1
|
Hu CT, Diaz K, Yang LC, Sharma A, Greenberg HB, Smith JG. Corrected and republished from: "VP4 Is a Determinant of Alpha-Defensin Modulation of Rotaviral Infection". J Virol 2023; 97:e0096223. [PMID: 37787534 PMCID: PMC10617384 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00962-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children. Like other fecal-oral pathogens, rotaviruses encounter abundant, constitutively expressed defensins in the small intestine. These peptides are a vital part of the vertebrate innate immune system. By investigating the impact that defensins from multiple species have on the infectivity of different strains of rotavirus, we show that some rotaviral infections can be inhibited by defensins. We also found that rotaviruses may have evolved resistance to defensins in the intestine of their host species, and some even appropriate defensins to increase their infectivity. Because rotaviruses infect a broad range of animals and rotaviral infections are highly prevalent in children, identifying immune defenses against infection and how they vary across species and among viral genotypes is important for our understanding of the evolution, transmission, and zoonotic potential of these viruses as well as the improvement of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara T. Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karina Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda C. Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason G. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Yang LG, Feng GP, Yao ZL, Li SH, Zhou JF, Fang WH, Chen YH, Li XC. PvML1 suppresses bacterial infection by recognizing LPS and regulating AMP expression in shrimp. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1088862. [PMID: 36643915 PMCID: PMC9832027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play essential roles in the innate immunity of Drosophila and mammals. Recent studies have revealed the presence of Toll-mediated immune signaling pathways in shrimp. However, the recognition and activation mechanism of Toll signaling pathways in crustaceans remain poorly understood due to the absence of key recognition molecules, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins. Here, a novel MD2-related lipid-recognition (ML) member named PvML1 was characterized in Penaeus vannamei. We found that PvML1 shared a similar 3D structure with human MD2 that could specifically recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) participating in LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling. PvML1 was highly expressed in hemocytes and remarkably upregulated after Vibrio parahemolyticus challenge. Furthermore, the binding and agglutinating assays showed that PvML1 possessed strong binding activities to LPS and its key portion lipid A as well as Vibrio cells, and the binding of PvML1 with bacterial cells led to the agglutination of bacteria, suggesting PvML1 may act as a potential pathogen recognition protein upon interaction with LPS. Besides, coating V. parahemolyticus with recombinant PvML1 promoted bacterial clearance in vivo and increased the survival rate of bacterium-challenged shrimp. This result was further confirmed by RNAi experiments. The knockdown of PvML1 remarkably suppressed the clearance of bacteria in hemolymph and decreased the survival rate of infected shrimp. Meanwhile, the silencing of PvML1 severely impaired the expression of a few antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These results demonstrated the significant correlation of bacterial clearance mediated by PvML1 with the AMP expression. Interestingly, we found that PvML1 interacted with the extracellular region of PvToll2, which had been previously shown to participate in bacterial clearance by regulating AMP expression. Taken together, the proposed antibacterial model mediated by PvML1 might be described as follows. PvML1 acted as a potential recognition receptor for Gram-negative bacteria by binding to LPS, and then it activated PvToll2-mediated signaling pathway by interacting with PvToll2 to eliminate invading bacteria through producing specific AMPs. This study provided new insights into the recognition and activation mechanism of Toll signaling pathways of invertebrates and the defense functions of ML members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Molecular Engineering, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Li-Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Li Yao
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Hong Chen, ; Xin-Cang Li,
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Hong Chen, ; Xin-Cang Li,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu CT, Diaz K, Yang LC, Sharma A, Greenberg HB, Smith JG. VP4 Is a Determinant of Alpha-Defensin Modulation of Rotaviral Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0205321. [PMID: 35285683 PMCID: PMC9006894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02053-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal-oral pathogens encounter constitutively expressed enteric alpha-defensins in the intestine during replication and transmission. Alpha-defensins can be potently antiviral and antibacterial; however, their primary sequences, the number of isoforms, and their activity against specific microorganisms often vary greatly between species, reflecting adaptation to species-specific pathogens. Therefore, alpha-defensins might influence not only microbial evolution and tissue tropism within a host but also species tropism and zoonotic potential. To investigate these concepts, we generated a panel of enteric and myeloid alpha-defensins from humans, rhesus macaques, and mice and tested their activity against group A rotaviruses, an important enteric viral pathogen of humans and animals. Rotaviral adaptation to the rhesus macaque correlated with resistance to rhesus enteric, but not myeloid, alpha-defensins and sensitivity to human alpha-defensins. While mouse rotaviral infection was increased in the presence of mouse enteric alpha-defensins, two prominent genotypes of human rotaviruses were differentially sensitive to human enteric alpha-defensins. Furthermore, the effects of cross-species alpha-defensins on human and mouse rotaviruses did not follow an obvious pattern. Thus, exposure to alpha-defensins may have shaped the evolution of some, but not all, rotaviruses. We then used a genetic approach to identify the viral attachment and penetration protein, VP4, as a determinant of alpha-defensin sensitivity. Our results provide a foundation for future studies of the VP4-dependent mechanism of defensin neutralization, highlight the species-specific activities of alpha-defensins, and focus future efforts on a broader range of rotaviruses that differ in VP4 to uncover the potential for enteric alpha-defensins to influence species tropism. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children. Like other fecal-oral pathogens, rotaviruses encounter abundant, constitutively expressed defensins in the small intestine. These peptides are a vital part of the vertebrate innate immune system. By investigating the impact that defensins from multiple species have on the infectivity of different strains of rotavirus, we show that some rotaviral infections can be inhibited by defensins. We also found that some, but not all, rotaviruses may have evolved resistance to defensins in the intestine of their host species, and some even appropriate defensins to increase their infectivity. Because rotaviruses infect a broad range of animals and rotaviral infections are highly prevalent in children, identifying immune defenses against infection and how they vary across species and among viral genotypes is important for our understanding of the evolution, transmission, and zoonotic potential of these viruses as well as the improvement of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara T. Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karina Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda C. Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason G. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Portelinha J, Duay SS, Yu SI, Heilemann K, Libardo MDJ, Juliano SA, Klassen JL, Angeles-Boza AM. Antimicrobial Peptides and Copper(II) Ions: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2648-2712. [PMID: 33524257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogens and multidrug resistant bacteria is an important public health issue that requires the development of novel classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising platform with great potential for the identification of new lead compounds that can combat the aforementioned pathogens due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and relatively low rate of resistance emergence. AMPs of multicellular organisms made their debut four decades ago thanks to ingenious researchers who asked simple questions about the resistance to bacterial infections of insects. Questions such as "Do fruit flies ever get sick?", combined with pioneering studies, have led to an understanding of AMPs as universal weapons of the immune system. This review focuses on a subclass of AMPs that feature a metal binding motif known as the amino terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) motif. One of the metal-based strategies of hosts facing a pathogen, it includes wielding the inherent toxicity of copper and deliberately trafficking this metal ion into sites of infection. The sudden increase in the concentration of copper ions in the presence of ATCUN-containing AMPs (ATCUN-AMPs) likely results in a synergistic interaction. Herein, we examine common structural features in ATCUN-AMPs that exist across species, and we highlight unique features that deserve additional attention. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind their antimicrobial activity and the methods available to study this promising class of AMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Portelinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Searle S Duay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Chemistry Department, Adamson University, 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Seung I Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kara Heilemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - M Daben J Libardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Samuel A Juliano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Klassen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Alfredo M Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zorina OA, Boriskina OA, Basova AA, Tupicin AA, Prohodnaja VA. [Hypoxia-dependent control of the activity of innate antimicrobial immunity in patients with dentin caries]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2019; 98:60-65. [PMID: 31701931 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20199805160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study interrelation of maintenance of α-defensins 1-3 and a hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in gingival liquid of patients with caries. MATERIAL AND METHODS 75 patients with the diagnosis dentine caries were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: in group 1 (n=30) caries was diagnosed in earlier untreated tooth, the 2nd group (n=45) included patients with the recurrence of carious process (in earlier treated tooth). Controls involved 25 caries-free individuals. The level of α-defensins 1-3 was studied in gingival fluid by ELISA method. RESULTS The level of α-defensins 1-3 and antimicrobic peptide in gingival liquid in group 2 was 28 and 36% higher than in the 1st group, correspondingly (p<0.001). Concentration of HIF-1α in gingival liquid in the 2nd group was almost twice higher (p<0.001) than in group 1 and 82% higher than in controls (p<0.001), while in group 1 it decreased by 11% when compared to controls (p<0.001). All controls showed a close correlation between the level of α-defensins 1-3 and HIF-1α in gingival fluid (R=0.78, p<0.001), not observed in group 1 (R=0.32, p>0.05) but statistically significant in group 2 (R=0.78, p<0.001). Thus, the recurrence of carious process in caries-associated tooth is associated with the hypoxia-dependent activation of a congenital antimicrobial immunity by means of accumulation of HIF-1α and pronounced increase of α-defensins 1-3 in gingival fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O A Zorina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Central Research Institute of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Boriskina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Central Research Institute of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Basova
- Moscow Dental State clinic #5, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Tupicin
- Central Research Institute of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Prohodnaja
- Rostov State Medical University of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Esfandiyari R, Halabian R, Behzadi E, Sedighian H, Jafari R, Imani Fooladi AA. Performance evaluation of antimicrobial peptide ll-37 and hepcidin and β-defensin-2 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02652. [PMID: 31687504 PMCID: PMC6820248 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are secreted by different cell types and are trendy therapeutic agents that have attracted attention for the treatment of several diseases such as infections. Antimicrobial peptides exert various mechanisms such as changing cell membrane permeability which leads to inhibition or death of bacterial cells. mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are key to produce antimicrobial peptides and to inhibit the growth of pathogens. These cells have been shown to be capable of producing antimicrobial peptides upon exposure to different bacteria. As a result, antimicrobial peptides can be considered as novel agents for the treatment of infectious diseases. The purpose of this review was to investigate the targets and mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides secreted by MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Esfandiyari
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramezan Jafari
- Department of Radiology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mondragón-Palomino M, Stam R, John-Arputharaj A, Dresselhaus T. Diversification of defensins and NLRs in Arabidopsis species by different evolutionary mechanisms. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:255. [PMID: 29246101 PMCID: PMC5731061 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes encoding proteins underlying host-pathogen co-evolution and which are selected for new resistance specificities frequently are under positive selection, a process that maintains diversity. Here, we tested the contribution of natural selection, recombination and transcriptional divergence to the evolutionary diversification of the plant defensins superfamily in three Arabidopsis species. The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family was used for comparison because positive selection has been well documented in its members. Similar to defensins, NLRs are encoded by a large and polymorphic gene family and many of their members are involved in the immune response. RESULTS Gene trees of Arabidopsis defensins (DEFLs) show a high prevalence of clades containing orthologs. This indicates that their diversity dates back to a common ancestor and species-specific duplications did not significantly contribute to gene family expansion. DEFLs are characterized by a pervasive pattern of neutral evolution with infrequent positive and negative selection as well as recombination. In comparison, most NLR alignment groups are characterized by frequent occurrence of positive selection and recombination in their leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain as well negative selection in their nucleotide-binding (NB-ARC) domain. While major NLR subgroups are expressed in pistils and leaves both in presence or absence of pathogen infection, the members of DEFL alignment groups are predominantly transcribed in pistils. Furthermore, conserved groups of NLRs and DEFLs are differentially expressed in response to Fusarium graminearum regardless of whether these genes are under positive selection or not. CONCLUSIONS The present analyses of NLRs expands previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and highlights contrasting patterns of purifying and diversifying selection affecting different gene regions. DEFL genes show a different evolutionary trend, with fewer recombination events and significantly fewer instances of natural selection. Their heterogeneous expression pattern suggests that transcriptional divergence probably made the major contribution to functional diversification. In comparison to smaller families encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins under positive selection, DEFLs are involved in a wide variety of processes that altogether might pose structural and functional trade-offs to their family-wide pattern of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mondragón-Palomino
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Remco Stam
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ajay John-Arputharaj
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kudryashova E, Seveau SM, Kudryashov DS. Targeting and inactivation of bacterial toxins by human defensins. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1069-1085. [PMID: 28593905 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Defensins, as a prominent family of antimicrobial peptides (AMP), are major effectors of the innate immunity with a broad range of immune modulatory and antimicrobial activities. In particular, defensins are the only recognized fast-response molecules that can neutralize a broad range of bacterial toxins, many of which are among the deadliest compounds on the planet. For a decade, the mystery of how a small and structurally conserved group of peptides can neutralize a heterogeneous group of toxins with little to no sequential and structural similarity remained unresolved. Recently, it was found that defensins recognize and target structural plasticity/thermodynamic instability, fundamental physicochemical properties that unite many bacterial toxins and distinguish them from the majority of host proteins. Binding of human defensins promotes local unfolding of the affected toxins, destabilizes their secondary and tertiary structures, increases susceptibility to proteolysis, and leads to their precipitation. While the details of toxin destabilization by defensins remain obscure, here we briefly review properties and activities of bacterial toxins known to be affected by or resilient to defensins, and discuss how recognized features of defensins correlate with the observed inactivation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mathew B, Nagaraj R. Variations in the interaction of human defensins with Escherichia coli: Possible implications in bacterial killing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175858. [PMID: 28423004 PMCID: PMC5397029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human α and β-defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides characterized by three disulfide bonds with a triple stranded β-sheet motif. It is presumed that interaction with the bacterial cell surface and membrane permeabilization by defensins is an important step in the killing process. In this study, we have compared interactions of three human α-defensins HNP3, HNP4, HD5 and human β-defensins HBD1-4 that are active against Escherichia coli, with its cell surface and inner membrane as well as negatively charged model membranes. We have also included the inactive α-defensin HD6 in the study. Among the α-defensins, HNP4, HD5 and HD6 were more effective in increasing the zeta potential as compared to HNP3. Among the β-defensins, HBD1 was the least effective in increasing the zeta potential. The zeta potential modulation data indicate variations in the surface charge neutralizing ability of α- and β-defensins. Comparison of E. coli inner membrane and model membrane permeabilizing abilities indicated that HD5, HD6 and HBD1 do not permeabilize membranes. Although HBD4 does not permeabilize model membranes, considerable damage to the inner membrane of E. coli is observed. Our data indicate that mammalian defensins do not kill E. coli by a simple mechanism involving membrane permeabilization though their antibacterial potencies are very similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basil Mathew
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mutation, Duplication, and More in the Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins. EVOLUTION OF VENOMOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6458-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Fijarczyk A, Dudek K, Babik W. Selective Landscapes in newt Immune Genes Inferred from Patterns of Nucleotide Variation. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3417-3432. [PMID: 27702815 PMCID: PMC5203778 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host–pathogen interactions may result in either directional selection or in pressure for the maintenance of polymorphism at the molecular level. Hence signatures of both positive and balancing selection are expected in immune genes. Because both overall selective pressure and specific targets may differ between species, large-scale population genomic studies are useful in detecting functionally important immune genes and comparing selective landscapes between taxa. Such studies are of particular interest in amphibians, a group threatened worldwide by emerging infectious diseases. Here, we present an analysis of polymorphism and divergence of 634 immune genes in two lineages of Lissotriton newts: L. montandoni and L. vulgaris graecus. Variation in newt immune genes has been shaped predominantly by widespread purifying selection and strong evolutionary constraint, implying long-term importance of these genes for functioning of the immune system. The two evolutionary lineages differ in the overall strength of purifying selection which can partially be explained by demographic history but may also signal differences in long-term pathogen pressure. The prevalent constraint notwithstanding, 23 putative targets of positive selection and 11 putative targets of balancing selection were identified. The latter were detected by composite tests involving the demographic model and further validated in independent population samples. Putative targets of balancing selection encode proteins which may interact closely with pathogens but include also regulators of immune response. The identified candidates will be useful for testing whether genes affected by balancing selection are more prone to interspecific introgression than other genes in the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fijarczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Babik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antimicrobial potentials and structural disorder of human and animal defensins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 28:95-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Zhang Q, Su B. Evolutionary origin and human-specific expansion of a cancer/testis antigen gene family. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2365-75. [PMID: 24916032 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer/testis (CT) antigens are encoded by germline genes and are aberrantly expressed in a number of human cancers. Interestingly, CT antigens are frequently involved in gene families that are highly expressed in germ cells. Here, we presented an evolutionary analysis of the CTAGE (cutaneous T-cell-lymphoma-associated antigen) gene family to delineate its molecular history and functional significance during primate evolution. Comparisons among human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, marmoset, and other mammals show a rapid and primate specific expansion of CTAGE family, which starts with an ancestral retroposition in the haplorhini ancestor. Subsequent DNA-based duplications lead to the prosperity of single-exon CTAGE copies in catarrhines, especially in humans. Positive selection was identified on the single-exon copies in comparison with functional constraint on the multiexon copies. Further sequence analysis suggests that the newly derived CTAGE genes may obtain regulatory elements from long terminal repeats. Our result indicates the dynamic evolution of primate genomes, and the recent expansion of this CT antigen family in humans may confer advantageous phenotypic traits during early human evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qu Zhang
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Art and Science, Harvard University
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng DQ, Li Y, Huang JF. Molecular evolution of the primate α-/θ-defensin multigene family. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97425. [PMID: 24819937 PMCID: PMC4018336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate α-/θ-defensin multigene family encodes versatile endogenous cationic and amphipathic peptides that have broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Although previous studies have reported that α-/θ-defensin (DEFA/DEFT) genes are under birth-and-death evolution with frequent duplication and rapid evolution, the phylogenetic relationships of the primate DEFA/DEFT genes; the genetic bases for the existence of similar antimicrobial spectra among closely related species; and the evolutionary processes involved in the emergence of cyclic θ-defensins in Old World monkeys and their subsequent loss of function in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas require further investigation. In this study, the DEFA/DEFT gene repertoires from primate and treeshrew were collected, followed by detailed phylogenetic, sequence and structure, selection pressure and comparative genomics analyses. All treeshrew, prosimian and simian DEFA/DEFT genes are grouped into two major clades, which are tissue-specific for enteric and myeloid defensins in simians. The simian enteric and myeloid α-defensins are classified into six functional gene clusters with diverged sequences, variable structures, altered functional constraints and different selection pressures, which likely reflect the antimicrobial spectra among closely related species. Species-specific duplication or pseudogenization within each simian cluster implies that the antimicrobial spectrum is ever-shifting, most likely challenged by the ever-changing pathogen environment. The DEFT evolved from the myeloid DEFA8. The prosegment of θ-defensin is detected with adaptive changes coevolving with the new protein fold of mature peptide, coincident with the importance of the prosegment for the correct folding of the mature peptide. Lastly, a less-is-hitchhiking hypothesis was proposed as a possible explanation for the expansion of pseudogene DEFTP and the loss of functional DEFT, where the gain or loss of the hitchhiker is determined by its adjacent driver gene during the birth-and-death evolutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Jing-Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hongkong Joint Research Center for Bio-resources and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Correa PG, Oguiura N. Phylogenetic analysis of β-defensin-like genes of Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis snakes. Toxicon 2013; 69:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Innate immunity involves direct interactions between the host and microorganisms, both pathogenic and symbiotic, so natural selection is expected to strongly influence genes involved in these processes. Population genetics investigates the impact of past natural selection events on the genome of present-day human populations, and it complements immunological as well as clinical and epidemiological genetic studies. Recent data show that the impact of selection on the different families of innate immune receptors and their downstream signalling molecules varies considerably. This Review discusses these findings and highlights how they help to delineate the relative functional importance of innate immune pathways, which can range from being essential to being redundant.
Collapse
|
17
|
Enhancement of antiviral activity of human alpha-defensin 5 against herpes simplex virus 2 by arginine mutagenesis at adaptive evolution sites. J Virol 2012; 87:2835-45. [PMID: 23269800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02209-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection is still one of the common causes of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The prevalence of HSV strains resistant to traditional nucleoside antiviral agents has led to the development of novel antiviral drugs. Human alpha-defensin 5 (HD5), a kind of endogenous antimicrobial peptide expressed in the epithelia of the small intestine and urogenital tract, displays natural antiviral activity. Based on arginine-rich features and adaptive evolution characteristics of vertebrate defensins, we conducted a screen for HD5 derivatives with enhanced anti-HSV-2 activity by a single arginine substitution at the adaptive evolution sites. Cell protection assay and temporal antiviral studies showed that HD5 and its mutants displayed affirmatory but differential anti-HSV-2 effects in vitro by inhibiting viral adhesion and entry. Inspiringly, the E21R-HD5 mutant had significantly higher antiviral activity than natural HD5, which is possibly attributed to the stronger binding affinity of the E21R-HD5 mutant with HSV-2 capsid protein gD, indicating that E21R mutation can increase the anti-HSV-2 potency of HD5. In a mouse model of lethal HSV-2 infection, prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment with E21R-HD5 via intravaginal instillation remarkably alleviated the symptoms and delayed disease progress and resulted in about a 1.5-fold-higher survival rate than in the HD5 group. Furthermore, the E21R variant exhibited a 2-fold-higher antiviral potency against HIV-1 over parental HD5 in vitro. This study demonstrates that arginine mutagenesis at appropriate evolution sites may significantly enhance the antiviral activity of HD5, which also paves a facile way to search for potent antiviral drugs based on natural antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Defensins are small, multifunctional cationic peptides. They typically contain six conserved cysteines whose three intramolecular disulfides stabilize a largely β-sheet structure. This review of human α-defensins begins by describing their evolution, including their likely relationship to the Big Defensins of invertebrates, and their kinship to the β-defensin peptides of many if not all vertebrates, and the θ-defensins found in certain non-human primates. We provide a short history of the search for leukocyte-derived microbicidal molecules, emphasizing the roles played by luck (good), preconceived notions (mostly bad), and proper timing (essential). The antimicrobial, antiviral, antitoxic, and binding properties of human α-defensins are summarized. The structural features of α-defensins are described extensively and their functional contributions are assessed. The properties of HD6, an enigmatic Paneth cell α-defensin, are contrasted with those of the four myeloid α-defensins (HNP1-4) and of HD5, the other α-defensin of human Paneth cells. The review ends with a decalogue that may assist researchers or students interested in α-defensins and related aspects of neutrophil function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Lehrer
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1688, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wilburn DB, Bowen KE, Gregg RG, Cai J, Feldhoff PW, Houck LD, Feldhoff RC. Proteomic and UTR analyses of a rapidly evolving hypervariable family of vertebrate pheromones. Evolution 2012; 66:2227-39. [PMID: 22759298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the annual mating season, the mental gland of male plethodontid salamanders diverts its protein synthesizing capacity to the production of courtship pheromones that increase female receptivity. Plethodontid modulating factor (PMF), a highly disulfide-bonded 7-kDa pheromone, shows unusual hypervariability with each male expressing >30 isoforms. Twenty-eight PMFs were purified and matched by proteomic analyses to cDNA sequences. In contrast to coding sequence hypervariability, the untranslated regions (UTRs) show extraordinary conservation, no predicted microRNA binding sites, and an overlapping triplet polyadenylation signal. Full-length cDNA sequencing revealed three PMF gene classes containing subclasses of clustered sequences that support ≥ 13 PMF gene duplications. The unusual phenomena of hypervariable coding regions embedded within extremely conserved UTRs is proposed to occur by a disjunctive evolutionary process. During the short courtship season, the UTRs are hypothesized to subsume and coordinate the transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms of the mental gland. PMF, as a secreted protein with limited metabolic feedback in the male, is under minimal mutational restraint and thus has experienced highly accelerated rates of evolution. Consequently, plethodontid salamanders may provide a unique model for furthering our understanding of the selective forces that determine differential rates of gene duplication and evolution in protein families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maria-Neto S, Honorato RV, Costa FT, Almeida RG, Amaro DS, Oliveira JTA, Vasconcelos IM, Franco OL. Bactericidal activity identified in 2S Albumin from sesame seeds and in silico studies of structure-function relations. Protein J 2011; 30:340-50. [PMID: 21691771 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria constitute an important cause of hospital-acquired infections. However, the misuse of available bactericidal agents has led to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains. Thus, efforts to seek new antimicrobials with different action mechanisms would have an enormous impact. Here, a novel antimicrobial protein (SiAMP2) belonging to the 2S albumin family was isolated from Sesamum indicum kernels and evaluated against several bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, in silico analysis was conducted in order to identify conserved residues through other 2S albumin antimicrobial proteins (2S-AMPs). SiAMP2 specifically inhibited Klebsiella sp. Specific regions in the molecule surface where cationic (RR/RRRK) and hydrophobic (MEYWPR) residues are exposed and conserved were proposed as being involved in antimicrobial activity. This study reinforces the hypothesis that plant storage proteins might also play as pathogen protection providing an insight into the mechanism of action for this novel 2S-AMP and evolutionary relations between antimicrobial activity and 2S albumins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maria-Neto
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN Quadra, Modulo B, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|