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Jabłońska W, Gołębiewski M, Kot M, Mardan H, Pawliński B, Kalińska A. Perspectives and Possibilities for New Antimicrobial Agents in the Treatment and Control of Mastitis Induced by Algae of the Genus Prototheca spp.: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8219. [PMID: 39125795 PMCID: PMC11311760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Innovative approaches in nanotechnology provide a potentially promising alternative to untreatable cases of mastitis caused by genus Prototheca spp. algae infections. Drying of the teats of the affected animals or culling are typically the outcomes of mastitis in dairy cattle caused by these pathogens. A major issue in both veterinary medicine and animal breeding is the Prototheca species' widespread resistance to the current methods of managing infections and the available drugs, including antibiotics. Commercial antifungal preparations are also ineffective. Nanotechnology, an emerging discipline, has the potential to create an effective alternative treatment for protothecal mastitis. The aim of the paper is to combine the literature data on the use of nanotechnology in the control of mastitis, taking into account data on combating mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infections. The databases employed were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, focusing on literature from the last 20 years to ensure relevance and currency. Studies conducted in vitro have demonstrated that nanomaterials have significant biocidal activity against mastitis infections of different etiologies. Analyzed research papers show that (NPs), such as AgNPs, CuNPs, AuNPs, etc., may not negatively impact various cell lines and may be effective agents in reducing the pathogens' viability. However, it is also critical to assess the risks involved in using nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Jabłońska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołębiewski
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kot
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henadzi Mardan
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawliński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kalińska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Chen J, Hu X, Li G, Wan P, Shao Z, Jin E, Liu X, Yang Q, Long A, Qian Y. Investigation of Prototheca bovis Infection and Its Correlation with Dairy Herd Improvement Data from a Dairy Farm in Central China. Vet Sci 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38250943 PMCID: PMC10820511 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prototheca bovis (P. bovis), an alga that has attracted considerable attention over the years as a causative microorganism of mastitis in dairy cows, exhibits limited susceptibility to specific aminoglycosides and antifungal agents, and no effective clinical treatment is currently available, thereby posing challenges for both prevention and treatment. To investigate the infection of P. bovis mastitis and its impact on raw milk production, a total of 348 raw milk samples were collected from August to December 2022 from a dairy farm in central China. P. bovis and other bacteria were detected, and the average infection rate of P. bovis in raw milk was 60.34% (210/348). The total number of colonies and the somatic cell count (SCC) of P. bovis positive samples were significantly higher than those of P. bovis negative samples (p < 0.01). The daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, and days to peak milk yield of the P. bovis positive samples were significantly lower than those of P. bovis negative samples (p < 0.01). A correlation analysis showed that P. bovis infection was negatively correlated with daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, and days to peak milk yield (p < 0.0001), while being positively correlated with the total number of colonies, SCC, milk loss, and protein percentage (p < 0.0001). These findings may help practitioners in comprehending the occurrence of Prototheca mastitis and developing more effective strategies for the prevention of P. bovis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Xiuxiu Hu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Guohong Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China;
| | - Pingmin Wan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Erguang Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anying Long
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunguo Qian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
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Rivelli Zea SM, Itoh M, Toyotome T. Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Detection of Prototheca bovis Directly from Milk Samples of Dairy Cattle. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:1. [PMID: 38217777 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Prototheca bovis is an algal emerging pathogen in dairy farms causing refractory protothecal mastitis with increasing incidence worldwide and significant economic impact. P. bovis infects cows throughout the lactation cycle, including dry periods, and can persist in the udder and the environment for a long time. Since P. bovis does not respond to treatments with antibiotics, the suggested sanitary measure to restrict the spread is culling infected animals. A point-of-care test for early detection of the causative agent is critically needed to guide farm management and the appropriate treatment of mastitis. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a highly specific molecular method, time-saving, cost-effective and easy to perform in limited settings. This study aimed to develop a LAMP assay for P. bovis detection directly from milk samples; it was employed in conjunction with a commercial DNA extraction kit which was previously used to extract DNA from milk specimens containing microbes. The LAMP assay detected P. bovis DNA within 1 h in milk samples spiked with P. bovis at a concentration of 50 cells/μL, enabling on-farm disease monitoring and decision-making based on a reliable diagnosis. The LAMP method will contribute to the accurate and rapid identification of P. bovis in asymptomatic or recurrent mastitis cases and consequently aid the implementation of targeted control measures and the reduction of losses in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Rivelli Zea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Itoh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahito Toyotome
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Lanave G, Pellegrini F, Palermo G, Zini E, Mercuriali E, Zagarella P, Bányai K, Camero M, Martella V. Identification of Prototheca from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Cat with Neurological Signs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:681. [PMID: 38133232 PMCID: PMC10747436 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca infections are rare in cats, and they are usually associated with cutaneous or subcutaneous infections by P. wickerhamii, with no evidence of neurological signs or systemic disease. In this study, we report the identification of prototheca in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a cat with neurological symptoms. Fourteen CSF samples were gathered from cats presented with neurological disease between 2012 and 2014. The inclusion criteria for the samples were an increase in CSF protein and cell number (pleocytosis), suggestive of an infectious inflammatory status of the central nervous system (CNS). Nine samples fulfilled the inclusion criteria (inflammatory samples), while five samples, used as control, did not (non-inflammatory samples). All the samples were screened molecularly for different pathogens associated with CNS disease in cats, including prototheca. Out of 14 CSF samples, only one inflammatory sample tested positive for prototheca. Upon sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the amplicon, the strain was characterized as P. bovis. This report is the first documented evidence of prototheca in the cerebrospinal fluid of a cat with neurological signs. Prototheca should be considered in the diagnostics procedures on the CNS of cats presented with infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (F.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (F.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Palermo
- Veterinary Orthopaedic Traumatologic Centre of Arenzano, Arenzano, 16011 Genova, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Eric Zini
- Veterinary Institute of Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, 20060 Novara, Italy;
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edy Mercuriali
- Veterinary Orthopaedic Traumatologic Centre of Arenzano, Arenzano, 16011 Genova, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (P.Z.)
- Veterinary Institute of Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, 20060 Novara, Italy;
| | - Paolo Zagarella
- Veterinary Orthopaedic Traumatologic Centre of Arenzano, Arenzano, 16011 Genova, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (F.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (F.P.); (V.M.)
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Vasco-Julio D, Huilca-Ibarra M, Ledesma Y, Echeverria G, Guerrero-Freire S, Jagielski T, Bastidas-Caldes C, de Waard JH. The Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Fast and Cost-Effective Identification of the Five Most Significant Pathogenic Prototheca Species. Pathogens 2023; 12:1018. [PMID: 37623978 PMCID: PMC10459208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiplex PCR system (m-PCR) has been developed to accurately differentiate the five most important pathogenic Prototheca species, including the three species associated with infection in dairy cattle (P. ciferrii, P. blaschkeae, and P. bovis) and the two species associated with human infections (P. wickerhamii and P. cutis). The method is low-cost since it employs a simple "heat-shock" method in a TE buffer for DNA extraction. Furthermore, it requires only primers, a Taq polymerase, an agarose gel, and a molecular weight marker for identification. The method was based on published Prototheca cytochrome B sequences and was evaluated using reference strains from each of the five Prototheca species. The validity of the method was confirmed by identifying 50 strains isolated from milk samples. The specificity was tested in silico and with experimental PCR trials, showing no cross-reactions with other Prototheca species, as well as with bacteria, fungi, cows, algae, animals, or humans. The method could detect mixed infections involving two or three Prototheca species, providing a rapid test that delivers results within three hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vasco-Julio
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (D.V.-J.); (M.H.-I.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-C.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca C.P. 62050, Mexico
| | - María Huilca-Ibarra
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (D.V.-J.); (M.H.-I.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-C.)
| | - Yanua Ledesma
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (D.V.-J.); (M.H.-I.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-C.)
| | - Gustavo Echeverria
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170518, Ecuador;
- División Investigación y Desarrollo, BioGENA, Quito 170509, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1063ACV, Argentina;
| | - Salome Guerrero-Freire
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1063ACV, Argentina;
- Group of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlos Bastidas-Caldes
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (D.V.-J.); (M.H.-I.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-C.)
- INABIO—Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Parque La Carolina, Quito 170135, Ecuador
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (D.V.-J.); (M.H.-I.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-C.)
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Libisch B, Picot C, Ceballos-Garzon A, Moravkova M, Klimesová M, Telkes G, Chuang ST, Le Pape P. Prototheca Infections and Ecology from a One Health Perspective. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050938. [PMID: 35630382 PMCID: PMC9144699 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototheca microalgae were only recognized as pathogens of both humans and animals in the 1960s; however, since then, these microbes have been drawing increasing interest in both human and veterinary medicine. The first human outbreak of protothecosis in a tertiary care chemotherapy ward in 2018 further highlighted the need to understand in more depth and detail their ecology, etiology, pathogenesis and routes of transmission between different hosts, environments and habitats from a One Health perspective. Protothecal infections have been reported in a growing number of cattle herds around the world in recent decades, and Prototheca has become an important bovine mastitis pathogen in certain countries and regions. The survival of Prototheca in the environment and its ability to spread in the herd pose a serious challenge to the management of infected dairy farms. Prevention of the disease is particularly important, as there is no effective and reliable treatment for it and the chances of self-healing are minimal. Therefore, the development of more effective drugs is needed for the treatment of human and animal protothecosis. The prudent use of antibiotics and their replacement by alternative or preventive measures, when possible, may further contribute to the control of protothecal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Libisch
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Carine Picot
- EA 1155 IICiMed—Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.P.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Andrés Ceballos-Garzon
- EA 1155 IICiMed—Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.P.); (A.C.-G.)
| | | | | | - Gábor Telkes
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Shih-Te Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- EA 1155 IICiMed—Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.P.); (A.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (P.L.P.)
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