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Höfner M, Eubler K, Herrmann C, Berg U, Berg D, Welter H, Imhof A, Forné I, Mayerhofer A. Reduced oxygen concentrations regulate the phenotype and function of human granulosa cells in vitro and cause a diminished steroidogenic but increased inflammatory cellular reaction. Mol Hum Reprod 2023; 30:gaad049. [PMID: 38128016 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) concentrations have recently been discussed as important regulators of ovarian cells. Human IVF-derived granulosa cells (human GCs) can be maintained in vitro and are a widely used cellular model for the human ovary. Typically, GCs are cultured at atmospheric O2 levels (approximately around 20%), yet the O2 conditions in vivo, especially in the preovulatory follicle, are estimated to be much lower. Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated the consequences of atmospheric versus hypoxic (1% O2) conditions for 4 days on human GCs. We found lower cellular RNA and protein levels but unchanged cell numbers at 1% O2, indicating reduced transcriptional and/or translational activity. A proteomic analysis showed that 391 proteins were indeed decreased, yet 133 proteins were increased under hypoxic conditions. According to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, pathways associated with metabolic processes, for example amino acid-catabolic-processes, mitochondrial protein biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis, were downregulated. Pathways associated with glycolysis, chemical homeostasis, cellular response to hypoxia, and actin filament bundle assembly were upregulated. In accordance with lower CYP11A1 (a cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme) levels, progesterone release was decreased. A proteome profiler, as well as IL-6 and IL-8 ELISA assays, revealed that hypoxia led to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic factors. Immunofluorescence studies showed nuclear localization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) in human GCs upon acute (2 h) exposure to 1% O2 but not in cells exposed to 1% O2 for 4 days. Hence, the role of HIF1α may be restricted to initiation of the hypoxic response in human GCs. The results provide a detailed picture of hypoxia-induced phenotypic changes in human GCs and reveal that chronically low O2 conditions inhibit the steroidogenic but promote the inflammatory phenotype of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Höfner
- Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katja Eubler
- Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carola Herrmann
- Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ulrike Berg
- Fertility Centre A.R.T., Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Berg
- Fertility Centre A.R.T., Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Welter
- Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Protein Analysis Unit, BMC, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ignasi Forné
- Protein Analysis Unit, BMC, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Yan MQ, Zhu BH, Liu XH, Yang YM, Duan XY, Wang Y, Sun H, Feng M, Li T, Liu XM. Mitoguardin 1 and 2 promote granulosa cell proliferation by activating AKT and regulating the Hippo-YAP1 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:779. [PMID: 38012141 PMCID: PMC10682431 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been identified to be involved in oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, cell death, and cell proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated that mitoguardin (Miga), a mitochondrial protein that governs mitochondrial fusion, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts, lipid formation, and autophagy, is crucial for ovarian endocrine and follicular development. Nevertheless, whether mammalian MIGA1 or MIGA2 (MIGA1,-2) regulates ovarian granulosa cell proliferation remains unclear. This study revealed that mammalian MIGA1,-2 promotes cell proliferation and regulates the phosphorylation and localization of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in ovarian granulosa cells. MIGA2 upregulation resulted in reduced YAP1 activity, while MIGA2 removal led to increased YAP1 activity. Further analysis indicated that MIGA1,-2 regulated YAP1 via the Hippo signaling pathway and regulated protein kinase B (AKT) activity in collaboration with YAP1. In addition, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulated MIGA2 expression and AKT activity by activating YAP1. Briefly, we demonstrated that the mitochondrial MIGA1 and MIGA2, especially MIGA2, promoted cellular proliferation by activating AKT and regulating the Hippo/YAP1 signaling pathway in ovarian granulosa cells, which may contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of reproductive endocrine diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qi Yan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Bing-Hong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of Infection Control, Jen Ching Memorial Hospital, 215300, Kunshan, China
| | - Yu-Meng Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Duan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University; Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University; Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University; Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, 250021, Jinan, China.
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, China.
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