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Demko V, Belova T, Messerer M, Hvidsten TR, Perroud PF, Ako AE, Johansen W, Mayer KFX, Olsen OA, Lang D. Regulation of developmental gatekeeping and cell fate transition by the calpain protease DEK1 in Physcomitrium patens. Commun Biol 2024; 7:261. [PMID: 38438476 PMCID: PMC10912778 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Calpains are cysteine proteases that control cell fate transitions whose loss of function causes severe, pleiotropic phenotypes in eukaryotes. Although mainly considered as modulatory proteases, human calpain targets are directed to the N-end rule degradation pathway. Several such targets are transcription factors, hinting at a gene-regulatory role. Here, we analyze the gene-regulatory networks of the moss Physcomitrium patens and characterize the regulons that are misregulated in mutants of the calpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1). Predicted cleavage patterns of the regulatory hierarchies in five DEK1-controlled subnetworks are consistent with a pleiotropic and regulatory role during cell fate transitions targeting multiple functions. Network structure suggests DEK1-gated sequential transitions between cell fates in 2D-to-3D development. Our method combines comprehensive phenotyping, transcriptomics and data science to dissect phenotypic traits, and our model explains the protease function as a switch gatekeeping cell fate transitions potentially also beyond plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Demko
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Belova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maxim Messerer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich-Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre-François Perroud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Ako Eugene Ako
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 31, 2318, Hamar, Norway
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 31, 2318, Hamar, Norway
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich-Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Odd-Arne Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Daniel Lang
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich-Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Genomics and Bioforensics, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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Zhang J, Pai Q, Yue L, Wu X, Liu H, Wang W. Cytokinin regulates female gametophyte development by cell cycle modulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111419. [PMID: 35995110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Male and female gametophyte development, double fertilization, and embryogenesis are key to alternating generations in angiosperms. The female gametophyte of Arabidopsis is an eight-nucleate haploid structure developed from functional megaspores (FMs) through three flawless mitoses regulated by a series of cell cycle genes. Cytokinin, an important phytohormone, plays a critical role in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, the mechanisms by which cytokinins regulate female gametophyte development remain largely unknown. In this study, we constructed transgenic plants (pES1::CKX1) with low cytokinin levels in the embryo sac. Phenotypic analysis showed that pES1::CKX1 inhibits female gametophyte development. Microscopic observation revealed that female gametophyte development of pES1::CKX1 was delayed. The promoters of all cell cycle genes were cloned and transformed into wild-type (WT). We crossed these transgenic plants of cell cycle genes expressed in ovules with pES1::CKX1 and compared the expression level of β-glucuronidase (GUS) in pES1::CKX1 and WT. Many cell cycle-regulated genes were up or downregulated in pES1::CKX1 compared with WT, and the embryo sac development cell cycle in cycd2;1/+ cycd3;3 was defective. Our results demonstrated that cytokinin affects cell division in the female gametophyte by affecting the expression of cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiaofeng Pai
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ling Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Naramoto S, Hata Y, Fujita T, Kyozuka J. The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:228-246. [PMID: 34459922 PMCID: PMC8773975 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Hata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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McKim SM. How plants grow up. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:257-277. [PMID: 30697935 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves, branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis, making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form. In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical stem. Following the transition to flowering, many plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stems, called culms, due to activity within detached intercalary meristems which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain-bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as demonstrated by the high-yielding semi-dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes, boundary formation and temporal dynamics of differentiation, are likely critical mechanisms coordinating axial growth and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Moreno-Piovano GS, Moreno JE, Cabello JV, Arce AL, Otegui ME, Chan RL. A role for LAX2 in regulating xylem development and lateral-vein symmetry in the leaf. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:577-590. [PMID: 28981582 PMCID: PMC5737667 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The symmetry of venation patterning in leaves is highly conserved within a plant species. Auxins are involved in this process and also in xylem vasculature development. Studying transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing the sunflower transcription factor HaHB4, it was observed that there was a significant lateral-vein asymmetry in leaves and in xylem formation compared to wild type plants. To unravel the molecular mechanisms behind this phenotype, genes differentially expressed in these plants and related to auxin influx were investigated. Methods Candidate genes responsible for the observed phenotypes were selected using a co-expression analysis. Single and multiple mutants in auxin influx carriers were characterized by morphological, physiological and molecular techniques. The analysis was further complemented by restoring the wild type (WT) phenotype by mutant complementation studies and using transgenic soybean plants ectopically expressing HaHB4 . Key Results LAX2 , down-regulated in HaHB4 transgenic plants, was bioinformatically chosen as a candidate gene. The quadruple mutant aux1 lax1 lax2 lax3 and the single mutants, except lax1, presented an enhanced asymmetry in venation patterning. Additionally, the xylem vasculature of the lax2 mutant and the HaHB4 -expressing plants differed from the WT vasculature, including increased xylem length and number of xylem cell rows. Complementation of the lax2 mutant with the LAX2 gene restored both lateral-vein symmetry and xylem/stem area ratio in the stem, showing that auxin homeostasis is required to achieve normal vascular development. Interestingly, soybean plants ectopically expressing HaHB4 also showed an increased asymmetry in the venation patterning, accompanied by the repression of several GmLAX genes. Conclusions Auxin influx carriers have a significant role in leaf venation pattering in leaves and, in particular, LAX2 is required for normal xylem development, probablt controlling auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo S Moreno-Piovano
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Javier E Moreno
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Julieta V Cabello
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Agustín L Arce
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María E Otegui
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Raquel L Chan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Nakano Y, Yamaguchi M, Endo H, Rejab NA, Ohtani M. NAC-MYB-based transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in land plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:288. [PMID: 25999964 PMCID: PMC4419676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells biosynthesize primary cell walls (PCW) in all cells and produce secondary cell walls (SCWs) in specific cell types that conduct water and/or provide mechanical support, such as xylem vessels and fibers. The characteristic mechanical stiffness, chemical recalcitrance, and hydrophobic nature of SCWs result from the organization of SCW-specific biopolymers, i.e., highly ordered cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Synthesis of these SCW-specific biopolymers requires SCW-specific enzymes that are regulated by SCW-specific transcription factors. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of SCW formation in plant cells. Advances in research on SCW biosynthesis during the past decade have expanded our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of SCW formation, particularly the functions of the NAC and MYB transcription factors. Focusing on the NAC-MYB-based transcriptional network, we discuss the regulatory systems that evolved in land plants to modify the cell wall to serve as a key component of structures that conduct water and provide mechanical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama UniversitySaitama, Japan
- PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
| | - Nur Ardiyana Rejab
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
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Scofield S, Jones A, Murray JAH. The plant cell cycle in context. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2557-62. [PMID: 25025122 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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