Subaxial Cervical Spine Motion With Different Sizes of Head-supported Mass Under Accelerative Forces

INTRODUCTION

The evolution of military helmet devices has increased the amount of head-supported mass (HSM) worn by warfighters. HSM has important implications for spine biomechanics, and yet, there is a paucity of studies that investigated the effects of differing HSM and accelerative profiles on spine biomechanics. The aim of this study is to investigate the segmental motions in the subaxial cervical spine with different sizes of HSM under Gx accelerative loading.

METHODS

A three-dimensional finite element model of the male head-neck spinal column was used. Three different size military helmets were modeled and incorporated into head-neck model. The models were exercised under Gx accelerative loading by inputting low and high pulses to the cervical vertebra used in the experimental studies. Segmental motions were obtained and normalized with respect to the non-HSM case to quantify the effect of HSM.

RESULTS

Segmental motions increased with an increase in velocity at all segments of the spine. Increasing helmet size resulted in larger motion increases. Angulations ranged from 0.9° to 9.3° at 1.8 m/s and from 1.3° to 10.3° at 2.6 m/s without a helmet. Helmet increased motion between 5% to 74% at 1.8 m/s. At 2.6 m/s, the helmet increased segmental motion anywhere from 10% to 105% in the subaxial cervical spine. The greatest motion was seen at the C5-C6 level, followed by the C6-C7 level.

CONCLUSIONS

The subaxial cervical spine experiences motion increases at all levels at both velocity profiles with increasing HSM. Larger helmet and greater impact velocity increased motion at all levels, with C5-C6 demonstrating the largest range of motion. HSM should be minimized to reduce the risk of cervical spine injury to the warfighter.

Head Impact Modeling to Support a Rotational Combat Helmet Drop Test

INTRODUCTION

The Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) military specification (mil-spec) provides blunt impact acceleration criteria that must be met before use by the U.S. warfighter. The specification, which requires a helmeted magnesium Department of Transportation (DOT) headform to be dropped onto a steel hemispherical target, results in a translational headform impact response. Relative to translations, rotations of the head generate higher brain tissue strains. Excessive strain has been implicated as a mechanical stimulus leading to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that the linear constrained drop test method of the ACH specification underreports the potential for TBI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To establish a baseline of translational acceleration time histories, we conducted linear constrained drop tests based on the ACH specification and then performed simulations of the same to verify agreement between experiment and simulation. We then produced a high-fidelity human head digital twin and verified that biological tissue responses matched experimental results. Next, we altered the ACH experimental configuration to use a helmeted Hybrid III headform, a freefall cradle, and an inclined anvil target. This new, modified configuration allowed both a translational and a rotational headform response. We applied this experimental rotation response to the skull of our human digital twin and compared brain deformation relative to the translational baseline.

RESULTS

The modified configuration produced brain strains that were 4.3 times the brain strains from the linear constrained configuration.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide a scientific basis to motivate revision of the ACH mil-spec to include a rotational component, which would enhance the test's relevance to TBI arising from severe head impacts.

Influence of Friction at the Head-Helmet Interface on Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) Blunt Impact Kinematic Performance

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to compare the rotational blunt impact performance of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD: male 50% Hybrid III head and neck) headform donning an Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) between conditions in which the coefficient of static friction (μs) at the head-to-helmet pad interface varied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two ACHs (size large) were used in this study and friction was varied using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), human hair, skullcap, and the native vinyl skin of the ATD. A condition in which hook and loop material adhered the headform to the liner system was also tested, resulting in a total of five conditions: PTFE, Human Hair, Skullcap, Vinyl, and Hook. Blunt impact tests with each helmet in each of the five conditions were conducted on a pneumatic linear impactor at 4.3 m/s. The ATD donning the ACH was impacted in seven locations (Crown, Front, Rear, Left Side, Right Side, Left Nape, and Right Nape). The peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA), velocity (PAV), and the Diffuse Axonal Multi-Axis, General Evaluation (DAMAGE) metric were compared between conditions.

RESULTS

No pairwise differences were observed between conditions for PAA. A positive correlation was observed between mean μs and PAA at the Front (τ = 0.28; P = .044) and Rear (τ = 0.31; P = .024) impact locations. The Hook condition had a mean PAV value that was often less than the other conditions (P ≤ .024). A positive correlation was observed between mean μs and PAV at the Front (τ = 0.32; P = .019) and Right Side (τ = 0.57; P < .001) locations. The Hook condition tended to have the lowest DAMAGE value compared to the other conditions (P ≤ .032). A positive correlation was observed between the mean μs and DAMAGE at the Rear (τ = 0.60; P < .001) location. A negative correlation was observed at the Left Side (τ = -0.28; P = .040), Right Side (τ = -0.58; P < .001) and Left Nape (τ = -0.56; P < .001) locations.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that at some impact locations kinematic responses can vary as a function of the friction at the head-to-helmet pad interface. However, a reduction in the coupling of the head-helmet pad interface did not consistently reduce head angular kinematics or measures of brain strain across impact locations. Thus, for the ACH during collision-type impacts, impact location as opposed to μs seems to have a greater influence on head kinematics and rotational-based measures of brain strain.

An Experimental Platform Generating Simulated Blunt Impacts to the Head Due to Rearward Falls

Impacts to the back of the head due to rearward falls, also referred to as "backfall" events, represent a common source of TBI for athletes and soldiers. A new experimental apparatus is described for replicating the linear and rotational kinematics of the head during backfall events. An anthropomorphic test device (ATD) with a head-borne sensor suite was configured to fall backwards from a standing height, inducing contact between the rear of the head and a ground surface simulant. A pivoting swing arm and release strap were used to generate consistent and realistic head kinematics. Backfall experiments were performed with the ATD fitted with an American football helmet and the resulting linear and rotational head kinematics, as well as calculated injury metrics, compared favorably with those of football players undergoing similar impacts during games or play reconstructions. This test method complements existing blunt impact helmet performance experiments, such as drop tower and pneumatic ram test methods, which may not be able to fully reproduce head-neck-torso kinematics during a backfall event.