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Khan IU, Jamil Y, Shams F, Farsi S, Humayun M, Hussain A, Ahmad A, Iqbal A, Alrefaei AF, Ali S. Unlocking the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharide fractions from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36797. [PMID: 39319123 PMCID: PMC11419874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation coupled with oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenicity of various clinical disorders. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damages. The study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage. The water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from mucilage and fractionated using gel permeation chromatography. The radical scavenging potential of various fractions was determined using DPPH, H2O2, and lipid peroxidation assays. The most effective EC50 was recorded for F53 (57.41 ± 1.34 μg/mL), followed by F20 (69.19 ± 0.61 μg/mL) and F52 (75.06 ± 0.45 μg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory effect was determined through human membrane stabilization assay while the in vivo effect was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema in mouse model where F53 demonstrated significant (P = 0.05) anti-inflammatory potential (92.60 % compared to diclofenac sodium 91.46 %). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid as main acidic monosaccharides along with varying quantities of rhamnose, arabinose, and maltose as prominent neutral monosaccharides. The study concludes that cress seed mucilage contains potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides. Further studies on the mode of action of these polysaccharides could provide deeper insights into their potential use as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imdad Ullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Shams
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Salman Farsi
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
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Khan MI, Begum RA, Franková L, Fry SC. Allelochemical root-growth inhibitors in low-molecular-weight cress-seed exudate. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:447-458. [PMID: 38141653 PMCID: PMC11006535 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cress seeds release allelochemicals that over-stimulate the elongation of hypocotyls of neighbouring (potentially competing) seedlings and inhibit their root growth. The hypocotyl promoter is potassium, but the root inhibitor was unidentified; its nature is investigated here. METHODS Low-molecular-weight cress-seed exudate (LCSE) from imbibed Lepidium sativum seeds was fractionated by phase partitioning, paper chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis and gel-permeation chromatography (on Bio-Gel P-2). Fractions, compared with pure potassium salts, were bioassayed for effects on Amaranthus caudatus seedling growth in the dark for 4 days. KEY RESULTS The LCSE robustly promoted amaranth hypocotyl elongation and inhibited root growth. The hypocotyl inhibitor was non-volatile, hot acid stable, hydrophilic and resistant to incineration, as expected for K+. The root inhibitor(s) had similar properties but were organic (activity lost on incineration). The root inhibitor(s) remained in the aqueous phase (at pH 2.0, 6.5 and 9.0) when partitioned against butan-1-ol or toluene, and were thus hydrophilic. Activity was diminished after electrophoresis, but the remaining root inhibitors were neutral. They became undetectable after paper chromatography; therefore, they probably comprised multiple compounds, which separated from each other, in part, during fractionation. On gel-permeation chromatography, the root inhibitor co-eluted with hexoses. CONCLUSIONS Cress-seed allelochemicals inhibiting root growth are different from the agent (K+) that over-stimulates hypocotyl elongation and the former probably comprise a mixture of small, non-volatile, hydrophilic, organic substances. Abundant components identified chromatographically and by electrophoresis in cress-seed exudate fitting this description include glucose, fructose, sucrose and galacturonic acid. However, none of these sugars co-chromatographed and co-electrophoresed with the root-inhibitory principle of LCSE, and none of them (in pure form at naturally occurring concentrations) inhibited root growth. We conclude that the root-inhibiting allelochemicals of cress-seed exudate remain unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq Khan
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Potent Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Moringa oleifera Leaves. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2461021. [PMID: 36567913 PMCID: PMC9779999 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2461021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant species are known to harbor large number of endophytes, which stays in plant tissues as symbionts. These endophytes secrete large array of bioactive compounds that have potency against certain diseases with no side effects. We have collected leaf samples of the Moringa oleifera plant from the Pakistan Forest Institute, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for the isolation of beneficial endophytes. The strains isolated from the leaves of M. oleifera were coded with MOL and tested for antimicrobial, antifungal, germicidal, phytotoxic, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The isolates, MOL1, MOL16, MOL19, and MOL21, possessed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas MOL7 inhibited 55% of the growth of Escherichia coli. MOL3 inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strains, MOL1 and MOL7, showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while the strains, MOL11 and MOL17, showed activity against Verticillium chlamydosporium. The isolates, MOL3, MOL7, MOL9, MOL15, MOL17, MOL18, and MOL19, inhibited the growth of Lemna minor (duckweed) at 100 μg/ml. MOL2 exhibited strong activity in the brine shrimp assay, while MOL1, MOL2, MOL5, MOL6, MOL12, MOL17, MOL19, and MOL20 showed insecticidal, and MOL3 demonstrated larvicidal and antileishmanial activity. The isolated potent endophytes were identified as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Tricoderma, Rhizoctonia, Mucor, Alternaria, Pestalotiopsis, Acremonium, and Cladosporium through morphological and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.
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Chen L, Li J, Zhu Y, Guo L, Ji R, Miao Y, Guo L, Du H, Liu D. Caffeic Acid, an Allelochemical in Artemisia argyi, Inhibits Weed Growth via Suppression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Biosynthesis of Gibberellin and Phytoalexin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802198. [PMID: 35069660 PMCID: PMC8770944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia argyi is widely distributed in Asia, and it often becomes the dominant population in the field because of its strong ecological niche competitiveness. Allelochemicals secreted by plants are generally considered an important reason for their dominance in ecological competition. In this study, the allelochemicals in A. argyi were screened by a series of experiments and their mechanisms were explored via transcriptomics. First, the inhibitory effects of A. argyi on Echinochloa crusgalli, Setaria viridis, Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus retroflexus were evaluated. Then, we carried out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of A. argyi to screen for potential allelochemicals that can inhibit weed growth. Four potential allelochemicals were quantified: neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), and caffeic acid (CA). Coincidentally, their allelopathic effects on weeds seemed to be identical to their content, in the order CA>4-CQA>5-CQA>3-CQA. These findings suggested that CA might be the main allelopathic compound in the aqueous extract of A. argyi. Subsequently, the allelopathic effect and molecular mechanism of CA on S. viridis leaves were investigated. The physiological results showed that CA significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, led to malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and disrupted enzyme activities (POD, SOD, CAT) in S. viridis leaves. Moreover, transcriptome results revealed that CA inhibited S. viridis growth by downregulating multiple genes involved in gibberellin (GA) and phytoalexin biosynthesis and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In addition, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of phytohormones were verified by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR). Taken together, this study may be the first to identify allelochemicals and explore their molecular mechanism about A. argyi. Importantly, the ecological advantages of A. argyi could be applied to ecological regulation and the development of botanical herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongsheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhuan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Du
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Dahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Licá ICL, Soares AMS, Ferreira ATS, Perales J, Cunha IAL, Souza PFN, Costa-Júnior LM. In vitro assessment of the efficacy of protein exudates from seeds against Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109399. [PMID: 33711619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes develop resistance to the most common commercially available drugs. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the action of protein exudates from Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia mangium, and Stylosanthes capitata seeds on the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. The exuded proteins were precipitated, dialyzed, lyophilized, and assessed for their effect on egg hatching and artificial larval exsheathment inhibition. Proteome analysis of the protein extracts was also performed. Although no egg-hatching inhibition was observed, all exudates showed efficacy in inhibiting the larval exsheathment of H. contortus larvae with an EC50 varying from 0.61 to 0.26 mg P mL-1. Proteomic analysis revealed the presence of proteases, protease inhibitors, chitinases, and lectins among other proteins in the exudates. Most of the exuded proteins belong to the oxidative stress/plant defense and energy/carbohydrate metabolism functional clusters. This study concluded that the bioactive proteins from different classes exuded by seeds of M. caesalpiniifolia, L. leucocephala, A. mangium, and S. capitata show stage-specific inhibition against H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlla Correia Lima Licá
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Martins Santos Soares
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Livio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Laboratory of Parasite Control, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Houlihan AJ, Conlin P, Chee-Sanford JC. Water-soluble exudates from seeds of Kochia scoparia exhibit antifungal activity against Colletotrichum graminicola. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218104. [PMID: 31216294 PMCID: PMC6584005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant seed exudates are composed of complex mixtures of chemicals with potential for bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. This study focused on kochia (Kochia scoparia), one of many weedy plant species considered invasive in many agricultural systems. Extraction of compounds in water yielded an exudate mass equivalent to 7% of the original seed mass used. Water-soluble exudates were tested against 16 known plant pathogens in disk diffusion assays and kochia exudates were found to inhibit Colletotrichum graminicola, the fungal causative agent of anthracnose and stalk rot in maize. The narrow range of fungi found as targets suggested the mechanism of inhibition may be specific rather than broadly antifungal. A decline in viability of cells over four orders of magnitude occurred within six hours of exposure to exudate. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 3.125 mg L-1. Hyphae formation in C. graminicola appeared inhibited following exposure to the exudate. Small molecular weight compounds as determined by GC/MS analysis showed high relative amounts of the sugars fructose, galactopyranose, glucose, and sorbitol, along with moderate proportions of organic acids and amino acids. Protein content averaged 0.7% in the standard concentration (100 mg mL-1) used for inhibition assays. Size fractionation of the exudate and subsequent disk diffusion assays revealed bioactive fractions with compounds in the MW range <5 kDa. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show promising bioactivity against C. graminicola that was associated with water-extractable compounds from a common weed species. The results suggest that seeds of persistent plant species with long-lived seed banks like kochia may have potential for use in the discovery of compounds active in inhibiting fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Houlihan
- USDA/ARS, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Peter Conlin
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Joanne C. Chee-Sanford
- USDA/ARS, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang X, Chen J, Yan Y, Yan X, Shi C, Zhao L, Chen F. Genome-wide association study of heading and flowering dates and construction of its prediction equation in Chinese common wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2271-2285. [PMID: 30218294 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heading date is one of the most important traits in wheat breeding as it affects adaptation and yield potential. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the 90 K iSelect SNP genotyping assay indicated that a total of 306 loci were significantly associated with heading and flowering dates in 13 environments in Chinese common wheat from the Yellow and Huai wheat region. Of these, 105 loci were significantly correlated with both heading and flowering dates and were found in clusters on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, and 7. Based on differences in distribution of the vernalization and photoperiod genes among chromosomes, arms, or block regions, 13 novel, environmentally stable genetic loci were associated with heading and flowering dates, including RAC875_c41145_189 on 1DS, RAC875_c50422_299 on 2BL, and RAC875_c48703_148 on 2DS, that accounted for more than 20% phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of the heading/flowering date in at least four environments. GWAS and t test of a combination of SNPs and vernalization and photoperiod alleles indicated that the Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Ppd-D1 genes significantly affect heading and flowering dates in Chinese common wheat. Based on the association of heading and flowering dates with the vernalization and photoperiod alleles at seven loci and three significant SNPs, optimal linear regression equations were established, which show that of the seven loci, the Ppd-D1 gene plays the most important role in modulating heading and flowering dates in Chinese wheat, followed by Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1. Additionally, three novel genetic loci (RAC875_c41145_189, Excalibur_c60164_137, and RAC875_c50422_299) also show important effect on heading and flowering dates. Therefore, Ppd-D1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and the novel genetic loci should be further investigated in terms of improving heading and flowering dates in Chinese wheat. Further quantitative analysis of an F10 recombinant inbred lines population identified a major QTL that controls heading and flowering dates within the Ppd-D1 locus with PVEs of 28.4% and 34.0%, respectively; this QTL was also significantly associated with spike length, peduncle length, fertile spikelets number, cold resistance, and tiller number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfen Zhang
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefang Yan
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Shi
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Agronomy College, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.
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Licá ICL, Soares AMDS, de Mesquita LSS, Malik S. Biological properties and pharmacological potential of plant exudates. Food Res Int 2018; 105:1039-1053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Fry SC. Potassium, not lepidimoide, is the principal 'allelochemical' of cress-seed exudate that promotes amaranth hypocotyl elongation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:511-520. [PMID: 28981578 PMCID: PMC5737857 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Imbibed cress ( Lepidium sativum L.) seeds exude 'allelochemicals' that promote excessive hypocotyl elongation and inhibit root growth in neighbouring competitors, e.g. amaranth ( Amaranthus caudatus L.) seedlings. The major hypocotyl promoter has recently been shown not to be the previously suggested acidic disaccharide, lepidimoic acid (LMA), a fragment of the pectic polysaccharide domain rhamnogalacturonan-I. The nature of the hypocotyl promoter has now been re-assessed. METHODS Low-molecular weight cress-seed exudate (LCSE) was fractionated by high-voltage electrophoresis, and components with different charge:mass ratios were tested for effects on dark-grown amaranth seedlings. Further samples of LCSE were size-fractionated by gel permeation chromatography, and active fractions were analysed electrophoretically. KEY RESULTS The LCSE strongly promoted amaranth hypocotyl elongation. The active principle was hydrophilic and, unlike LMA, stable to hot acid. After electrophoresis at pH 6·5, the only fractions that strongly promoted hypocotyl elongation were those with a very high positive charge:mass ratio, migrating towards the cathode 3-4 times faster than glucosamine. Among numerous naturally occurring cations tested, the only one with such a high mobility was potassium. K + was present in LCSE at approx. 4 m m , and pure KCl (1-10 m m ) strongly promoted amaranth hypocotyl elongation. No other cation tested (including Na + , spermidine and putrescine) had this effect. The peak of bioactivity from a gel permeation chromatography column exactly coincided with the peak of K + . CONCLUSIONS The major 'allelopathic' substance present in cress-seed exudate that stimulates hypocotyl elongation in neighbouring seedlings is the inorganic cation, K + , not the oligosaccharin LMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Exploring Alternative Use of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable Weed Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9081468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li M, Yang Y, Feng F, Zhang B, Chen S, Yang C, Gu L, Wang F, Zhang J, Chen A, Lin W, Chen X, Zhang Z. Differential proteomic analysis of replanted Rehmannia glutinosa roots by iTRAQ reveals molecular mechanisms for formation of replant disease. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:116. [PMID: 28693420 PMCID: PMC5504617 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The normal growth of Rehmannia glutinosa, a widely used medicinal plant in China, is severely disturbed by replant disease. The formation of replant disease commonly involves interactions among plants, allelochemicals and microbes; however, these relationships remain largely unclear. As a result, no effective measures are currently available to treat replant disease. RESULTS In this study, an integrated R. glutinosa transcriptome was constructed, from which an R. glutinosa protein library was obtained. iTRAQ technology was then used to investigate changes in the proteins in replanted R. glutinosa roots, and the proteins that were expressed in response to replant disease were identified. An integrated R. glutinosa transcriptome from different developmental stages of replanted and normal-growth R. glutinosa produced 65,659 transcripts, which were accurately translated into 47,818 proteins. Using this resource, a set of 189 proteins was found to be significantly differentially expressed between normal-growth and replanted R. glutinosa. Of the proteins that were significantly upregulated in replanted R. glutinosa, most were related to metabolism, immune responses, ROS generation, programmed cell death, ER stress, and lignin synthesis. CONCLUSIONS By integrating these key events and the results of previous studies on replant disease formation, a new picture of the damaging mechanisms that cause replant disease stress emerged. Replant disease altered the metabolic balance of R. glutinosa, activated immune defence systems, increased levels of ROS and antioxidant enzymes, and initiated the processes of cell death and senescence in replanted R. glutinosa. Additionally, lignin deposition in R. glutinosa roots that was caused by replanting significantly inhibited tuberous root formation. These key processes provide important insights into the underlying mechanisms leading to the formation of replant disease and also for the subsequent development of new control measures to improve production and quality of replanted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Li
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fajie Feng
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuyun Yang
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Junyi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Krishnappa NP, Basha SA, Negi PS, Prasada Rao UJ. Phenolic acid composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of green gram (vigna radiata) exudate, husk, and germinated seed of different stages. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Priya Krishnappa
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore 570 020 India
| | - Shaik Akbar Basha
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore 570 020 India
| | - Pradeep Singh Negi
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore 570 020 India
| | - Ummiti J.S. Prasada Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore 570 020 India
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Cheng F, Cheng Z, Meng H, Tang X. The Garlic Allelochemical Diallyl Disulfide Affects Tomato Root Growth by Influencing Cell Division, Phytohormone Balance and Expansin Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1199. [PMID: 27555862 PMCID: PMC4977361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a volatile organosulfur compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum L.), and it is known as an allelochemical responsible for the strong allelopathic potential of garlic. The anticancer properties of DADS have been studied in experimental animals and various types of cancer cells, but to date, little is known about its mode of action as an allelochemical at the cytological level. The current research presents further studies on the effects of DADS on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seed germination, root growth, mitotic index, and cell size in root meristem, as well as the phytohormone levels and expression profile of auxin biosynthesis genes (FZYs), auxin transport genes (SlPINs), and expansin genes (EXPs) in tomato root. The results showed a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on tomato seed germination and root growth under different DADS concentrations. Lower concentrations (0.01-0.62 mM) of DADS significantly promoted root growth, whereas higher levels (6.20-20.67 mM) showed inhibitory effects. Cytological observations showed that the cell length of root meristem was increased and that the mitotic activity of meristematic cells in seedling root tips was enhanced at lower concentrations of DADS. In contrast, DADS at higher concentrations inhibited root growth by affecting both the length and division activity of meristematic cells. However, the cell width of the root meristem was not affected. Additionally, DADS increased the IAA and ZR contents of seedling roots in a dose-dependent manner. The influence on IAA content may be mediated by the up-regulation of FZYs and PINs. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism revealed that the expression levels of tomato EXPs were significantly affected by DADS. The expression levels of EXPB2 and beta-expansin precursor were increased after 3 d, and those of EXP1, EXPB3 and EXLB1 were increased after 5 d of DADS treatment (0.41 mM). This result suggests that tomato root growth may be regulated by multiple expansin genes at different developmental stages. Therefore, we conclude that the effects of DADS on the root growth of tomato seedlings are likely caused by changes associated with cell division, phytohormones, and the expression levels of expansin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Shah AN, Iqbal J, Ullah A, Yang G, Yousaf M, Fahad S, Tanveer M, Hassan W, Tung SA, Wang L, Khan A, Wu Y. Allelopathic potential of oil seed crops in production of crops: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14854-14867. [PMID: 27263104 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural production enhancement has been realized by more consumption of fossil energy such as fertilizer and agrochemicals. However, the production provides the present human with sufficient and diversified commodities, but at the same time, deprives in some extent the resources from the future human as well. In the other hand, it is known that synthetic herbicides face worldwide threats to human's health and environment as well. Therefore, it is a great challenge for agricultural sustainable development. The current review has been focussed on various oilseed crop species which launch efficient allelopathic intervention, either with weeds or other crops. Crop allelopathic properties can make one species more persistent to a native species. Therefore, these crops are potentially harmful to both naturalized as well as agricultural settings. On the other side, allelopathic crops provide strong potential for the development of cultivars that are more highly weed suppressive in managed settings. It is possible to utilize companion plants that have no deleterious effect on neighbor crops and can be included in intercropping system, thus, a mean of contributing to agricultural sustainable development. In mixed culture, replacement method, wherein differing densities of a neighbor species are planted, has been used to study phytotoxic/competitive effects. So, to use alternative ways for weed suppression has become very crucial. Allelochemicals have the ability to create eco-friendly products for weed management, which is beneficial for agricultural sustainable development. Our present study assessed the potential of four oilseed crops for allelopathy on other crops and associated weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Noor Shah
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Javaid Iqbal
- Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, 32200, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ullah
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozheng Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Waseem Hassan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahbaz Atta Tung
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Leishan Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Aziz Khan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Iqbal A, Miller JG, Murray L, Sadler IH, Fry SC. The pectic disaccharides lepidimoic acid and β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-d-galacturonic acid occur in cress-seed exudate but lack allelochemical activity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:607-23. [PMID: 26957370 PMCID: PMC4817500 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cress-seed (Lepidium sativum) exudate exerts an allelochemical effect, promoting excessive hypocotyl elongation and inhibiting root growth in neighbouring Amaranthus caudatus seedlings. We investigated acidic disaccharides present in cress-seed exudate, testing the proposal that the allelochemical is an oligosaccharin-lepidimoic acid (LMA; 4-deoxy-β-l-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl-(1→2)-l-rhamnose). METHODS Cress-seed exudate was variously treated [heating, ethanolic precipitation, solvent partitioning, high-voltage paper electrophoresis and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC)], and the products were bioassayed for effects on dark-grown Amaranthus seedlings. Two acidic disaccharides, including LMA, were isolated and characterized by electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and then bioassayed. KEY RESULTS Cress-seed exudate contained low-Mr, hydrophilic, heat-stable material that strongly promoted Amaranthus hypocotyl elongation and inhibited root growth, but that separated from LMA on electrophoresis and GPC. Cress-seed exudate contained ∼250 µmLMA, whose TLC and electrophoretic mobilities, susceptibility to mild acid hydrolysis and NMR spectra are reported. A second acidic disaccharide, present at ∼120 µm, was similarly characterized, and shown to be β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-d-galacturonic acid (Xyl→GalA), a repeat unit of xylogalacturonan. Purified LMA and Xyl→GalA when applied at 360 and 740 µm, respectively, only slightly promoted Amaranthus hypocotyl growth, but equally promoted root growth and thus had no effect on the hypocotyl:root ratio, unlike total cress-seed exudate. CONCLUSIONS LMA is present in cress seeds, probably formed by rhamnogalacturonan lyase action on rhamnogalacturonan-I during seed development. Our results contradict the hypothesis that LMA is a cress allelochemical that appreciably perturbs the growth of potentially competing seedlings. Since LMA and Xyl→GalA slightly promoted both hypocotyl and root elongation, their effect could be nutritional. We conclude that rhamnogalacturonan-I and xylogalacturonan (pectin domains) are not sources of oligosaccharins with allelochemical activity, and the biological roles (if any) of the disaccharides derived from them are unknown. The main allelochemical principle in cress-seed exudate remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Iqbal
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK and
| | - Janice G Miller
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK and
| | - Lorna Murray
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Ian H Sadler
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK and
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Niemann S, Burghardt M, Popp C, Riederer M. Aqueous pathways dominate permeation of solutes across Pisum sativum seed coats and mediate solute transport via diffusion and bulk flow of water. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1027-36. [PMID: 23146121 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The permeability of seed coats to solutes either of biological or anthropogenic origin plays a major role in germination, seedling growth and seed treatment by pesticides. An experimental set-up was designed for investigating the mechanisms of seed coat permeation, which allows steady-state experiments with isolated seed coats of Pisum sativum. Permeances were measured for a set of organic model compounds with different physicochemical properties and sizes. The results show that narrow aqueous pathways dominate the diffusion of solutes across pea seed coats, as indicated by a correlation of permeances with the molecular sizes of the compounds instead of their lipophilicity. Further indicators for an aqueous pathway are small size selectivity and a small effect of temperature on permeation. The application of an osmotic water potential gradient across isolated seed coats leads to an increase in solute transfer, indicating that the aqueous pathways form a water-filled continuum across the seed coat allowing the bulk flow of water. Thus, the uptake of organic solutes across pea testae has two components: (1) by diffusion and (2) by bulk water inflow, which, however, is relevant only during imbibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Niemann
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik ll - Ökophysiologie und Vegetationsökologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Richterová-Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Zelko I, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. How do galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides regulate cell growth in epidermal and cortical tissues of mung bean seedlings? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:154-8. [PMID: 22705590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) alone or in combination with IBA stimulate primary root elongation and inhibit hypocotyl elongation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings. For a more detailed view of GGMOs effect in these processes, the present work is focused on cell growth in selected tissues (epidermis and primary cortex) and on xylem formation. The GGMOs effect on tissue level has not been studied so far. The results show that GGMOs-induced stimulation of primary root growth is mainly caused by enhancing cell elongation (and in less extent by cell production rate) in all tissues observed. Xylem elements were formed at longer distance from the root tip than in the control. In hypocotyl GGMOs reduced cell elongation. IBA in roots caused decrease of cell elongation and cell production rate and acceleration of xylem maturation; in hypocotyls IBA strongly stimulated cell elongation. Application of GGMOs with IBA resulted in increase of cell elongation, cell production rate and delay of xylem maturation in roots. In GGMOs + IBA treated hypocotyls, cell length was decreased to 50% compared to IBA. Based on our results it can be concluded that GGMOs induced elongation growth in mung bean seedlings was caused by increased cell production rate and cell elongation and was accompanied with delay of xylem maturation.
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