1
|
Shor E, Vainstein A. Petunia PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4/5 transcriptionally activates key regulators of floral scent. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:66. [PMID: 38816626 PMCID: PMC11139750 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Floral scent emission of petunia flowers is regulated by light conditions, circadian rhythms, ambient temperature and the phytohormones GA and ethylene, but the mechanisms underlying sensitivity to these factors remain obscure. PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) have been well studied as components of the regulatory machinery for numerous physiological processes. Acting redundantly, they serve as transmitters of light, circadian, metabolic, thermal and hormonal signals. Here we identified and characterized the phylogenetics of petunia PIF family members (PhPIFs). PhPIF4/5 was revealed as a positive regulator of floral scent: TRV-based transient suppression of PhPIF4/5 in petunia petals reduced emission of volatiles, whereas transient overexpression increased scent emission. The mechanism of PhPIF4/5-mediated regulation of volatile production includes activation of the expression of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and a key positive regulator of the pathway, EMISSION OF BENZENOIDS II (EOBII). The PIF-binding motif on the EOBII promoter (G-box) was shown to be needed for this activation. As PhPIF4/5 homologues are sensors of dawn and expression of EOBII also peaks at dawn, the prior is proposed to be part of the diurnal control of the volatile biosynthetic machinery. PhPIF4/5 was also found to transcriptionally activate PhDELLAs; a similar positive effect of PIFs on DELLA expression was further confirmed in Arabidopsis seedlings. The PhPIF4/5-PhDELLAs feedback is proposed to fine-tune GA signaling for regulation of floral scent production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shor
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su H, Cao L, Ren Z, Sun W, Zhu B, Ma S, Sun C, Zhang D, Liu Z, Zeng H, Yang W, Liu Y, Zheng L, Yang Y, Wu Z, Zhu Y, Ku L, Chong L, Chen Y. ZmELF6-ZmPRR37 module regulates maize flowering and salt response. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:929-945. [PMID: 38009862 PMCID: PMC10955496 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The control of flowering time in maize is crucial for reproductive success and yield, and it can be influenced by environmental stresses. Using the approaches of Ac/Ds transposon and transposable element amplicon sequencing techniques, we identified a Ds insertion mutant in the ZmPRR37 gene. The Ds insertion showed a significant correlation with days to anthesis. Further research indicated that ZmPRR37-CR knockout mutants exhibited early flowering, whereas ZmPRR37-overexpression lines displayed delayed flowering compared to WT under long-day (LD) conditions. We demonstrated that ZmPRR37 repressed the expression of ZmNF-YC2 and ZmNF-YA3 to delay flowering. Association analysis revealed a significant correlation between flowering time and a SNP2071-C/T located upstream of ZmPRR37. The SNP2071-C/T impacted the binding capacity of ZmELF6 to the promoter of ZmPRR37. ZmELF6 also acted as a flowering suppressor in maize under LD conditions. Notably, our study unveiled that ZmPRR37 can enhance salt stress tolerance in maize by directly regulating the expression of ABA-responsive gene ZmDhn1. ZmDhn1 negatively regulated maize salt stress resistance. In summary, our findings proposed a novel pathway for regulating photoperiodic flowering and responding to salt stress based on ZmPRR37 in maize, providing novel insights into the integration of abiotic stress signals into floral pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Su
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liru Cao
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Wenhao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Shixiang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chongyu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Dongling Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhixue Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Haixia Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Wenjing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lingling Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yuwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhendong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Lixia Ku
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Leelyn Chong
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yanhui Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li G, Li W, Liang Y, Lu W, Lu D. Spraying exogenous hormones alleviate impact of weak-light on yield by improving leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolism in fresh waxy maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220827. [PMID: 37409291 PMCID: PMC10319006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient light during the growth periods has become one of the main factors restricting maize yield with global climate change. Exogenous hormones application is a feasible measure to alleviate abiotic stresses on crop productivity. In this study, a field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of spraying exogenous hormones on yield, dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation, leaf carbon and N metabolism of fresh waxy maize under weak-light stress in 2021 and 2022. Five treatments including natural light (CK), weak-light after pollination (Z), spraying water (ZP1), exogenous Phytase Q9 (ZP2) and 6-benzyladenine (ZP3) under weak-light after pollination were set up using two hybrids suyunuo5 (SYN5) and jingkenuo2000 (JKN2000). Results showed that weak-light stress significantly reduced the average fresh ear yield (49.8%), fresh grain yield (47.9%), DM (53.3%) and N accumulation (59.9%), and increased grain moisture content. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) of ear leaf after pollination decreased under Z. Furthermore, weak-light decreased the activities of RuBPCase and PEPCase, nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in ear leaves, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. And the decrease was greater on JKN2000. While ZP2 and ZP3 treatments increased the fresh ear yield (17.8%, 25.3%), fresh grain yield (17.2%, 29.5%), DM (35.8%, 44.6%) and N (42.5%, 52.4%) accumulation, and decreased grain moisture content compared with Z. The Pn, Tr increased under ZP2 and ZP3. Moreover, the ZP2 and ZP3 treatments improved the activities of RuBPCase, PEPCase; NR, GS, GOGAT; SOD, CAT, POD in ear leaves, and decreased MDA content during grain filling stage. The results also showed the mitigative effect of ZP3 was greater than ZP2, and the improvement effect was more significant on JKN2000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun H, Li W, Liang Y, Li G. Shading Stress at Different Grain Filling Stages Affects Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Remobilization in Fresh Waxy Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091742. [PMID: 37176801 PMCID: PMC10180541 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Shading stress caused by plum rain season, which overlapped with grain filling process of fresh waxy maize in Southern China, significantly affected crop productivity. In order to investigate the effects of shading at different stages after pollination on the yield, accumulation, and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen (N) in fresh waxy maize, field experiments were conducted, including shading at 1-7 (Z1), 8-14 (Z2), 15-21 (Z3), and 1-21 (Z4) days after pollination in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that shading reduced the fresh ear and grain yield and increased moisture content in Suyunuo5 (SYN5) and Jingkenuo2000 (JKN2000) compared to natural lighting treatment (CK). The ear yield decrease was more severe in Z4 (43.5%), followed by Z1 (29.7%). Post-silking dry matter and N accumulation and remobilization were decreased under shading stress, and those were lowest in Z4, followed by Z1. The remobilization of pre-silking dry matter and N were increased by shading stress, and the increase was highest in Z4, followed by Z1. The harvest index of dry matter and N was lowest in Z4 and second-lowest in Z1. In conclusion, shading decreased yield by affecting accumulation and remobilization of post-silking dry matter and N, and the impact was more serious when it introduced early during grain filling stage in fresh waxy maize production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuwen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang N, Shu X, Zhang F, Wang Z. Transcriptome-wide characterization of bHLH transcription factor genes in Lycoris radiata and functional analysis of their response to MeJA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:975530. [PMID: 36704164 PMCID: PMC9872026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the biggest plant specific transcription factor (TF) families, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, plays significant roles in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, there has been minimal research about the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on the bHLH gene family in Lycoris radiata (L'Her.) Herb. In this study, based on transcriptome sequencing data, 50 putative L. radiata bHLH (LrbHLH) genes with complete open reading frames (ORFs), which were divided into 20 bHLH subfamilies, were identified. The protein motif analyses showed that a total of 10 conserved motifs were found in LrbHLH proteins and motif 1 and motif 2 were the most highly conserved motifs. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of LrbHLH genes revealed their involvement in regulation of plant growth, jasmonic acid (JA) mediated signaling pathway, photoperiodism, and flowering. Furthermore, subcellular localization revealed that most LrbHLHs were located in the nucleus. Expression pattern analysis of LrbHLH genes in different tissues and at flower developmental stages suggested that their expression differed across lineages and might be important for plant growth and organ development in Lycoris. In addition, all LrbHLH genes exhibited specific spatial and temporal expression patterns under MeJA treatment. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and yeast two-hybrid assay showed that numerous LrbHLHs could interact with jasmonate ZIM (zinc-finger inflorescence meristem) domain (JAZ) proteins. This research provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of LrbHLHs to find their functions and insights for their regulatory mechanisms involved in JA signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Javed HH, Hu Y, Asghar MA, Brestic M, Abbasi MA, Saleem MH, Peng X, Ghafoor AZ, Ye W, Zhou J, Guo X, Wu YC. Effect of intermittent shade on nitrogen dynamics assessed by 15N trace isotopes, enzymatic activity and yield of Brassica napus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037632. [PMID: 36466283 PMCID: PMC9709140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Modern era of agriculture is concerned with the environmental influence on crop growth and development. Shading is one of the crucial factors affecting crop growth considerably, which has been neglected over the years. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was aimed to investigate the effects of shading at flowering (S1) and pod development (S2) stages on nitrogen (N) dynamics, carbohydrates and yield of rapeseed. Two rapeseed genotypes (Chuannong and Zhongyouza) were selected to evaluate the effects of shading on 15N trace isotopes, enzymatic activities, dry matter, nitrogen and carbohydrate distribution and their relationship with yield. The results demonstrated that both shading treatments disturbed the nitrogen accumulation and transportation at the maturity stage. It was found that shading induced the downregulation of the N mobilizing enzymes (NR, NiR, GS, and GOGAT) in leaves and pods at both developmental stages. Shading at both growth stages resulted in reduced dry matter of both varieties but only S2 exhibited the decline in pod shell and seeds dry weight in both years. Besides this, carbohydrates distribution toward economic organs was declined by S2 treatment and its substantial impact was also experienced in seed weight and seeds number per pod which ultimately decreased the yield in both genotypes. We also revealed that yield is positively correlated with dry matter, nitrogen content and carbohydrates transportation. In contrast to Chuannong, the Zhongyouza genotype performed relatively better under shade stress. Overall, it was noticed that shading at pod developmental stage considerable affected the transportation of N and carbohydrates which led to reduced rapeseed yield as compared to shading at flowering stage. Our study provides basic theoretical support for the management techniques of rapeseed grown under low light regions and revealed the critical growth stage which can be negatively impacted by low light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Hassan Javed
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Asghar
- Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Majid Ali Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Larkana, Pakistan
| | | | - Xiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| | - Abu Zar Ghafoor
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Ye
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Sichuan Province Agro-meteorological Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Cheng Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang M, Wen G, Zhao C. Phylogeny and evolution of plant Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) gene family and functional analyses of PIFs in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1209-1227. [PMID: 35218399 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant PIFs have been characterized, WGDs contributed to the expansion of class II PIFs; BdPIFs localized in the nucleus; BdPIF4/5C most likely response to high temperature and light stress. Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) belong to a small subset of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs). As cellular signaling hubs, PIFs integrate multiple external and internal signals to orchestrate the regulation of the transcriptional network, thereby actuating the pleiotropic aspects of downstream morphogenesis. Nevertheless, the origin, phylogeny and function of plant PIFs are not well understood. To elucidate their evolution history and biological function, the comprehensive genomic analysis of the PIF genes was conducted using 40 land plant genomes plus additionally four alga lineages and also performed their gene organizations, sequence features and expression patterns in different subfamilies. In this study, phylogenetic analysis displayed that 246 PIF gene members retrieved from all embryophytes could be divided into three main clades, which were further felled into five distinct classes (Class I-V). The duplications of Class II PIFs were associated specially with whole genome duplication (WGD) events during the plant evolution process. Sequence analysis showed that PIF proteins had a conserved APB motif, and its crucial amino acid residues were relatively high proportion in the average abundance. As expected, subcellular localization analysis revealed that all BdPIF proteins were localized to the nucleus. Especially, BdPIF4/5C showed the highest expression level at high temperature, and the most significant hypocotyl elongation phenotype of overexpression of BdPIFs in Arabidopsis, which was consistent with the function and phenotype of AtPIF4. In brief, our findings provide a novel perspective on the origin and evolutionary history of plant PIFs, and lays a foundation for further investigation on its functions in plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| | - Guosong Wen
- Research and Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Changling Zhao
- Research and Development Center for Heath Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arya H, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Overexpression of
PIF4
affects plant morphology and accelerates reproductive phase transitions in soybean. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hina Arya
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mohan B. Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Prem L. Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huai J, Jing Y, Lin R. Functional analysis of ZmCOP1 and ZmHY5 reveals conserved light signaling mechanism in maize and Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:369-379. [PMID: 32208521 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved light signaling mechanisms to optimally adapt developmental patterns to the ambient light environments. CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) are two critical components in the light signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. COP1 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets positive regulators, such as HY5, leading to their degradation in darkness. However, functional analysis of the COP1-HY5 module in maize (Zea mays) has not been reported. Here, we investigated the expression patterns and roles of the COP1 and HY5 orthologs, ZmCOP1 and ZmHY5, in regulating photomorphogenesis. These two genes have high amino acid identities with their Arabidopsis homolog and were both regulated by light. Subcellular localization assay showed that ZmCOP1 was distributed in the cytosol and ZmHY5 localized in the nucleus. Exogenous expression of ZmCOP1 rescued the physiological defects of the cop1-4 mutant, and expression of ZmHY5 complemented the long hypocotyl phenotype of the hy5-215 mutant in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays showed that ZmCOP1 interacted with ZmHY5. Our study gains insight into the conserved function and regulatory mechanism of the COP1-HY5 signaling pathway in maize and Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Huai
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanjun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gallinari RH, Coletta RD, Araújo P, Menossi M, Nery MF. Bringing to light the molecular evolution of GUX genes in plants. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20180208. [PMID: 32232316 PMCID: PMC7198009 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicellulose and cellulose are essential polysaccharides for plant development and major components of cell wall. They are also an important energy source for the production of ethanol from plant biomass, but their conversion to fermentable sugars is hindered by the complex structure of cell walls. The glucuronic acid substitution of xylan (GUX) enzymes attach glucuronic acid to xylan, a major component of hemicellulose, decreasing the efficiency of enzymes used for ethanol production. Since loss-of-function gux mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana enhance enzyme accessibility and cell wall digestion without adverse phenotypes, GUX genes are potential targets for genetically improving energy crops. However, comprehensive identification of GUX in important species and their evolutionary history are largely lacking. Here, we identified putative GUX proteins using hidden Markov model searches with the GT8 domain and a GUX-specific motif, and inferred the phylogenetic relationship of 18 species with Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Each species presented a variable number of GUX, and their evolution can be explained by a mixture of divergent, concerted and birth-and-death evolutionary models. This is the first broad insight into the evolution of GUX gene family in plants and will potentially guide genetic and functional studies in species used for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Henrique Gallinari
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Della Coletta
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Araújo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Freitas Nery
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oh J, Park E, Song K, Bae G, Choi G. PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR8 Inhibits Phytochrome A-Mediated Far-Red Light Responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:186-205. [PMID: 31732705 PMCID: PMC6961613 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) are a group of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that repress plant light responses. PIF8 is one of the less-characterized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PIFs, whose putative orthologs are conserved in other plant species. PIF8 possesses a bHLH motif and an active phytochrome B motif but not an active phytochrome A motif. Consistent with this motif composition, PIF8 binds to G-box elements and interacts with the Pfr form of phyB but only very weakly, if at all, with that of phyA. PIF8 differs, however, from other PIFs in its protein accumulation pattern and functional roles in different light conditions. First, PIF8 inhibits phyA-induced seed germination, suppression of hypocotyl elongation, and randomization of hypocotyl growth orientation in far-red light, but it does not inhibit phyB-induced red light responses. Second, PIF8 protein accumulates more in far-red light than in darkness or red light. This is distinct from the pattern observed with PIF3, which accumulates more in darkness. This PIF8 accumulation pattern requires degradation of PIF8 by CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) in darkness, inhibition of COP1 by phyA in far-red light, and promotion of PIF8 degradation by phyB in red light. Together, our results indicate that PIF8 is a genuine PIF that represses phyA-mediated light responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghwa Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eunae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kijong Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Gabyong Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu G, Zhao Y, Shen R, Wang B, Xie Y, Ma X, Zheng Z, Wang H. Characterization of Maize Phytochrome-Interacting Factors in Light Signaling and Photomorphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:789-803. [PMID: 31350363 PMCID: PMC6776846 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing planting density has been an effective means of increasing maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) yield per unit of land area over the past few decades. However, high-density planting will cause a reduction in the ratio of red to far-red incident light, which could trigger the shade avoidance syndrome and reduce yield. The molecular mechanisms regulating the shade avoidance syndrome are well established in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) but poorly understood in maize. Here, we conducted an initial functional characterization of the maize Phytochrome-Interacting Factor (PIF) gene family in regulating light signaling and photomorphogenesis. The maize genome contains seven distinct PIF genes, which could be grouped into three subfamilies: ZmPIF3s, ZmPIF4s, and ZmPIF5s Similar to the Arabidopsis PIFs, all ZmPIF proteins are exclusively localized to the nucleus and most of them can form nuclear bodies upon light irradiation. We show that all of the ZmPIF proteins could interact with ZmphyB. Heterologous expression of each ZmPIF member could partially or fully rescue the phenotype of the Arabidopsis pifq mutant, and some of these proteins conferred enhanced shade avoidance syndrome in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, all ZmPIF proteins expressed in Arabidopsis are much more stable than their Arabidopsis counterparts upon exposure to red light. Moreover, the Zmpif3, Zmpif4, and Zmpif5 knockout mutants generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology all showed severely suppressed mesocotyl elongation in dark-grown seedlings and were less responsive to simulated shade treatment. Taken together, our results reveal both conserved and distinct molecular properties of ZmPIFs in regulating light signaling and photomorphogenesis in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongping Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhigang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei K, Chen H. Comparative functional genomics analysis of bHLH gene family in rice, maize and wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:309. [PMID: 30497403 PMCID: PMC6267037 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors play important roles in diverse cellular and molecular processes. Comparative functional genomics can provide powerful approaches to draw inferences about gene function and evolution among species. The comprehensive comparison of bHLH gene family in different gramineous plants has not yet been reported. RESULTS In this study, a total of 183, 231 and 571 bHLHs were identified in rice, maize and wheat genomes respectively, and 1154 bHLH genes from the three species and Arabidopsis were classified into 36 subfamilies. Of the identified genes, 110 OsbHLHs, 188 ZmbHLHs and 209 TabHLHs with relatively high mRNA abundances were detected in one or more tissues during development, and some of them exhibited tissue-specific expression such as TabHLH454-459, ZmbHLH099-101 and OsbHLH037 in root, TabHLH559-562, - 046, - 047 and ZmbHLH010, - 072, - 226 in leaf, TabHLH216-221, - 333, - 335, - 340 and OsbHLH005, - 141 in inflorescence, TabHLH081, ZmbHLH139 and OsbHLH144 in seed. Forty five, twenty nine and thirty one differentially expressed bHLHs were respectively detected in wheat, maize and rice under drought stresses using RNA-seq technology. Among them, the expressions of TabHLH046, - 047, ZmbHLH097, - 098, OsbHLH006 and - 185 were strongly induced, whereas TabHLH303, - 562, ZmbHLH155, - 154, OsbHLH152 and - 113 showed significant down-regulation. Twenty two TabHLHs were induced after stripe rust infection at 24 h and nine of them were suppressed at 72 hpi, whereas 28 and 6 TabHLHs exhibited obviously down- and up-regulation after powdery mildew attack respectively. Forty one ZmbHLHs were differentially expressed in response to F. verticillioides infection. Twenty two co-expression modules were identified by the WGCNA, some of which were associated with particular tissue types. And GO enrichment analysis for the modules showed that some TabHLHs were involved in the control of several biological processes, such as tapetal PCD, lipid metabolism, iron absorption, stress responses and signal regulation. CONCLUSION The present study identifies the bHLH family in rice, maize and wheat genomes, and detailedly discusses the evolutionary relationships, expression and function of bHLHs. This study provides some novel and detail information about bHLHs, and may facilitate understanding the molecular basis of the plant growth, development and stress physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifa Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, 363000 Fujian China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang T, Lv W, Zhang H, Ma L, Li P, Ge L, Li G. Genome-wide analysis of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor family in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:235. [PMID: 30326829 PMCID: PMC6192367 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play key roles in diverse biological processes. Genome-wide comprehensive and systematic analyses of bHLH proteins have been well conducted in Arabidopsis, rice, tomato and other plant species. However, only few of bHLH family genes have been functional characterized in maize. RESULTS In this study, our genome-wide analysis identified 208 putative bHLH family proteins (ZmbHLH proteins) in maize (Zea mays). We classified these proteins into 18 subfamilies by comparing the ZmbHLHs with Arabidopsis thaliana bHLH proteins. Phylogenetic analysis, conserved protein motifs, and exon-intron patterns further supported the evolutionary relationships among these bHLH proteins. Genome distribution analysis found that the 208 ZmbHLH loci were located non-randomly on the ten maize chromosomes. Further, analysis of conserved cis-elements in the promoter regions, protein interaction networks, and expression patterns in roots, leaves, and seeds across developmental stages, suggested that bHLH family proteins in maize are probably involved in multiple physiological processes in plant growth and development. CONCLUSION We performed a genome-wide, systematic analysis of bHLH proteins in maize. This comprehensive analysis provides a useful resource that enables further investigation of the physiological roles and molecular functions of the ZmbHLH transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022 China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Lei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei H, Zhao Y, Xie Y, Wang H. Exploiting SPL genes to improve maize plant architecture tailored for high-density planting. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4675-4688. [PMID: 29992284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) is an agronomically important crop and also a classical genetic model for studying the regulation of plant architecture formation, which is a critical determinant of grain yield. Since the 1930s, increasing planting density has been a major contributing factor to the >7-fold increase in maize grain yield per unit land area in the USA, which is accompanied by breeding and utilization of cultivars characterized by high-density-tolerant plant architecture, including decreased ear height, lodging resistance, more upright leaves, reduced tassel branch number, and reduced anthesis-silking interval (ASI). Recent studies demonstrated that phytochrome-mediated red/far-red light signaling pathway and the miR156/SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) regulatory module co-ordinately regulate the shade avoidance response and diverse aspects of plant architecture in responding to shading in Arabidopsis. The maize genome contains 30 ZmSPL genes, and 18 of them are predicted as direct targets of zma-miR156s. Accumulating evidence indicates that ZmSPL genes play important roles in regulating maize flowering time, plant/ear height, tilling, leaf angle, tassel and ear architecture, and grain size and shape. Finally, we discuss ways to exploit maize SPL genes and downstream targets for improving maize plant architecture tailored for high-density planting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wei
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang K, Zheng T, Zhu X, Jiu S, Liu Z, Guan L, Jia H, Fang J. Genome-Wide Identification of PIFs in Grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.) and Their Transcriptional Analysis under Lighting/Shading Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9090451. [PMID: 30205517 PMCID: PMC6162725 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs), as the basic helix⁻loop⁻helix (bHLH) transcription factors, are the primary signaling partners for phytochromes (PHY) that play a key role in PHY-mediated light signal transduction. At present, there are few studies on PIFs in fruit trees. In order to clarify the status of PIFs in grapevines, we identified members of the grape PIFs family and conducted phylogenetic and expression analysis. We identified PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF7 in PIFs families of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), which were distributed on four different chromosomes with similar gene structures. Except for the closer relationship with PIF1 of citrus, PIFs of grape were distant from the other fruit species such as apple, pear, peach, and strawberry. The VvPIFs (except VvPIF4) were located in the syntenic block with those from Arabidopsisthaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, or Citrus sinensis. In addition to PIF1, all PIFs in grapevines have conserved active PHYB binding (APB) sequences. VvPIF1 has a conserved PIF1-specific active PHYA binding (APA) sequence, while amino acid mutations occurred in the specific APA sequence in VvPIF3. Interestingly, two specific motifs were found in the PIF4 amino acid sequence. The photoreceptor-related elements in the VvPIFs promoter region were the most abundant. PIF1, LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) and PIF3, PIF4, GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE 1 (GAI1) may interact with each other and participate together in light signal transduction. The relative expression levels of the VvPIFs showed diverse patterns in the various organs at different developmental stages, of which PIF4 was most highly expressed. Prior to maturation, the expression of PIF4 and PIF7 in the skin of the different cultivars increased, while the expression of all PIFs in the flesh decreased. The transcription level of PIFs in grape leaves was sensitive to changes in lighting and shading. Shading treatment was beneficial for enhancing the transcription level of VvPIFs, but the effect on VvPIF3 and VvPIF4 was time-controlled. We concluded that PIFs in grapevines are both conservative and species-specific. The identification and analysis of grape PIFs could provide a theoretical foundation for the further construction of grape light regulation networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kekun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ting Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Songtao Jiu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Le Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao Y, Wu M, Zhang M, Jiang W, Ren X, Liang E, Zhang D, Zhang C, Xiao N, Li Y, Dai Y, Chen J. A maize phytochrome-interacting factors protein ZmPIF1 enhances drought tolerance by inducing stomatal closure and improves grain yield in Oryza sativa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1375-1387. [PMID: 29327440 PMCID: PMC5999191 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play major roles in regulating plant growth and development, but their roles in drought stress remain elusive. Here, we cloned and characterized a maize (Zea mays) PIF transcription factor, ZmPIF1. The expression level of ZmPIF1 was significantly induced by independent drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. The ZmPIF1 transgenic rice and Arabidopsis displayed water saving and drought resistance, which were associated with reduced a stomatal aperture and transpiration rate. Moreover, the ZmPIF1 transgenic rice were hypersensitive to exogenous ABA, while the endogenous ABA level was not significantly changed, suggesting that ZmPIF1 was a positive regulator of the ABA signalling pathway. Digital gene expression (DGE) results further indicated that ZmPIF1 participated in ABA signalling pathway and regulated the stomatal aperture in rice. In addition, grain yield and agronomic traits analysis over 4 years showed that ZmPIF1 was able to increase the grain yield through an increase in tiller and panicle numbers in transgenic rice. Overall, ZmPIF1 plays an important role in the ABA-mediated regulation of stomatal closure to control water loss. ZmPIF1 can enhance water saving and drought resistance and improve the crop yield in rice, illustrating the capacity of ZmPIF1 for crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Meiqin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Wei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Enxing Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ning Xiao
- Lixiahe Region Agricultural Scientific Research Institute of JiangsuYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Yi Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pham VN, Kathare PK, Huq E. Phytochromes and Phytochrome Interacting Factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1025-1038. [PMID: 29138351 PMCID: PMC5813575 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix domain-containing transcription factors that interact physically with the red and far-red light photoreceptors, phytochromes, are called PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs). In the last two decades, the phytochrome-PIF signaling module has been shown to be conserved from Physcomitrella patens to higher plants. Exciting recent studies highlight the discovery of at least four distinct kinases (PPKs, CK2, BIN2, and phytochrome itself) and four families of ubiquitin ligases (SCFEBF1/2, CUL3LRB, CUL3BOP, and CUL4COP1-SPA) that regulate PIF abundance both in dark and light conditions. This review discusses these recent discoveries with a focus on the central phytochrome signaling mechanisms that have a profound impact on plant growth and development in response to light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Ngoc Pham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Praveen Kumar Kathare
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Enamul Huq
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baldauf JA, Marcon C, Lithio A, Vedder L, Altrogge L, Piepho HP, Schoof H, Nettleton D, Hochholdinger F. Single-Parent Expression Is a General Mechanism Driving Extensive Complementation of Non-syntenic Genes in Maize Hybrids. Curr Biol 2018; 28:431-437.e4. [PMID: 29358068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) displays an exceptional degree of structural genomic diversity [1, 2]. In addition, variation in gene expression further contributes to the extraordinary phenotypic diversity and plasticity of maize. This study provides a systematic investigation on how distantly related homozygous maize inbred lines affect the transcriptomic plasticity of their highly heterozygous F1 hybrids. The classical dominance model of heterosis explains the superiority of hybrid plants by the complementation of deleterious parental alleles by superior alleles of the second parent at many loci [3]. Genes active in one inbred line but inactive in another represent an extreme instance of allelic diversity defined as single-parent expression [4]. We observed on average ∼1,000 such genes in all inbred line combinations during primary root development. These genes consistently displayed expression complementation (i.e., activity) in their hybrid progeny. Consequently, extreme expression complementation is a general mechanism that results on average in ∼600 additionally active genes and their encoded biological functions in hybrids. The modern maize genome is complemented by a set of non-syntenic genes, which emerged after the separation of the maize and sorghum lineages and lack syntenic orthologs in any other grass species [5]. We demonstrated that non-syntenic genes are the driving force of gene expression complementation in hybrids. Among those, the highly diversified families of bZIP and bHLH transcription factors [6] are systematically overrepresented. In summary, extreme gene expression complementation extensively shapes the transcriptomic plasticity of maize hybrids and might therefore be one factor controlling the developmental plasticity of hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta A Baldauf
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Marcon
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrew Lithio
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 2438 Osborne Dr., Ames, IA 50011-1210, USA
| | - Lucia Vedder
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Altrogge
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Schoof
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 2438 Osborne Dr., Ames, IA 50011-1210, USA
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee N, Choi G. Phytochrome-interacting factor from Arabidopsis to liverwort. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:54-60. [PMID: 27875778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red and far-red light photoreceptors that regulate the responses of plants to light throughout their life cycles. Phytochromes do this in part by inhibiting the function of a group of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors called phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs). Arabidopsis has eight PIFs that function sometimes redundantly and sometimes distinctively depending on their expression patterns and protein stability, as well as on variations in the promoters they target in vivo. PIF-like proteins exist in other seed plants and non-vascular plants where they also regulate light responses. The mechanism by which phytochrome regulates light responses by promoting the degradation of the PIFs is conserved in liverwort, suggesting it must have evolved some time before the last common ancestor shared by seed plants and non-vascular plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao J, Zhao B, Dong S, Liu P, Ren B, Zhang J. Response of Summer Maize Photosynthate Accumulation and Distribution to Shading Stress Assessed by Using 13CO 2 Stable Isotope Tracer in the Field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1821. [PMID: 29123536 PMCID: PMC5662628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important crops globally that provides food, feed, and bioenergy. However, shading stress threatens maize production. In this study, we investigated the effects of shading on photosynthate accumulation and distribution of summer maize in the field. Zhengdan958 (ZD958) and Denghai 605 (DH605) were used as experimental materials in a field experiment running from 2013 to 2015. Shading treatments were applied over different growth stages: from the tassel stage (VT) to physiological maturity (R6) (S1), from the six-leaf stage (V6) to VT (S2), and from emergence stage (VE) to R6 (S3). The effects of shading on plant photosynthesis, photosynthate accumulation and distribution, and yield were evaluated in comparison to ambient sunlight. Shading significantly decreased the leaf area, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, and grain yield. During the 3-year experimental period, grain yields of ZD958 and DH605 were reduced by 83.4%, 34.2%, 53.1% and 79.3%, 24.2%, 57.6% as compared to the CK by treatments S3, S2, and S1, respectively. 13CO2 stable isotope tracing revealed that shading differentially affected the photosynthate transfer rate in different stages; photosynthates were transferred from top to bottom plant parts, in the order control > S2 > S1 > S3. We conclude that shading clearly disrupted photosynthate metabolism, and reduced the photosynthate accumulation in the grain, resulting in a yield reduction.
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi Q, Zhang H, Song X, Jiang Y, Liang R, Li G. Functional Characterization of the Maize Phytochrome-Interacting Factors PIF4 and PIF5. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2273. [PMID: 29403515 PMCID: PMC5778267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play important roles in photomorphogenesis, the shade avoidance response, and other aspects of plant growth and development. PIF family proteins have been well-studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, but little is known about their physiological functions and molecular mechanisms in maize (Zea mays). In this study, we investigated the physiological functions of ZmPIF4 and ZmPIF5, two highly conserved members of the PIF gene family. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses revealed that ZmPIF4 and ZmPIF5 expression and ZmPIF4 and ZmPIF5 levels peak at night and remain low during the day. Overexpression of ZmPIF4 and ZmPIF5 in Arabidopsis partially rescued the reduced hypocotyl elongation and defective response to gravity in pif1 pif3 pif4 pif5 quadruple mutants (pifq). In addition, under high red: far-red light conditions, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing ZmPIF4 exhibited a constitutive shade avoidance response, including early flowering, slender leaves and inflorescences, plant lodging and precocious leaf senescence. Furthermore, ZmPIF4 physically interacted with the Arabidopsis DELLA protein REPRESSOR OF GA1-3 (RGA), indicating a potential interaction between ZmPIF4 and gibberellin signaling pathway on plant growth. Taken together, our results revealed that ZmPIF4 and ZmPIF5 are functionally conserved proteins that may play conserved roles in the response to phytochrome signaling in plants. HIGHLIGHTS In this study, the functions of ZmPIF4 and ZmPIF5 were characterized by expression in Arabidopsis, revealing conserved roles of PIF family proteins in photomorphogenesis and the shade avoidance response in land plants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rosado D, Gramegna G, Cruz A, Lira BS, Freschi L, de Setta N, Rossi M. Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) in Solanum lycopersicum: Diversity, Evolutionary History and Expression Profiling during Different Developmental Processes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165929. [PMID: 27802334 PMCID: PMC5089782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of light for tomato plant yield and edible fruit quality is well known, the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), main components of phytochrome-mediated light signal transduction, have been studied almost exclusively in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, the diversity, evolution and expression profile of PIF gene subfamily in Solanum lycopersicum was characterized. Eight tomato PIF loci were identified, named SlPIF1a, SlPIF1b, SlPIF3, SlPIF4, SlPIF7a, SlPIF7b, SlPIF8a and SlPIF8b. The duplication of SlPIF1, SlPIF7 and SlPIF8 genes were dated and temporally coincided with the whole-genome triplication event that preceded tomato and potato divergence. Different patterns of mRNA accumulation in response to light treatments were observed during seedling deetiolation, dark-induced senescence, diel cycle and fruit ripening. SlPIF4 showed similar expression profile as that reported for A. thaliana homologs, indicating an evolutionary conserved function of PIF4 clade. A comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary and transcriptional data allowed proposing that duplicated SlPIFs have undergone sub- and neofunctionalization at mRNA level, pinpointing the importance of transcriptional regulation for the maintenance of duplicated genes. Altogether, the results indicate that genome polyploidization and functional divergence have played a major role in diversification of the Solanum PIF gene subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rosado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Gramegna
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Cruz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silvestre Lira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia de Setta
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|