, gliosis and by cognitive, behavioral and physical impairments, leading to severe incapacity and inevitable death. Proteins of the p21-activated kinase (PAK) family are noted for roles in gene transcription, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle progression and survival signaling. In the present study, we aimed to identify the potential roles of PAKs during prion infection, utilizing the brains of scrapie agent-infected hamsters. Western blots and immunohistochemical assays showed that brain levels of PAK3 and PAK1, as well as their upstream activator Rac/cdc42 and downstream substrate Raf1, were remarkably reduced at terminal stage. Double-stained immunofluorescent assay demonstrated that PAK3 was expressed mainly in neurons. Dynamic analyses of the brain samples collected at the different time points during the incubation period illustrated successive decreases of PAK3, PAK1 and Raf1, especially phosphor Raf1, which correlated well with neuron loss. Rac/cdc42 in the brain tissues increased at early stage and reached to the top at mid-late stage, but diminished at final stage. Unlike the alteration of PAKs in vivo, PAK3 and PAK1, as well as Rac/cdc42 and Raf1 in the prion-infected cell line SMB-S15 remained unchanged compared with those of its normal cell line SMB-PS. Our data here indicate that the functions of PAKs and their associated signaling pathways are seriously affected in the brains of prion disease, which appear to associate closely with the extensive neuron loss.
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Zientara-Rytter K, Sirko A. Selective autophagy receptor Joka2 co-localizes with cytoskeleton in plant cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28523. [PMID: 24705105 PMCID: PMC4091515 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, especially selective autophagy, is poorly characterized in plants compared with mammals and yeasts, where numerous factors required for the proper regulation of autophagy have been identified. The evidence for the importance of the cytoskeleton (both actin filaments and microtubules) in various aspects of autophagy comes mostly from work on yeasts and mammals, while in plant cells these links are poorly explored. In this report we demonstrate that tobacco protein Joka2, a member of a family of selective autophagy cargo receptors closely related to mammalian NBR1 and p62 colocalizes with both major cytoskeletal components, microtubules and microfilaments and, additionally, resides in close proximity of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw, Poland
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Sharma A, Khan AN, Subrahmanyam S, Raman A, Taylor GS, Fletcher MJ. Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids - implication in phytophagy. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:117-36. [PMID: 24280006 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many hemipteroids are major pests and vectors of microbial pathogens, infecting crops. Saliva of the hemipteroids is critical in enabling them to be voracious feeders on plants, including the economically important ones. A plethora of hemipteroid salivary enzymes is known to inflict stress in plants, either by degrading the plant tissue or by affecting their normal metabolism. Hemipteroids utilize one of the following three strategies of feeding behaviour: salivary sheath feeding, osmotic-pump feeding and cell-rupture feeding. The last strategy also includes several different tactics such as lacerate-and-flush, lacerate-and-sip and macerate-and-flush. Understanding hemipteroid feeding mechanisms is critical, since feeding behaviour directs salivary composition. Saliva of the Heteroptera that are specialized as fruit and seed feeders, includes cell-degrading enzymes, auchenorrhynchan salivary composition also predominantly consists of cell-degrading enzymes such as amylase and protease, whereas that of the Sternorhyncha includes a variety of allelochemical-detoxifying enzymes. Little is known about the salivary composition of the Thysanoptera. Cell-degrading proteins such as amylase, pectinase, cellulase and pectinesterase enable stylet entry into the plant tissue. In contrast, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, laccase and trehalase detoxify plant chemicals, enabling the circumvention of plant-defence mechanisms. Salivary enzymes such as M1-zinc metalloprotease and CLIP-domain serine protease as in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Aphididae), and non-enzymatic proteins such as apolipophorin, ficolin-3-like protein and 'lava-lamp' protein as in Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) have the capacity to alter host-plant-defence mechanisms. A majority of the hemipteroids feed on phloem, hence Ca++-binding proteins such as C002 protein, calreticulin-like isoform 1 and calmodulin (critical for preventing sieve-plate occlusion) are increasingly being recognized in hemipteroid-plant interactions. Determination of a staggering variety of proteins shows the complexity of hemipteroid saliva: effector proteins localized in hemipteran saliva suggest a similarity to the physiology of pathogen-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A N Khan
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - S Subrahmanyam
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A Raman
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - G S Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - M J Fletcher
- Orange Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
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Nanjo Y, Nakamura T, Komatsu S. Identification of indicator proteins associated with flooding injury in soybean seedlings using label-free quantitative proteomics. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4785-98. [PMID: 23659366 DOI: 10.1021/pr4002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flooding injury is one of the abiotic constraints on soybean growth. An experimental system established for evaluating flooding injury in soybean seedlings indicated that the degree of injury is dependent on seedling density in floodwater. Dissolved oxygen levels in the floodwater were decreased by the seedlings and correlated with the degree of injury. To understand the molecular mechanism responsible for the injury, proteomic alterations in soybean seedlings that correlated with severity of stress were analyzed using label-free quantitative proteomics. The analysis showed that the abundance of proteins involved in cell wall modification, such as polygalacturonase inhibitor-like and expansin-like B1-like proteins, which may be associated with the defense system, increased dependence on stress at both the protein and mRNA levels in all organs during flooding. The manner of alteration in abundance of these proteins was distinct from those of other responsive proteins. Furthermore, proteins also showing specific changes in abundance in the root tip included protein phosphatase 2A subunit-like proteins, which are possibly involved in flooding-induced root tip cell death. Additionally, decreases in abundance of cell wall synthesis-related proteins, such as cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and cellulose synthase-interactive protein-like proteins, were identified in hypocotyls of seedlings grown for 3 days after flooding, and these proteins may be associated with suppression of growth after flooding. These flooding injury-associated proteins can be defined as indicator proteins for severity of flooding stress in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nanjo
- NARO Institute of Crop Science , Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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Gardiner J. The evolution and diversification of plant microtubule-associated proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:219-29. [PMID: 23551562 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant evolution is marked by major advances in structural characteristics that facilitated the highly successful colonization of dry land. Underlying these advances is the evolution of genes encoding specialized proteins that form novel microtubular arrays of the cytoskeleton. This review investigates the evolution of plant families of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) through the recently sequenced genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Selaginella moellendorffii, Physcomitrella patens, Volvox carteri and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The families of MAPs examined are AIR9, CLASP, CRIPT, MAP18, MOR1, TON, EB1, AtMAP70, SPR2, SPR1, WVD2 and MAP65 families (abbreviations are defined in the footnote to Table 1). Conjectures are made regarding the evolution of MAPs in plants in relation to the evolution of multicellularity, oriented cell division and vasculature. Angiosperms in particular have high numbers of proteins that are involved in promotion of helical growth or its suppression, and novel plant microtubular structures may have acted as a catalyst for the development of novel plant MAPs. Comparisons of plant MAP gene families with those of animals show that animals may have more flexibility in the structure of their microtubule cytoskeletons than plants, but with both plants and animals possessing many MAP splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gardiner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Brants J, Semenchenko K, Wasylyk C, Robert A, Carles A, Zambrano A, Pradeau-Aubreton K, Birck C, Schalken JA, Poch O, de Mey J, Wasylyk B. Tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12, a TTLL family member with SET- and TTL-like domains and roles in histone and tubulin modifications and mitosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51258. [PMID: 23251473 PMCID: PMC3520985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
hTTLL12 is a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) family that is highly conserved in phylogeny. It has both SET-like and TTL-like domains, suggesting that it could have histone methylation and tubulin tyrosine ligase activities. Altered expression of hTTLL12 in human cells leads to specific changes in H4K20 trimethylation, and tubulin detyrosination, hTTLL12 does not catalyse histone methylation or tubulin tyrosination in vitro, as might be expected from the lack of critical amino acids in its SET-like and TTLL-like domains. hTTLL12 misexpression increases mitotic duration and chromosome numbers. These results suggest that hTTLL12 has non-catalytic functions related to tubulin and histone modification, which could be linked to its effects on mitosis and chromosome number stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brants
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Kostyantyn Semenchenko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Christine Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Aude Robert
- Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg C.N.R.S. - U.M.R.7100, Equipe “Microtubules et Morphogenèse”, Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch, France
| | - Annaick Carles
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Karine Pradeau-Aubreton
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Catherine Birck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Jack A. Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Poch
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
| | - Jan de Mey
- Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg C.N.R.S. - U.M.R.7100, Equipe “Microtubules et Morphogenèse”, Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch, France
| | - Bohdan Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 CNRS UDS - U 964 INSERM , Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses. Phys Life Rev 2012; 9:285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nicholson SJ, Hartson SD, Puterka GJ. Proteomic analysis of secreted saliva from Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia Kurd.) biotypes that differ in virulence to wheat. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2252-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dymek EE, Smith EF. PF19 encodes the p60 catalytic subunit of katanin and is required for assembly of the flagellar central apparatus in Chlamydomonas. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3357-66. [PMID: 22467860 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For all eukaryotic cilia the basal bodies provide a template for the assembly of the doublet microtubules, and intraflagellar transport provides a mechanism for transport of axonemal components into the growing cilium. What is not known is how the central pair of microtubules is nucleated or how their associated polypeptides are assembled. Here we report that the Chlamydomonas pf19 mutation results in a single amino acid change within the p60 catalytic subunit of katanin, and that this mutation prevents microtubule severing activity. The pf19 mutant has paralyzed flagella that lack the central apparatus. Using a combination of mutant analysis, RNAi-mediated reduction of protein expression and in vitro assays, we demonstrate that the p60 catalytic subunit of the microtubule severing protein katanin is required for central apparatus assembly in Chlamydomonas. In addition, we show that in Chlamydomonas the microtubule severing activity of p60 katanin is not required for stress-induced deflagellation or cell cycle progression as has been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Dymek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Aubusson-Fleury A, Lemullois M, de Loubresse NG, Laligné C, Cohen J, Rosnet O, Jerka-Dziadosz M, Beisson J, Koll F. FOR20, a conserved centrosomal protein, is required for assembly of the transition zone and basal body docking at the cell surface. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4395-404. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the FOP family of centrosomal proteins, the conserved FOR20 protein has been implicated in the control of primary cilium assembly in human cells. To ascertain its role in ciliogenesis, we have investigated the function of its ortholog, PtFOR20p, in a multiciliated unicellular organism, Paramecium. By a combined functional and cytological analysis, we found that PtFOR20p specifically localizes at basal bodies and is required to build the transition zone, a prerequisite to their maturation and docking at the cell surface, hence to ciliogenesis. We also found that PtCen2p (one of the two basal body specific centrins, ortholog of HsCen2) is required to recruit PtFOR20p at the developing basal body and to control its length. In contrast, the other basal body specific centrin, PtCen3p, is not needed for assembly of the transition zone, but is required downstream, for basal body docking. Comparison of the structural defects induced by depletion of PtFOR20p, PtCen2p or PtCen3p respectively illustrates the dual role of the transition zone in the biogenesis of the basal body and in cilium assembly. The multiple potential roles of the transition zone during basal body biogenesis and the evolutionary conserved function of the FOP proteins in microtubule membrane interactions are discussed.
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Saidi Y, Hearn TJ, Coates JC. Function and evolution of 'green' GSK3/Shaggy-like kinases. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:39-46. [PMID: 22051150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins, also known as SHAGGY-like kinases, have many important cell signalling roles in animals, fungi and amoebae. In particular, GSK3s participate in key developmental signalling pathways and also regulate the cytoskeleton. GSK3-encoding genes are also present in all land plants and in algae and protists, raising questions about possible ancestral functions in eukaryotes. Recent studies have revealed that plant GSK3 proteins are actively implicated in hormonal signalling networks during development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of Arabidopsis GSK3 action, summarize GSK3 functions in dicot and monocot flowering plants, and speculate on the possible functions of GSK3s in the earliest-evolving land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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