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Lutts S, Zhou M, Flores-Bavestrello A, Hainaut P, Dailly H, Debouche G, Foucart G. Season-dependent physiological behavior of Miscanthus x giganteus growing on heavy-metal contaminated areas in relation to soil properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25943. [PMID: 38384526 PMCID: PMC10878947 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Miscanthus x giganteus is often considered as a suitable plant species for phytomanagement of heavy metal polluted sites. Nevertheless, its physiological behavior in response to the level of metal toxicity throughout the growing season remains poorly documented. Miscanthus x giganteus was cultivated on three sites in Belgium (BSJ: non-polluted control; CAR: slightly contaminated; VM strongly polluted by Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and As). The presence of Miscanthus improved soil biological parameters assessed by measurement of enzyme activity and basal soil respiration on the three considered sites, although to a lower level on VM site. Heavy metal accumulation in the shoot was already recorded in spring. It displayed a contrasting distribution in the summer leaves since heavy metals and As metalloid accumulated mainly in the older leaves of CAR plants while showing a uniform distribution among leaves of different ages in VM plants. Comparatively to plants growing on BSJ, net photosynthesis decreased in plants growing on CAR and VM sites. The recorded decrease was mainly related to stomatal factors in CAR plants (decrease in stomatal conductance and in Ci) but to non-stomatal factors such as decrease in carboxylation efficiency and non-photochemical quenching in VM plants. Stomata remained open in VM plants which presented lower instantaneous and intrinsic water use efficiencies than CAR and BSJ plants. High proportions of heavy metals accumulated in CAR plants were bound to the cell wall fraction while the soluble and organelle-rich fractions were proportionally higher in VM plants, leading to a decrease in cell viability and cell membrane damages. It is concluded that not only the intensity but also the nature of physiological responses in Miscanthus x giganteus may drastically differ depending on the pollution level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A) Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M.X. Zhou
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A) Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - A. Flores-Bavestrello
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A) Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Departamento de Silvicultura, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - P. Hainaut
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A) Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - H. Dailly
- Plateforme Analytique MOCA (Mineral and Organic Chemical Analysis) – Earth and Life Institute – Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - G. Debouche
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A) Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - G. Foucart
- Centre indépendant de Promotion Fourragère (CIPF), 2 (Bte 7.05.11) Chemin du Cyclotron, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Hussain MA, Li S, Gao H, Feng C, Sun P, Sui X, Jing Y, Xu K, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Li H. Comparative analysis of physiological variations and genetic architecture for cold stress response in soybean germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1095335. [PMID: 36684715 PMCID: PMC9852849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1095335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is susceptible to low temperatures. Increasing lines of evidence indicate that abiotic stress-responsive genes are involved in plant low-temperature stress response. However, the involvement of photosynthesis, antioxidants and metabolites genes in low temperature response is largely unexplored in Soybean. In the current study, a genetic panel of diverse soybean varieties was analyzed for photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf injury parameters under cold stress and control conditions. This helps us to identify cold tolerant (V100) and cold sensitive (V45) varieties. The V100 variety outperformed for antioxidant enzymes activities and relative expression of photosynthesis (Glyma.08G204800.1, Glyma.12G232000.1), GmSOD (GmSOD01, GmSOD08), GmPOD (GmPOD29, GmPOD47), trehalose (GmTPS01, GmTPS13) and cold marker genes (DREB1E, DREB1D, SCOF1) than V45 under cold stress. Upon cold stress, the V100 variety showed reduced accumulation of H2O2 and MDA levels and subsequently showed lower leaf injury compared to V45. Together, our results uncovered new avenues for identifying cold tolerant soybean varieties from a large panel. Additionally, we identified the role of antioxidants, osmo-protectants and their posttranscriptional regulators miRNAs such as miR319, miR394, miR397, and miR398 in Soybean cold stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar Hussain
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Senquan Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongtao Gao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chen Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyu Sun
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Sui
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Keheng Xu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Liang Y, Gong Z, Wang J, Zheng J, Ma Y, Min L, Chen Q, Li Z, Qu Y, Chen Q, Li X. Nanopore-Based Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Potential Mechanism of High-Temperature Tolerance in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112517. [PMID: 34834881 PMCID: PMC8618236 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extreme high temperatures are threatening cotton production around the world due to the intensification of global warming. To cope with high-temperature stress, heat-tolerant cotton cultivars have been bred, but the heat-tolerant mechanism remains unclear. This study selected heat-tolerant (‘Xinluzao36′) and heat-sensitive (‘Che61-72′) cultivars of cotton treated with high-temperature stress as plant materials and performed comparative nanopore sequencing transcriptome analysis to reveal the potential heat-tolerant mechanism of cotton. Results showed that 120,605 nonredundant sequences were generated from the raw reads, and 78,601 genes were annotated. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that a total of 19,600 DEGs were screened; the DEGs involved in the ribosome, heat shock proteins, auxin and ethylene signaling transduction, and photosynthesis pathways may be attributed to the heat tolerance of the heat-tolerant cotton cultivar. This study also predicted a total of 5118 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)and 24,462 corresponding target genes. Analysis of the target genes revealed that the expression of some ribosomal, heat shock, auxin and ethylene signaling transduction-related and photosynthetic proteins may be regulated by lncRNAs and further participate in the heat tolerance of cotton. This study deepens our understandings of the heat tolerance of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liang
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.Q.)
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830001, China; (Z.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhaolong Gong
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830001, China; (Z.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junduo Wang
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830001, China; (Z.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juyun Zheng
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830001, China; (Z.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yizan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Ling Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Qin Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Adsen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830022, China;
| | - Yanying Qu
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Quanjia Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830001, China; (Z.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (X.L.)
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Shen ZJ, Qin YY, Luo MR, Li Z, Ma DN, Wang WH, Zheng HL. Proteome analysis reveals a systematic response of cold-acclimated seedlings of an exotic mangrove plant Sonneratia apetala to chilling stress. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104349. [PMID: 34411764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature in winter was the most crucial abiotic stress that limits the mangrove afforestation northward. Previous study demonstrated that Sonneratia apetala initially transplanted to high latitude area exhibited a stronger plasticity of cold tolerance. To clarify the underlying mechanism, the physiological and proteomic responses to chilling stress were investigated in S. apetala leaves. Our results found that cold-acclimated seedlings had lower relative electrolyte leakage and MDA content than non-acclimated seedlings. On the contrary, higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity were observed in cold-acclimated seedlings. With proteomic analyses, the differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) involved in ROS scavenging, photosynthesis and energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor biosynthesis, and protein folding were suggested to play important roles in enhancing the cold tolerance of S. apetala. However, the down-regulation DAPs were suggested as a tradeoff between plant growth and chilling response. By the protein-protein interaction analyses, translation elongation factor G, chlorophyll A-B binding protein and ascorbate peroxidase 1 were suggested as the important regulators in cold-acclimated S. apetala seedlings under chilling stress. Based on the above results, a schematic diagram describing the mechanism of cold tolerance of exotic mangrove species S. apetala that was achieved by cold acclimation was presented in this study. SIGNIFICANCE: The major environmental factor limits the mangrove afforestation northward is the low temperature in winter. Previous study reported that Sonneratia apetala grew in high latitude exhibited a higher cold tolerance than that in low latitude, which was suggested as a result of cold acclimation. To further understand "how cold acclimation enhance the cold tolerance in S. apetala", the response of S. apetala subjected to chilling stress with or without cold acclimation was investigated in this study at the physiological and proteomic aspects. Our physiological results showed that S. apetala seedlings treated with cold acclimation exhibited a higher tolerance under chilling stress than that without cold acclimation. By using the comparative proteomic approaches and bioinformatic analyses, various biological processes were suggested to play an important role in enhancing the cold tolerance of S. apetala under chilling stress, such as ROS scavenging, photosynthesis and energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor biosynthesis, and protein folding. Among these differentially accumulated proteins, translation elongation factor G (eEF-G), chlorophyll A-B binding protein (CAB) and ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) were identified as the hub proteins function in coordinated regulating ROS scavenging, photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis in chloroplast and subsequently enhanced the cold tolerance of S. apetala under chilling stress. Our results provided a further understanding of cold acclimation in improving the cold tolerance in exotic mangrove species S. apetala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Shen
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Qin
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, PR China
| | - Mei-Rong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Dong-Na Ma
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Wen-Hua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, PR China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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Sales CRG, Wang Y, Evers JB, Kromdijk J. Improving C4 photosynthesis to increase productivity under optimal and suboptimal conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5942-5960. [PMID: 34268575 PMCID: PMC8411859 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although improving photosynthetic efficiency is widely recognized as an underutilized strategy to increase crop yields, research in this area is strongly biased towards species with C3 photosynthesis relative to C4 species. Here, we outline potential strategies for improving C4 photosynthesis to increase yields in crops by reviewing the major bottlenecks limiting the C4 NADP-malic enzyme pathway under optimal and suboptimal conditions. Recent experimental results demonstrate that steady-state C4 photosynthesis under non-stressed conditions can be enhanced by increasing Rubisco content or electron transport capacity, both of which may also stimulate CO2 assimilation at supraoptimal temperatures. Several additional putative bottlenecks for photosynthetic performance under drought, heat, or chilling stress or during photosynthetic induction await further experimental verification. Based on source-sink interactions in maize, sugarcane, and sorghum, alleviating these photosynthetic bottlenecks during establishment and growth of the harvestable parts are likely to improve yield. The expected benefits are also shown to be augmented by the increasing trend in planting density, which increases the impact of photosynthetic source limitation on crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R G Sales
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Centre for Crops Systems Analysis (WUR), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Acceleration of Carbon Fixation in Chilling-Sensitive Banana under Mild and Moderate Chilling Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239326. [PMID: 33297477 PMCID: PMC7730866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana is one of the most important food and fruit crops in the world and its growth is ceasing at 10–17 °C. However, the mechanisms determining the tolerance of banana to mild (>15 °C) and moderate chilling (10–15 °C) are elusive. Furthermore, the biochemical controls over the photosynthesis in tropical plant species at low temperatures above 10 °C is not well understood. The purpose of this research was to reveal the response of chilling-sensitive banana to mild (16 °C) and moderate chilling stress (10 °C) at the molecular (transcripts, proteins) and physiological levels. The results showed different transcriptome responses between mild and moderate chilling stresses, especially in pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, ABC transporters, ubiquinone, and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Interestingly, functions related to carbon fixation were assigned preferentially to upregulated genes/proteins, while photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna proteins were downregulated at 10 °C, as revealed by both digital gene expression and proteomic analysis. These results were confirmed by qPCR and immunofluorescence labeling methods. Conclusion: Banana responded to the mild chilling stress dramatically at the molecular level. To compensate for the decreased photosynthesis efficiency caused by mild and moderate chilling stresses, banana accelerated its carbon fixation, mainly through upregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases.
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Salesse‐Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Stern DB. Increased Rubisco content in maize mitigates chilling stress and speeds recovery. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1409-1420. [PMID: 31793172 PMCID: PMC7207003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many C4 plants, including maize, perform poorly under chilling conditions. This phenomenon has been linked in part to decreased Rubisco abundance at lower temperatures. An exception to this is chilling-tolerant Miscanthus, which is able to maintain Rubisco protein content under such conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate whether increasing Rubisco content in maize could improve performance during or following chilling stress. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic lines overexpressing Rubisco large and small subunits and the Rubisco assembly factor RAF1 (RAF1-LSSS), which have increased Rubisco content and growth under control conditions, maintain increased Rubisco content and growth during chilling stress. RAF1-LSSS plants exhibited 12% higher CO2 assimilation relative to nontransgenic controls under control growth conditions, and a 17% differential after 2 weeks of chilling stress, although assimilation rates of all genotypes were ~50% lower in chilling conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed RAF1-LSSS and WT plants had similar rates of photochemical quenching during chilling, suggesting Rubisco may not be the primary limiting factor that leads to poor performance in maize under chilling conditions. In contrast, RAF1-LSSS had improved photochemical quenching before and after chilling stress, suggesting that increased Rubisco may help plants recover faster from chilling conditions. Relatively increased leaf area, dry weight and plant height observed before chilling in RAF1-LSSS were also maintained during chilling. Together, these results demonstrate that an increase in Rubisco content allows maize plants to better cope with chilling stress and also improves their subsequent recovery, yet additional modifications are required to engineer chilling tolerance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie E. Salesse‐Smith
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Robert E. Sharwood
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Florian A. Busch
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - David B. Stern
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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Sowiński P, Fronk J, Jończyk M, Grzybowski M, Kowalec P, Sobkowiak A. Maize Response to Low Temperatures at the Gene Expression Level: A Critical Survey of Transcriptomic Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:576941. [PMID: 33133117 PMCID: PMC7550719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.576941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize is a cold-sensitive plant whose physiological reactions to sub-optimal temperatures are well understood, but their molecular foundations are only beginning to be deciphered. In an attempt to identify key genes involved in these reactions, we surveyed several independent transcriptomic studies addressing the response of juvenile maize to moderate or severe cold. Among the tens of thousands of genes found to change expression upon cold treatment less than 500 were reported in more than one study, indicating an astonishing variability of the expression changes, likely depending on the experimental design and plant material used. Nearly all these "common" genes were specific to either moderate or to severe cold and formed distinct interaction networks, indicating fundamentally different responses. Moreover, down-regulation of gene expression dominated strongly in moderate cold and up-regulation prevailed in severe cold. Very few of these genes have ever been mentioned in the literature as cold-stress-related, indicating that most response pathways remain poorly known at the molecular level. We posit that the genes identified by the present analysis are attractive candidates for further functional studies and their arrangement in complex interaction networks indicates that a re-interpretation of the present state of knowledge on the maize cold-response is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sowiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
- *Correspondence: Paweł Sowiński,
| | - Jan Fronk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Jończyk
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marcin Grzybowski
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalec
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Alicja Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Shi Y, Cai Z, Li D, Lu J, Ye J, Liang Y, Zheng X. Effect of Freezing on Photosystem II and Assessment of Freezing Tolerance of Tea Cultivar. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100434. [PMID: 31652528 PMCID: PMC6843692 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Freezing tolerant tea cultivars are urgently needed. The tea cultivars with highly freezing tolerance showed resistance to freezing stress induced photoinhibition. Freezing sensitivity index (H) of 47 tea clonal cultivars was investigated after severe freezing winter in 2016. To develop instrumental methods for freezing tolerance selection, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) and leaf color indicator a on the Hunter color scale were determined on control group (non-frozen) and frozen group (being frozen at −15 °C for 2 h and then stood at 20 °C for 5 h) of the cultivars. When the two indicators were expressed as the ratios (RFv/Fm and Ra) of frozen group to control group, linear regression of the freezing sensitivity index (H) upon the RFv/Fm and Ra produced significant relationship respectively, i.e., H = 60.31 − 50.09 RFv/Fm (p < 0.01) and H = 30.03 − 10.82 Ra (p < 0.01). Expression of gene psbA encoding D1 protein and gene psbD encoding D2 protein in PSII showed that the frezzing tolerant tea cultivars maintained a high expression level of psbA after freezing stress, which is considered to be beneficial to de novo synthesis of D1 protein and sustaining PSII activity. These findings can provide instrumental tools for assessing freezing tolerance of tea cultivars in tea breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhuoyu Cai
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Da Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianliang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianhui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yuerong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xinqiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Éva C, Oszvald M, Tamás L. Current and possible approaches for improving photosynthetic efficiency. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:433-440. [PMID: 30824023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important tasks laying ahead today's biotechnology is to improve crop productivity with the aim of meeting increased food and energy demands of humankind. Plant productivity depends on many genetic factors, including life cycle, harvest index, stress tolerance and photosynthetic activity. Many approaches were already tested or suggested to improve either. Limitations of photosynthesis have also been uncovered and efforts been taken to increase its efficiency. Examples include decreasing photosynthetic antennae size, increasing the photosynthetically available light spectrum, countering oxygenase activity of Rubisco by implementing C4 photosynthesis to C3 plants and altering source to sink transport of metabolites. A natural and effective photosynthetic adaptation, the sugar alcohol metabolism got however remarkably little attention in the last years, despite being comparably efficient as C4, and can be considered easier to introduce to new species. We also propose root to shoot carbon-dioxide transport as a means to improve photosynthetic performance and drought tolerance at the same time. Different suggestions and successful examples are covered here for improving plant photosynthesis as well as novel perspectives are presented for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Éva
- Applied Genomics Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár 2462, Hungary.
| | - Mária Oszvald
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - László Tamás
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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11
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Pignon CP, Lundgren MR, Osborne CP, Long SP. Bundle sheath chloroplast volume can house sufficient Rubisco to avoid limiting C4 photosynthesis during chilling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:357-365. [PMID: 30407578 PMCID: PMC6305190 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
C4 leaves confine Rubisco to bundle sheath cells. Thus, the size of bundle sheath compartments and the total volume of chloroplasts within them limit the space available for Rubisco. Rubisco activity limits photosynthesis at low temperatures. C3 plants counter this limitation by increasing leaf Rubisco content, yet few C4 species do the same. Because C3 plants usually outperform C4 plants in chilling environments, it has been suggested that there is insufficient chloroplast volume available in the bundle sheath of C4 leaves to allow such an increase in Rubisco at low temperatures. We investigated this potential limitation by measuring bundle sheath and mesophyll compartment volumes and chloroplast contents, as well as leaf thickness and inter-veinal distance, in three C4 Andropogoneae grasses: two crops (Zea mays and Saccharum officinarum) and a wild, chilling-tolerant grass (Miscanthus × giganteus). A wild C4 Paniceae grass (Alloteropsis semialata) was also included. Despite significant structural differences between species, there was no evidence of increased bundle sheath chloroplast volume per leaf area available to the chilling-tolerant species, relative to the chilling-sensitive ones. Maximal theoretical photosynthetic capacity of the leaf far exceeded the photosynthetic rates achieved even at low temperatures. C4 bundle sheath cells therefore have the chloroplast volume to house sufficient Rubisco to avoid limiting C4 photosynthesis during chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Pignon
- University of Illinois, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and of Plant Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marjorie R Lundgren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen P Long
- University of Illinois, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and of Plant Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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12
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Fonteyne S, Muylle H, Lootens P, Kerchev P, Van den Ende W, Staelens A, Reheul D, Roldán-Ruiz I. Physiological basis of chilling tolerance and early-season growth in miscanthus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:281-295. [PMID: 29300823 PMCID: PMC5808799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The high productivity of Miscanthus × giganteus has been at least partly ascribed to its high chilling tolerance compared with related C4 crops, allowing for a longer productive growing season in temperate climates. However, the chilling tolerance of M. × giganteus has been predominantly studied under controlled environmental conditions. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to chilling tolerance in the field and their variation in different miscanthus genotypes is largely unexplored. METHODS Five miscanthus genotypes with different sensitivities to chilling were grown in the field and scored for a comprehensive set of physiological traits throughout the spring season. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured as an indication of photosynthesis, and leaf samples were analysed for biochemical traits related to photosynthetic activity (chlorophyll content and pyruvate, Pi dikinase activity), redox homeostasis (malondialdehyde, glutathione and ascorbate contents, and catalase activity) and water-soluble carbohydrate content. KEY RESULTS Chilling-tolerant genotypes were characterized by higher levels of malondialdehyde, raffinose and sucrose, and higher catalase activity, while the chilling-sensitive genotypes were characterized by higher concentrations of glucose and fructose, and higher pyruvate, Pi dikinase activity later in the growing season. On the early sampling dates, the biochemical responses of M. × giganteus were similar to those of the chilling-tolerant genotypes, but later in the season they became more similar to those of the chilling-sensitive genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The overall physiological response of chilling-tolerant genotypes was distinguishable from that of chilling-sensitive genotypes, while M. × giganteus was intermediate between the two. There appears to be a trade-off between high and efficient photosynthesis and chilling stress tolerance. Miscanthus × giganteus is able to overcome this trade-off and, while it is more similar to the chilling-sensitive genotypes in early spring, its photosynthetic capacity is similar to that of the chilling-tolerant genotypes later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fonteyne
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Production, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Peter Lootens
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Pavel Kerchev
- Ghent University, VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ariane Staelens
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Reheul
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Production, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Yousuf PY, Ahmad A, Aref IM, Ozturk M, Ganie AH, Iqbal M. Salt-stress-responsive chloroplast proteins in Brassica juncea genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance and their quantitative PCR analysis. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1565-1575. [PMID: 26638208 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea is mainly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of India where its production is significantly affected by soil salinity. Adequate knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance at sub-cellular levels must aid in developing the salt-tolerant plants. A proper functioning of chloroplasts under salinity conditions is highly desirable to maintain crop productivity. The adaptive molecular mechanisms offered by plants at the chloroplast level to cope with salinity stress must be a prime target in developing the salt-tolerant plants. In the present study, we have analyzed differential expression of chloroplast proteins in two Brassica juncea genotypes, Pusa Agrani (salt-sensitive) and CS-54 (salt-tolerant), under the effect of sodium chloride. The chloroplast proteins were isolated and resolved using 2DE, which facilitated identification and quantification of 12 proteins that differed in expression in the salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes. The identified proteins were related to a variety of chloroplast-associated molecular processes, including oxygen-evolving process, PS I and PS II functioning, Calvin cycle and redox homeostasis. Expression analysis of genes encoding differentially expressed proteins through real time PCR supported our findings with proteomic analysis. The study indicates that modulating the expression of chloroplast proteins associated with stabilization of photosystems and oxidative defence plays imperative roles in adaptation to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerzada Yasir Yousuf
- Department of Botany, Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Ibrahim M Aref
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Science, King Saud University, Post Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munir Ozturk
- Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, 350000, Turkey
| | - Arshid Hussain Ganie
- Department of Botany, Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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14
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Friesen PC, Sage RF. Photosynthetic responses to chilling in a chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive Miscanthus hybrid. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1420-1431. [PMID: 26714623 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus is a C4 perennial grass being developed for bioenergy production in temperate regions where chilling events are common. To evaluate chilling effects on Miscanthus, we assessed the processes controlling net CO2 assimilation rate (A) in Miscanthus x giganteus (M161) and a chilling-sensitive Miscanthus hybrid (M115) before and after a chilling treatment of 12/5 °C. The temperature response of A and maximum Rubisco activity in vitro were identical below 20 °C in chilled and unchilled M161, demonstrating Rubisco capacity limits or co-limits A at cooler temperatures. By contrast, A in M115 decreased at all measurement temperatures after growth at 12/5 °C. Rubisco activity in vitro declined in proportion to the reduction in A in chilled M115 plants, indicating Rubisco capacity is responsible in part for the decline in A. Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase activities were also reduced by the chilling treatment when assayed at 28 °C, indicating this enzyme may also contribute to the reduction in A in M115. The maximum extractable activities of PEPCase and NADP-ME remained largely unchanged after chilling. The carboxylation efficiency of the C4 cycle was depressed in both genotypes to a similar extent after chilling. ΦP :ΦCO2 remained unchanged in both genotypes indicating the C3 and C4 cycles decline equivalently upon chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - R F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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15
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Xing S, Kang L, Xu Q, Fan Y, Liu W, Zhu C, Song Z, Wang Q, Yan J, Li J, Sang T. The Coordination of Gene Expression within Photosynthesis Pathway for Acclimation of C4 Energy Crop Miscanthus lutarioriparius. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:109. [PMID: 26904072 PMCID: PMC4746358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a promising candidate for the second-generation C4 energy crop, Miscanthus lutarioriparius has well acclimated to the water-limited and high-light Loess Plateau in China by improving photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency (WUE) compared to its native habitat along Yangtze River. Photosynthetic genes were demonstrated as one major category of the candidate genes underlying the physiological superiority. To further study how photosynthetic genes interact to improve the acclimation potential of M. lutarioriparius, population expression patterns within photosynthesis pathway were explored between one mild environment and one harsh environment. We found that 108 transcripts in assembled transcriptome of M. lutarioriparius were highly similar to genes in three Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) photosynthesis pathways of sorghum and maize. Phylogenetic analyses using sorghum, maize, rice, and Arabidopsis genes of dark reaction identified 23 orthologs and 30 paralogs of M. lutarioriparius photosynthetic genes. These genes were also clustered into two kinds of expression pattern. 87% of transcripts in dark reaction were up-regulated and all 14 chloroplast-encoded transcripts in light reaction increased degradation in the harsh environment compared to the mild environment. Moreover, 80.8% of photosynthetic transcripts were coordinated at transcription level under the two environments. Interestingly, LHCI and PSI were significantly correlated with F-ATPase and C4 cycle. Overall, this study indicates the coordinated expression between cyclic electron transport (consisting of LHCI, PSI, and ATPase) and CO2-concentrating mechanism (C4 cycle) could account for photosynthesis plasticity on M. lutarioriparius acclimation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilai Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lifang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Caiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhihong Song
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Tao Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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16
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Głowacka K, Jørgensen U, Kjeldsen JB, Kørup K, Spitz I, Sacks EJ, Long SP. Can the exceptional chilling tolerance of C4 photosynthesis found in Miscanthus × giganteus be exceeded? Screening of a novel Miscanthus Japanese germplasm collection. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:981-90. [PMID: 25851133 PMCID: PMC4407067 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A clone of the hybrid perennial C4 grass Miscanthus × giganteus (Mxg) is known for achieving exceptionally high rates of leaf CO2 uptake during chilling. This is a requisite of success in the early spring, as is the ability of the leaves to survive occasional frosts. The aim of this study was to search for genotypes with greater potential than Mxg for photosynthesis and frost survival under these conditions. METHODS A total of 864 accessions representing 164 local populations of M. sacchariflorus (Msa), M. sinensis (Msi) and M. tinctorius (Mti) collected across Japan were studied. Accessions whose leaves survived a natural late frost in the field were screened for high maximum photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) following chilling weather, as an indicator of their capacity for light-limited photosynthesis. Those showing the highest Fv/Fm were transferred to a high-light-controlled environment and maintained at chilling temperatures, where they were further screened for their capacities for high-light-limited and light-saturated leaf uptake of CO2 (ΦCO2,max and Asat, respectively). KEY RESULTS For the first time, relatives of Mxg with significantly superior capacities for photosynthesis at chilling temperatures were identified. Msa accession '73/2' developed leaves in the spring that survived night-time frost, and during growth under chilling maintained a statistically significant 79 % higher ΦCO2,max, as a measure of light-limited photosynthesis, and a 70 % higher Asat, as a measure of light-saturated photosynthesis. A second Msa accession, '73/3' also showed significantly higher rates of leaf uptake of CO2. CONCLUSIONS As remarkable as Mxg has proved in its chilling tolerance of C4 photosynthesis, this study shows that there is still value and potential in searching for yet more superior tolerance. Msa accession '73/2' shows rates of light-limited and light-saturated photosynthesis at chilling temperatures that are comparable with those of the most cold-tolerant C3 species. This adds further proof to the thesis that C4 photosynthesis is not inherently limited to warm climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głowacka
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Uffe Jørgensen
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jens B Kjeldsen
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kirsten Kørup
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Idan Spitz
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik J Sacks
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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