1
|
Zhao J, Huang K, Liu R, Lai Y, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H, Ling J, Li Y, Yang Y, Xie B, Quentin M, Mao Z. The root-knot nematode effector Mi2G02 hijacks a host plant trihelix transcription factor to promote nematode parasitism. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100723. [PMID: 37742073 PMCID: PMC10873892 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause huge agricultural losses every year. They secrete a repertoire of effectors to facilitate parasitism through the induction of plant-derived giant feeding cells, which serve as their sole source of nutrients. However, the mode of action of these effectors and their targeted host proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the effector Mi2G02 in Meloidogyne incognita parasitism. Host-derived Mi2G02 RNA interference in Arabidopsis thaliana affected giant cell development, whereas ectopic expression of Mi2G02 promoted root growth and increased plant susceptibility to M. incognita. We used various combinations of approaches to study the specific interactions between Mi2G02 and A. thaliana GT-3a, a trihelix transcription factor. GT-3a knockout in A. thaliana affected feeding-site development, resulting in production of fewer egg masses, whereas GT-3a overexpression in A. thaliana increased susceptibility to M. incognita and also root growth. Moreover, we demonstrated that Mi2G02 plays a role in maintaining GT-3a protein stabilization by inhibiting the 26S proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to suppression of TOZ and RAD23C expression and thus promoting nematode parasitism. This work enhances our understanding of how a pathogen effector manipulates the role and regulation of a transcription factor by interfering with a proteolysis pathway to reprogram gene expression for development of nematode feeding cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Osborne R, Rehneke L, Lehmann S, Roberts J, Altmann M, Altmann S, Zhang Y, Köpff E, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Okechukwu E, Sergaki C, Rich-Griffin C, Ntoukakis V, Eichmann R, Shan W, Falter-Braun P, Schäfer P. Symbiont-host interactome mapping reveals effector-targeted modulation of hormone networks and activation of growth promotion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4065. [PMID: 37429856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have benefited from interactions with symbionts for coping with challenging environments since the colonisation of land. The mechanisms of symbiont-mediated beneficial effects and similarities and differences to pathogen strategies are mostly unknown. Here, we use 106 (effector-) proteins, secreted by the symbiont Serendipita indica (Si) to modulate host physiology, to map interactions with Arabidopsis thaliana host proteins. Using integrative network analysis, we show significant convergence on target-proteins shared with pathogens and exclusive targeting of Arabidopsis proteins in the phytohormone signalling network. Functional in planta screening and phenotyping of Si effectors and interacting proteins reveals previously unknown hormone functions of Arabidopsis proteins and direct beneficial activities mediated by effectors in Arabidopsis. Thus, symbionts and pathogens target a shared molecular microbe-host interface. At the same time Si effectors specifically target the plant hormone network and constitute a powerful resource for elucidating the signalling network function and boosting plant productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Osborne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura Rehneke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Lehmann
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Marine Chemistry LBCM, EA3884, IUEM, Southern Brittany University, 56000, Vannes, France
| | - Jemma Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Melina Altmann
- Institute of Network Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Network Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Eva Köpff
- Institute of Molecular Botany, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Emeka Okechukwu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Chrysi Sergaki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Li J, Shi J, Mi L, Zhang J, Han S, Liu W, Cheng D, Qiang S, Kalaji HM, Chen S. Griseofulvin Inhibits Root Growth by Targeting Microtubule-Associated Proteins Rather Tubulins in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108692. [PMID: 37240033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Griseofulvin was considered an effective agent for cancer therapy in past decades. Although the negative effects of griseofulvin on microtubule stability are known, the exact target and mechanism of action in plants remain unclear. Here, we used trifluralin, a well-known herbicide targeting microtubules, as a reference and revealed the differences in root tip morphology, reactive oxygen species production (ROS), microtubule dynamics, and transcriptome analysis between Arabidopsis treated with griseofulvin and trifluralin to elucidate the mechanism of root growth inhibition by griseofulvin. Like trifluralin, griseofulvin inhibited root growth and caused significant swelling of the root tip due to cell death induced by ROS. However, the presence of griseofulvin and trifluralin caused cell swelling in the transition zone (TZ) and meristematic zone (MZ) of root tips, respectively. Further observations revealed that griseofulvin first destroyed cortical microtubules in the cells of the TZ and early elongation zone (EZ) and then gradually affected the cells of other zones. The first target of trifluralin is the microtubules in the root MZ cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that griseofulvin mainly affected the expression of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) genes rather than tubulin genes, whereas trifluralin significantly suppressed the expression of αβ-tubulin genes. Finally, it was proposed that griseofulvin could first reduce the expression of MAP genes, meanwhile increasing the expression of auxin and ethylene-related genes to disrupt microtubule alignment in root tip TZ and early EZ cells, induce dramatic ROS production, and cause severe cell death, eventually leading to cell swelling in the corresponding zones and inhibition of root growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Guo
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liru Mi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Su Han
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences; National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Üstüner S, Schäfer P, Eichmann R. Development specifies, diversifies and empowers root immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55631. [PMID: 36330761 PMCID: PMC9724680 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Roots are a highly organised plant tissue consisting of different cell types with distinct developmental functions defined by cell identity networks. Roots are the target of some of the most devastating diseases and possess a highly effective immune system. The recognition of microbe- or plant-derived molecules released in response to microbial attack is highly important in the activation of complex immunity gene networks. Development and immunity are intertwined, and immunity activation can result in growth inhibition. In turn, by connecting immunity and cell identity regulators, cell types are able to launch a cell type-specific immunity based on the developmental function of each cell type. By this strategy, fundamental developmental processes of each cell type contribute their most basic functions to drive cost-effective but highly diverse and, thus, efficient immune responses. This review highlights the interdependence of root development and immunity and how the developmental age of root cells contributes to positive and negative outcomes of development-immunity cross-talk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sim Üstüner
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Afridi MS, Javed MA, Ali S, De Medeiros FHV, Ali B, Salam A, Sumaira, Marc RA, Alkhalifah DHM, Selim S, Santoyo G. New opportunities in plant microbiome engineering for increasing agricultural sustainability under stressful conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:899464. [PMID: 36186071 PMCID: PMC9524194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant microbiome (or phytomicrobiome) engineering (PME) is an anticipated untapped alternative strategy that could be exploited for plant growth, health and productivity under different environmental conditions. It has been proven that the phytomicrobiome has crucial contributions to plant health, pathogen control and tolerance under drastic environmental (a)biotic constraints. Consistent with plant health and safety, in this article we address the fundamental role of plant microbiome and its insights in plant health and productivity. We also explore the potential of plant microbiome under environmental restrictions and the proposition of improving microbial functions that can be supportive for better plant growth and production. Understanding the crucial role of plant associated microbial communities, we propose how the associated microbial actions could be enhanced to improve plant growth-promoting mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on plant beneficial fungi. Additionally, we suggest the possible plant strategies to adapt to a harsh environment by manipulating plant microbiomes. However, our current understanding of the microbiome is still in its infancy, and the major perturbations, such as anthropocentric actions, are not fully understood. Therefore, this work highlights the importance of manipulating the beneficial plant microbiome to create more sustainable agriculture, particularly under different environmental stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Ammar Javed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sher Ali
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Baber Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Salam
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sumaira
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that in developing nations, there are three million cases of agrochemical poisoning. The prolonged intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals adversely affected the soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability, and food safety, bringing in long-term harmful effects on nutritional security, human and animal health. Most of the agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. The alteration in diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community can be unfavorable to plant growth and development either by reducing nutrient availability or by increasing disease incidence. Currently, there is a need for qualitative, innovative, and demand-driven research in soil science, especially in developing countries for facilitating of high-quality eco-friendly research by creating a conducive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merits. Hence, we reviewed (1) the impact of various agrochemicals on the soil microbial diversity and environment; (2) the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop protection and enhancement solutions, and (3) management strategies that serve the scientific community, policymakers, and land managers in integrating soil enhancement and sustainability practices in smallholder farming households. The current review provides an improved understanding of agricultural soil management for food and nutritional security.
Collapse
|
7
|
Vaahtera L, Schulz J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity maintenance during plant development and interaction with the environment. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:924-932. [PMID: 31506641 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are highly dynamic structures that provide mechanical support for plant cells during growth, development and adaptation to a changing environment. Thus, it is important for plants to monitor the state of their cell walls and ensure their functional integrity at all times. This monitoring involves perception of physical forces at the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase. These forces are altered during cell division and morphogenesis, as well as in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Mechanisms responsible for the perception of physical stimuli involved in these processes have been difficult to separate from other regulatory mechanisms perceiving chemical signals such as hormones, peptides or cell wall fragments. However, recently developed technologies in combination with more established genetic and biochemical approaches are beginning to open up this exciting field of study. Here, we will review our current knowledge of plant cell wall integrity signalling using selected recent findings and highlight how the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase can act as a venue for sensing changes in the physical forces affecting plant development and stress responses. More importantly, we discuss how these signals may be integrated with chemical signals derived from established signalling cascades to control specific adaptive responses during exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Schulz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva KJP, Singh J, Bednarek R, Fei Z, Khan A. Differential gene regulatory pathways and co-expression networks associated with fire blight infection in apple ( Malus × domestica). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:35. [PMID: 30962933 PMCID: PMC6441656 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Apple cultivars with durable resistance are needed for sustainable management of fire blight, the most destructive bacterial disease of apples. Although studies have identified genetic resistance to fire blight in both wild species and cultivated apples, more research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interaction and differential genotypic responses to fire blight infection. We have analyzed phenotypic and transcriptional responses of 'Empire' and 'Gala' apple cultivars to fire blight by infecting them with a highly aggressive E. amylovora strain. Disease progress, based on the percentage of visual shoot necrosis, started showing significant (p < 0.001) differences between 'Empire' and 'Gala' 4 days after infection (dai). 'Empire' seems to slow down bacterial progress more rapidly after this point. We further compared transcriptome profiles of 'Empire' and 'Gala' at three different time points after fire blight infection. More genes showed differential expression in 'Gala' at earlier stages, but the number of differentially expressed genes increased in 'Empire' at 3 dai. Functional classes related to defense, cell cycle, response to stress, and biotic stress were identified and a few co-expression gene networks showed particular enrichment for plant defense and abiotic stress response genes. Several of these genes also co-localized in previously identified quantitative trait locus regions for fire blight resistance on linkage groups 7 and 12, and can serve as functional candidates for future research. These results highlight different molecular mechanisms for pathogen perception and control in two apple cultivars and will contribute toward better understanding of E. amylovora-Malus pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jugpreet Singh
- 1Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| | - Ryland Bednarek
- 1Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
- 2Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- 2Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Awais Khan
- 1Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Vleesschauwer D, Filipe O, Hoffman G, Seifi HS, Haeck A, Canlas P, Van Bockhaven J, De Waele E, Demeestere K, Ronald P, Hofte M. Target of rapamycin signaling orchestrates growth-defense trade-offs in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:305-319. [PMID: 28905991 PMCID: PMC5711548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense to microbial pathogens is often accompanied by significant growth inhibition. How plants merge immune system function with normal growth and development is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of target of rapamycin (TOR), an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase, in the plant defense response. We used rice as a model system and applied a combination of chemical, genetic, genomic and cell-based analyses. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of TOR and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR), a protein previously demonstrated to interact with TOR in Arabidopsis, positively regulates growth and development in rice. Transcriptome analysis of rice cells treated with the TOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin revealed that TOR not only dictates transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle and transcription, but also suppresses many defense-related genes. TOR overexpression lines displayed increased susceptibility to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, whereas plants with reduced TOR signaling displayed enhanced resistance. Finally, we found that TOR antagonizes the action of the classic defense hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Together, these results indicate that TOR acts as a molecular switch for the activation of cell proliferation and plant growth at the expense of cellular immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo Filipe
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gena Hoffman
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hamed Soren Seifi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Canlas
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonas Van Bockhaven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien De Waele
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Monica Hofte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schmid J, Day R, Zhang N, Dupont PY, Cox MP, Schardl CL, Minards N, Truglio M, Moore N, Harris DR, Zhou Y. Host Tissue Environment Directs Activities of an Epichloë Endophyte, While It Induces Systemic Hormone and Defense Responses in Its Native Perennial Ryegrass Host. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:138-149. [PMID: 28027026 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0215-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increased resilience of pasture grasses mediated by fungal Epichloë endophytes is crucial to pastoral industries. The underlying mechanisms are only partially understood and likely involve very different activities of the endophyte in different plant tissues and responses of the plant to these. We analyzed the transcriptomes of Epichloë festucae and its host, Lolium perenne, in host tissues of different function and developmental stages. The endophyte contributed approximately 10× more to the transcriptomes than to the biomass of infected tissues. Proliferating mycelium in growing host tissues highly expressed genes involved in hyphal growth. Nonproliferating mycelium in mature plant tissues, transcriptionally equally active, highly expressed genes involved in synthesizing antiherbivore compounds. Transcripts from the latter accounted for 4% of fungal transcripts. Endophyte infection systemically but moderately increased transcription of L. perenne genes with roles in hormone biosynthesis and perception as well as stress and pathogen resistance while reducing expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. There was a good correlation between transcriptome-based observations and physiological observations. Our data indicate that the fitness-enhancing effects of the endophyte are based both on its biosynthetic activities, predominantly in mature host tissues, and also on systemic alteration of the host's hormonal responses and induction of stress response genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schmid
- 1 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Robert Day
- 2 School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ningxin Zhang
- 1 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Pierre-Yves Dupont
- 1 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Murray P Cox
- 1 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christopher L Schardl
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Niki Minards
- 4 Manawatu Microscopy and Imaging Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Truglio
- 1 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Neil Moore
- 5 Computer Science Department, University of Kentucky; and
| | - Daniel R Harris
- 6 Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Kentucky
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- 1 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hulsmans S, Rodriguez M, De Coninck B, Rolland F. The SnRK1 Energy Sensor in Plant Biotic Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:648-661. [PMID: 27156455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of plant biotic interactions has grown significantly in recent years with the identification of the mechanisms involved in innate immunity, hormone signaling, and secondary metabolism. The impact of such interactions on primary metabolism and the role of metabolic signals in the response of the plants, however, remain far less explored. The SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase 1) kinases act as metabolic sensors, integrating very diverse stress conditions, and are key in maintaining energy homeostasis for growth and survival. Consistently, an important role is emerging for these kinases as regulators of biotic stress responses triggered by viral, bacterial, fungal, and oomycete infections as well as by herbivory. While this identifies SnRK1 as a promising target for directed modification or selection for more quantitative and sustainable resistance, its central function also increases the chances of unwanted side effects on growth and fitness, stressing the need for identification and in-depth characterization of the mechanisms and target processes involved. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Hulsmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marianela Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Microbial and Molecular Systems Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Graças JP, Ruiz-Romero R, Figueiredo LD, Mattiello L, Peres LEP, Vitorello VA. Root growth restraint can be an acclimatory response to low pH and is associated with reduced cell mortality: a possible role of class III peroxidases and NADPH oxidases. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:658-68. [PMID: 26891589 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Low pH (<5.0) can significantly decrease root growth but whether this is a direct effect of H(+) or an active plant response is examined here. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro-Tom) roots were exposed directly or gradually to low pH through step-wise changes in pH over periods ranging from 4 to 24 h. Roots exposed gradually to pH 4.5 grew even less than those exposed directly, indicating a plant-coordinated response. Direct exposure to pH 4.0 suppressed root growth and caused high cell mortality, in contrast to roots exposed gradually, in which growth remained inhibited but cell viability was maintained. Total class III peroxidase activity increased significantly in all low pH treatments, but was not correlated with the observed differential responses. Use of the enzyme inhibitors salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) suggest that peroxidase and, to a lesser extent, NADPH oxidase were required to prevent or reduce injury in all low pH treatments. However, a role for other enzymes, such as the alternative oxidase is also possible. The results with SHAM, but not DPI, were confirmed in tobacco BY-2 cells. Our results indicate that root growth inhibition from low pH can be part of an active plant response, and suggest that peroxidases may have a critical early role in reducing loss of cell viability and in the observed root growth constraint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Graças
- Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - R Ruiz-Romero
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - L D Figueiredo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - L Mattiello
- Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - L E P Peres
- Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - V A Vitorello
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Syller J, Grupa A. Antagonistic within-host interactions between plant viruses: molecular basis and impact on viral and host fitness. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:769-82. [PMID: 26416204 PMCID: PMC6638324 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Double infections of related or unrelated viruses frequently occur in single plants, the viral agents being inoculated into the host plant simultaneously (co-infection) or sequentially (super-infection). Plants attacked by viruses activate sophisticated defence pathways which operate at different levels, often at significant fitness costs, resulting in yield reduction in crop plants. The occurrence and severity of the negative effects depend on the type of within-host interaction between the infecting viruses. Unrelated viruses generally interact with each other in a synergistic manner, whereas interactions between related viruses are mostly antagonistic. These can incur substantial fitness costs to one or both of the competitors. A relatively well-known antagonistic interaction is cross-protection, also referred to as super-infection exclusion. This type of interaction occurs when a previous infection with one virus prevents or interferes with subsequent infection by a homologous second virus. The current knowledge on why and how one virus variant excludes or restricts another is scant. Super-infection exclusion between viruses has predominantly been attributed to the induction of RNA silencing, which is a major antiviral defence mechanism in plants. There are, however, presumptions that various mechanisms are involved in this phenomenon. This review outlines the current state of knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms behind antagonistic interactions between plant viruses. Harmful or beneficial effects of these interactions on viral and host plant fitness are also characterized. Moreover, the review briefly outlines the past and present attempts to utilize antagonistic interactions among viruses to protect crop plants against destructive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Syller
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Centre Młochów, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Anna Grupa
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Centre Młochów, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|