1
|
Arabidopsis thaliana SHOOT MERISTEMLESS Substitutes for Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET1 to Form Complex Leaves and Petals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214114. [PMID: 36430591 PMCID: PMC9697493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
LEAFY plant-specific transcription factors, which are key regulators of flower meristem identity and floral patterning, also contribute to meristem activity. Notably, in some legumes, LFY orthologs such as Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET (SGL1) are essential in maintaining an undifferentiated and proliferating fate required for leaflet formation. This function contrasts with most other species, in which leaf dissection depends on the reactivation of KNOTTED-like class I homeobox genes (KNOXI). KNOXI and SGL1 genes appear to induce leaf complexity through conserved downstream genes such as the meristematic and boundary CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes. Here, we compare in M. truncatula the function of SGL1 with that of the Arabidopsis thaliana KNOXI gene, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (AtSTM). Our data show that AtSTM can substitute for SGL1 to form complex leaves when ectopically expressed in M. truncatula. The shared function between AtSTM and SGL1 extended to the major contribution of SGL1 during floral development as ectopic AtSTM expression could promote floral organ identity gene expression in sgl1 flowers and restore sepal shape and petal formation. Together, our work reveals a function for AtSTM in floral organ identity and a higher level of interchangeability between meristematic and floral identity functions for the AtSTM and SGL1 transcription factors than previously thought.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hou XJ, Ye LX, Ai XY, Hu CG, Cheng ZP, Zhang JZ. Functional analysis of a PISTILLATA-like gene CcMADS20 involved in floral organs specification in citrus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111263. [PMID: 35487669 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PISTILLATA (PI), as a member of MADS-box transcription factor, plays an important role in petal and stamen specification in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about PI-like genes in citrus. To understand the molecular mechanism of PI during the developmental process of citrus flower, a PI-like gene CcMADS20 was isolated from Citrus Clemantina. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CcMADS20 had relatively high similarity with PI-like homolog and was classified in the core dicotyledonous group. The temporal and spatial expression analyses showed that CcMADS20 was specifically expressed in petal and stamen of citrus flower, which was consistent with PI expression pattern in Arabidopsis. Protein interaction revealed that CcMADS20 could form heterodimer with AP3-like proteins. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of CcMADS20 in Arabidopsis resulted in transformation of sepals into petal-like structure, as observed in other plants overexpressing a functional PI-like homolog. Additionally, promoter fragments of CcMADS20 were also cloned in the representative 21 citrus varieties. Interestingly, four types of promoters were discovered in these citrus varieties, resulting from two stable insert/deletion fragments (Locus1 and Locus2). The homo/hetero-zygosity of promoter alleles in each variety was strongly related to the evolutionary origin of citrus. Four promoters activity analysis indicated that Locus1 presence inhibited CcMADS20 transcriptional activity and Locus2 presence promoted its transcriptional activity. These findings suggested that CcMADS20 determines petal and stamen development during the evolutionary process of citrus and four promoters discovered, as effective genetic markers, are valuable for citrus breeding practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Li-Xia Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Pomology and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ai
- Institute of Pomology and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Cheng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
You W, Chen X, Zeng L, Ma Z, Liu Z. Characterization of PISTILLATA-like Genes and Their Promoters from the Distyly Fagopyrum esculentum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1047. [PMID: 35448776 PMCID: PMC9032694 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PISTILLATA (PI) encodes B-class MADS-box transcription factor (TF), and works together with APETALA3 (AP3) to specify petal and stamen identity. However, a small-scale gene duplication event of PI ortholog was observed in common buckwheat and resulted in FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2. FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2 were expressed only in the stamen of dimorphic flower (thrum and pin) of Fagopyrum esculentum. Moreover, intense beta-glucuronidase (GUS) staining was found in the entire stamen (filament and anther) in pFaesPI_1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis, while GUS was expressed only in the filament of pFaesPI_2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, phenotype complementation analysis suggested that pFaesPI_1::FaesPI_1/pFaesPI_2::FaesPI_2 transgenic pi-1 Arabidopsis showed similar a flower structure with stamen-like organs or filament-like organs in the third whorl. This suggested that FaesPI_2 only specified filament development, but FaesPI_1 specified stamen development. Meanwhile, FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2 were shown to function redundantly in regulating filament development, and both genes work together to require a proper stamen identity. The data also provide a clue to understanding the roles of PI-like genes involved in floral organ development during the early evolution of core eudicots and also suggested that FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2 hold the potential application in bioengineering to develop a common buckwheat male sterile line.
Collapse
|
4
|
Louati M, Salazar-Sarasua B, Roque E, Beltrán JP, Salhi Hannachi A, Gómez-Mena C. Isolation and Functional Analysis of a PISTILLATA-like MADS-Box Gene from Argan Tree ( Argania spinosa). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10081665. [PMID: 34451710 PMCID: PMC8399449 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Argan trees (Argania spinosa) belong to a species native to southwestern Morocco, playing an important role in the environment and local economy. Argan oil extracted from kernels has a unique composition and properties. Argan trees were introduced in Tunisia, where hundreds of trees can be found nowadays. In this study, we examined reproductive development in Argan trees from four sites in Tunisia and carried out the functional characterization of a floral homeotic gene in this non-model species. Despite the importance of reproductive development, nothing is known about the genetic network controlling flower development in Argania spinosa. Results obtained in several plant species established that floral organ development is mostly controlled by MADS-box genes and, in particular, APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) homologs are required for proper petal and stamen identity. Here, we describe the isolation and functional characterization of a MADS-box gene from Argania spinosa. Phylogenetic analyses showed strong homology with PI-like proteins, and the expression of the gene was found to be restricted to the second and third whorls. Functional homology with Arabidopsis PI was demonstrated by the ability of AsPI to confer petal and stamen identity when overexpressed in a pi-1 mutant background. The identification and characterization of this gene support the strong conservation of PI homologs among distant angiosperm plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Louati
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Campus Farhat Hached El Manar, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (M.L.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Blanca Salazar-Sarasua
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (B.S.-S.); (E.R.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Edelín Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (B.S.-S.); (E.R.); (J.P.B.)
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (B.S.-S.); (E.R.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Amel Salhi Hannachi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Campus Farhat Hached El Manar, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (M.L.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (B.S.-S.); (E.R.); (J.P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mao WT, Hsu WH, Li JY, Yang CH. Distance-based measurement determines the coexistence of B protein hetero- and homodimers in lily tepal and stamen tetrameric complexes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1357-1373. [PMID: 33277739 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The floral quartet model proposes that plant MADS box proteins function as higher order tetrameric complexes. However, in planta evidence for MADS box tetramers remains scarce. Here, we applied a strategy using in vivo fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based on the distance change and distance symmetry of stable tetrameric complexes in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaf cells to improve the accuracy of the estimation of heterotetrameric complex formation. This measuring system precisely verified the stable state of Arabidopsis petal (AP3/PI/SEP3/AP1) and stamen (AP3/PI/SEP3/AG) complexes and showed that the lily (Lilium longiflorum) PI co-orthologs LMADS8 and LMADS9 likely formed heterotetrameric petal complexes with Arabidopsis AP3/SEP3/AP1, which rescued petal defects of pi mutants. However, L8/L9 did not form heterotetrameric stamen complexes with Arabidopsis AP3/SEP3/AG to rescue the stamen defects of the pi mutants. Importantly, this system was applied successfully to find complicated tepal and stamen heterotetrameric complexes in lily. We found that heterodimers of B function AP3/PI orthologs (L1/L8) likely coexist with the homodimers of PI orthologs (L8/L8, L9/L9) to form five (two most stable and three stable) tepal- and four (one most stable and three stable) stamen-related heterotetrameric complexes with A/E and C/E function proteins in lily. Among these combinations, L1 preferentially interacted with L8 to form the most stable heterotetrameric complexes, and the importance of the L8/L8 and L9/L9 homodimers in tepal/stamen formation in lily likely decreased to a minor part during evolution. The system provides substantial improvements for successfully estimating the existence of unknown tetrameric complexes in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Mao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan ROC
| | - Wei-Han Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jen-Ying Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chang-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan ROC
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan ROC
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodas AL, Roque E, Hamza R, Gómez-Mena C, Minguet EG, Wen J, Mysore KS, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. MtSUPERMAN plays a key role in compound inflorescence and flower development in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:816-830. [PMID: 33176041 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have unique features, such as compound inflorescences and a complex floral ontogeny. Thus, the study of regulatory genes in these species during inflorescence and floral development is essential to understand their role in the evolutionary origin of developmental novelties. The SUPERMAN (SUP) gene encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcriptional repressor that regulates the floral organ number in the third and fourth floral whorls of Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, we present the functional characterization of the Medicago truncatula SUPERMAN (MtSUP) gene based on gene expression analysis, complementation and overexpression assays, and reverse genetic approaches. Our findings provide evidence that MtSUP is the orthologous gene of SUP in M. truncatula. We have unveiled novel functions for a SUP-like gene in eudicots. MtSUP controls not only the number of floral organs in the inner two whorls, but also in the second whorl of the flower. Furthermore, MtSUP regulates the activity of the secondary inflorescence meristem, thus controlling the number of flowers produced. Our work provides insight into the regulatory network behind the compound inflorescence and flower development in this angiosperm family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Rodas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edelín Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rim Hamza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eugenio G Minguet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - José P Beltrán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis A Cañas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu B, Li H, Hou Y, Zhang P, Xia X, Wang N, Wang H, Mysore KS, Wen J, Pei Y, Niu L, Lin H. AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER controls floral organ identity and inflorescence development in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:917-923. [PMID: 30839160 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms integrate a multitude of endogenous and environmental signals to control floral development, thereby ensuring reproductive success. Here, we report the identification of AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER (AGTFL), a novel regulator of floral development in Medicago truncatula. Mutation of AGTFL led to the transformation of carpels and stamens into numerous sepals and petals and altered primary inflorescence identity. AGTFL encodes a nucleus-localized protein containing a putative Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain and a PKc kinase domain. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that AGTFL regulates the transcription of MtAGs and MtTFL1 to control floral organ identity and inflorescence development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Butuo Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yifeng Hou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuzhi Xia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Na Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoffmeier A, Gramzow L, Bhide AS, Kottenhagen N, Greifenstein A, Schubert O, Mummenhoff K, Becker A, Theißen G. A Dead Gene Walking: Convergent Degeneration of a Clade of MADS-Box Genes in Crucifers. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2618-2638. [PMID: 30053121 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes are "born," and eventually they "die." These processes shape the phenotypic evolution of organisms and are hence of great biological interest. If genes die in plants, they generally do so quite rapidly. Here, we describe the fate of GOA-like genes that evolve in a dramatically different manner. GOA-like genes belong to the subfamily of Bsister genes of MIKC-type MADS-box genes. Typical MIKC-type genes encode conserved transcription factors controlling plant development. We show that ABS-like genes, a clade of Bsister genes, are indeed highly conserved in crucifers (Brassicaceae) maintaining the ancestral function of Bsister genes in ovule and seed development. In contrast, their closest paralogs, the GOA-like genes, have been undergoing convergent gene death in Brassicaceae. Intriguingly, erosion of GOA-like genes occurred after millions of years of coexistence with ABS-like genes. We thus describe Delayed Convergent Asymmetric Degeneration, a so far neglected but possibly frequent pattern of duplicate gene evolution that does not fit classical scenarios. Delayed Convergent Asymmetric Degeneration of GOA-like genes may have been initiated by a reduction in the expression of an ancestral GOA-like gene in the stem group of Brassicaceae and driven by dosage subfunctionalization. Our findings have profound implications for gene annotations in genomics, interpreting patterns of gene evolution and using genes in phylogeny reconstructions of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hoffmeier
- Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Amey S Bhide
- Plant Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Kottenhagen
- Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Greifenstein
- Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Olesia Schubert
- Plant Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mummenhoff
- Department of Biology/Botany, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Annette Becker
- Plant Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Bruijn S, Zhao T, Muiño JM, Schranz EM, Angenent GC, Kaufmann K. PISTILLATA paralogs in Tarenaya hassleriana have diverged in interaction specificity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:368. [PMID: 30577806 PMCID: PMC6303913 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Floral organs are specified by MADS-domain transcription factors that act in a combinatorial manner, as summarized in the (A)BCE model. However, this evolutionarily conserved model is in contrast to a remarkable amount of morphological diversity in flowers. One of the mechanisms suggested to contribute to this diversity is duplication of floral MADS-domain transcription factors. Although gene duplication is often followed by loss of one of the copies, sometimes both copies are retained. If both copies are retained they will initially be redundant, providing freedom for one of the paralogs to change function. Here, we examine the evolutionary fate and functional consequences of a transposition event at the base of the Brassicales that resulted in the duplication of the floral regulator PISTILLATA (PI), using Tarenaya hassleriana (Cleomaceae) as a model system. RESULTS The transposition of a genomic region containing a PI gene led to two paralogs which are located at different positions in the genome. The original PI copy is syntenic in position with most angiosperms, whereas the transposed copy is syntenic with the PI genes in Brassicaceae. The two PI paralogs of T. hassleriana have very similar expression patterns. However, they may have diverged in function, as only one of these PI proteins was able to act heterologously in the first whorl of A. thaliana flowers. We also observed differences in protein complex formation between the two paralogs, and the two paralogs exhibit subtle differences in DNA-binding specificity. Sequence analysis indicates that most of the protein sequence divergence between the two T. hassleriana paralogs emerged in a common ancestor of the Cleomaceae and the Brassicaceae. CONCLUSIONS We found that the PI paralogs in T. hassleriana have similar expression patterns, but may have diverged at the level of protein function. Data suggest that most protein sequence divergence occurred rapidly, prior to the origin of the Brassicaceae and Cleomaceae. It is tempting to speculate that the interaction specificities of the Brassicaceae-specific PI proteins are different compared to the PI found in other angiosperms. This could lead to PI regulating partly different genes in the Brassicaceae, and ultimately might result in change floral in morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhao
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose M. Muiño
- Institute for Biology, Systems Biology of Gene Regulation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric M. Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Institute for Biology, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu B, Li H, Wen J, Mysore KS, Wang X, Pei Y, Niu L, Lin H. Functional Specialization of Duplicated AGAMOUS Homologs in Regulating Floral Organ Development of Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:854. [PMID: 30108597 PMCID: PMC6079578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The C function gene AGAMOUS (AG) encodes for a MADS-box transcription factor required for floral organ identity and floral meristem (FM) determinacy in angiosperms. Unlike Arabidopsis, most legume plants possess two AG homologs arose by an ancient genome duplication event. Recently, two euAGAMOUS genes, MtAGa and MtAGb, were characterized and shown to fulfill the C function activity in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we reported the isolation and characterization of a new mtaga allele by screening the Medicago Tnt1 insertion mutant collection. We found that MtAGa was not only required for controlling the stamen and carpel identity but also affected pod and seed development. Genetic analysis indicated that MtAGa and MtAGb redundantly control Medicago floral organ identity, but have minimal distinct functions in regulating stamen and carpel development in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the stamens and carpels are mostly converted to numerous vexillum-like petals in the double mutant of mtaga mtagb, which is distinguished from Arabidopsis ag. Further qRT-PCR analysis in different mtag mutants revealed that MtAGa and MtAGb can repress the expression of putative A and B function genes as well as MtWUS, but promote putative D function genes expression in M. truncatula. In addition, we found that the abnormal dorsal petal phenotype observed in the mtaga mtagb double mutant is associated with the upregulation of CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like TCP genes. Taken together, our data suggest that the redundant MtAGa and MtAGb genes of M. truncatula employ a conserved mechanism of action similar to Arabidopsis in determining floral organ identity and FM determinacy but may have evolved distinct function in regulating floral symmetry by coordinating with specific floral dorsoventral identity factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Butuo Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | | | - Xianbing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gómez-Mena C, Roque EM. Non-isotopic RNA In Situ Hybridization for Functional Analyses in Medicago truncatula. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1822:133-144. [PMID: 30043302 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Different strategies have been developed and implemented during the last decades aiming to decipher the function of particular genes. Among the different techniques, in situ hybridization of mRNA remains an essential experiment to fully understand gene function. Here, we describe a protocol for the in situ localization of gene transcripts in plants. It is optimized for use of paraffin-embedded tissues and DIG-labeled probes and has successfully applied to floral bud tissues from Medicago truncatula. Using this protocol, we have analyzed the expression of MADS-box transcription factors where some of them have been preserved as duplicates in the genome. When duplicated genes are analyzed, the tissue and cellular location of the transcripts is the only technique that accounts for small variations in the pattern of gene expression that occurred after duplication and diversification. The use of a well-standardized in situ hybridization protocol is vital for the systematic analysis of the function of genes in Medicago truncatula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, E-46011, Spain.
| | - Edelín M Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, E-46011, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roque E, Gómez-Mena C, Ferrándiz C, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. Functional Genomics and Genetic Control of Flower and Fruit Development in Medicago truncatula: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1822:273-290. [PMID: 30043310 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A-, B-, and C-class genes code for MADS-box transcription factors required for floral organ identity in angiosperms. Other members of the family are also crucial to ensure proper carpel and fruit development. Development of genetic and genomic tools for Medicago truncatula has allowed its use as model system to study the genetic control of flower and fruit development in legumes. M. truncatula contains a single A-class gene, four B-function genes, and three C-class genes in its genome. This has made possible to do extensive functional characterization of these MADS-box transcription factors using gene expression analyses, protein-protein interactions, and forward and reverse genetic approaches. We have demonstrated the functions of these MADS-box transcription factors and the respective contributions of paralogous gene pairs to M. truncatula floral development. We have also defined the evolutionary outcomes of each duplicated pairs thus testing theoretical framework of several models about the evolution by gene duplication. Moreover, we have also studied the function of MADS-box fruit genes and how they may have contributed to the diversification of pod morphology within the Medicago genus. Our findings not only have contributed to increase knowledge in the field of the genetic control of flower and fruit development but also have provided a more complete understanding of the complexity of evolution by gene duplication and protein sequence diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edelín Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s.n., Valencia, E-46011, Spain
| | - Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s.n., Valencia, E-46011, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s.n., Valencia, E-46011, Spain
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology(IBMCP), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis A Cañas
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology(IBMCP), Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Many researchers have sought along the last two decades a legume species that could serve as a model system for genetic studies to resolve specific developmental or metabolic processes that cannot be studied in other model plants. Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, compound leaf, inflorescence and plant architecture, floral development, pod formation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and other developmental and metabolic aspects are legume-specific or show important differences with those described in Arabidopsis thaliana, the most studied model plant. Mainly Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus were proposed in the 1990s as model systems due to their key attributes, diploid genome, autogamous nature, short generation times, small genome sizes, and both species can be readily transformed. After more than decade-long, the genome sequences of both species are essentially complete, and a series of functional genomics tools have been successfully developed and applied. Mutagens that cause insertions or deletions are being used in these model systems because these kinds of DNA rearrangements are expected to assist in the isolation of the corresponding genes by Target-Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) approaches. Different M. truncatula mutants have been obtained following γ-irradiation or fast neutron bombardment (FNB), ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) treatments, T-DNA and activation tagging, use of the tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1 to produce insertional mutants, gene silencing by RNAi, and transient post-transcriptional gene silencing by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Emerging technologies of targeted mutagenesis and gene editing, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, could open a new era in this field. Functional genomics tools and phenotypic analyses of several mutants generated in M. truncatula have been essential to better understand differential aspects of legumes development and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Cañas
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu X, Xiong Q, Cheng T, Li QT, Liu XL, Bi YD, Li W, Zhang WK, Ma B, Lai YC, Du WG, Man WQ, Chen SY, Zhang JS. A PP2C-1 Allele Underlying a Quantitative Trait Locus Enhances Soybean 100-Seed Weight. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:670-684. [PMID: 28363587 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated soybeans may lose some useful genetic loci during domestication. Introgression of genes from wild soybeans could broaden the genetic background and improve soybean agronomic traits. In this study, through whole-genome sequencing of a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between a wild soybean ZYD7 and a cultivated soybean HN44, and mapping of quantitative trait loci for seed weight, we discovered that a phosphatase 2C-1 (PP2C-1) allele from wild soybean ZYD7 contributes to the increase in seed weight/size. PP2C-1 may achieve this function by enhancing cell size of integument and activating a subset of seed trait-related genes. We found that PP2C-1 is associated with GmBZR1, a soybean ortholog of Arabidopsis BZR1, one of key transcription factors in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, and facilitate accumulation of dephosphorylated GmBZR1. In contrast, the PP2C-2 allele with variations of a few amino acids at the N-terminus did not exhibit this function. Moreover, we showed that GmBZR1 could promote seed weight/size in transgenic plants. Through analysis of cultivated soybean accessions, we found that 40% of the examined accessions do not have the PP2C-1 allele, suggesting that these accessions can be improved by introduction of this allele. Taken together, our study identifies an elite allele PP2C-1, which can enhance seed weight and/or size in soybean, and pinpoints that manipulation of this allele by molecular-assisted breeding may increase production in soybean and other legumes/crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Tian Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Lei Liu
- Institute of Soybean Research, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ying-Dong Bi
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Cai Lai
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wei-Guang Du
- Institute of Soybean Research, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wei-Qun Man
- Institute of Soybean Research, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fares MA. Evolution of Multiple Chaperonins: Innovation of Evolutionary Capacitors. PROKARYOTIC CHAPERONINS 2017:149-170. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4651-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
16
|
Hecht V. Duplicate MADS genes with split roles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1609-1611. [PMID: 26956503 PMCID: PMC4783379 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hecht
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| |
Collapse
|