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Rodríguez-Eguren A, Bueno-Fernandez C, Gómez-Álvarez M, Francés-Herrero E, Pellicer A, Bellver J, Seli E, Cervelló I. Evolution of biotechnological advances and regenerative therapies for endometrial disorders: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2024:dmae013. [PMID: 38796750 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment and maintenance of pregnancy depend on endometrial competence. Asherman syndrome (AS) and intrauterine adhesions (IUA), or endometrial atrophy (EA) and thin endometrium (TE), can either originate autonomously or arise as a result from conditions (i.e. endometritis or congenital hypoplasia), or medical interventions (e.g. surgeries, hormonal therapies, uterine curettage or radiotherapy). Affected patients may present an altered or inadequate endometrial lining that hinders embryo implantation and increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes and miscarriage. In humans, AS/IUA and EA/TE are mainly treated with surgeries or pharmacotherapy, however the reported efficacy of these therapeutic approaches remains unclear. Thus, novel regenerative techniques utilizing stem cells, growth factors, or tissue engineering have emerged to improve reproductive outcomes. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review comprehensively summarizes the methodologies and outcomes of emerging biotechnologies (cellular, acellular, and bioengineering approaches) to treat human endometrial pathologies. Regenerative therapies derived from human tissues or blood which were studied in preclinical models (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical trials are discussed. SEARCH METHODS A systematic search of full-text articles available in PubMed and Embase was conducted to identify original peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2000 and September 2023. The search terms included: human, uterus, endometrium, Asherman syndrome, intrauterine adhesions, endometrial atrophy, thin endometrium, endometritis, congenital hypoplasia, curettage, radiotherapy, regenerative therapy, bioengineering, stem cells, vesicles, platelet-rich plasma, biomaterials, microfluidic, bioprinting, organoids, hydrogel, scaffold, sheet, miRNA, sildenafil, nitroglycerine, aspirin, growth hormone, progesterone, and estrogen. Preclinical and clinical studies on cellular, acellular, and bioengineering strategies to repair or regenerate the human endometrium were included. Additional studies were identified through manual searches. OUTCOMES From a total of 4366 records identified, 164 studies (3.8%) were included for systematic review. Due to heterogeneity in the study design and measured outcome parameters in both preclinical and clinical studies, the findings were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively without meta-analysis. Groups using stem cell-based treatments for endometrial pathologies commonly employed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the human bone marrow or umbilical cord. Alternatively, acellular therapies based on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or extracellular vesicles are gaining popularity. These are accompanied by the emergence of bioengineering strategies based on extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived hydrogels or synthetic biosimilars that sustain local delivery of cells and growth factors, reporting promising results. Combined therapies that target multiple aspects of tissue repair and regeneration remain in preclinical testing but have shown translational value. This review highlights the myriad of therapeutic material sources, administration methods, and carriers that have been tested. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Therapies that promote endometrial proliferation, vascular development, and tissue repair may help restore endometrial function and, ultimately, fertility. Based on the existing evidence, cost, accessibility, and availability of the therapies, we propose the development of triple-hit regenerative strategies, potentially combining high-yield MSCs (e.g. from bone marrow or umbilical cord) with acellular treatments (PRP), possibly integrated in ECM hydrogels. Advances in biotechnologies together with insights from preclinical models will pave the way for developing personalized treatment regimens for patients with infertility-causing endometrial disorders such as AS/IUA, EA/TE, and endometritis. REGISTRATION NUMBER https://osf.io/th8yf/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Rodríguez-Eguren
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clara Bueno-Fernandez
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Álvarez
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Francés-Herrero
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - José Bellver
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emre Seli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA New Jersey, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA
| | - Irene Cervelló
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
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Flesken-Nikitin A, Pirtz MG, Ashe CS, Ellenson LH, Cosgrove BD, Nikitin AY. Dysregulation of cell state dynamics during early stages of serous endometrial carcinogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585274. [PMID: 38562813 PMCID: PMC10983873 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Serous endometrial carcinoma (SEC) constitutes about 10% of endometrial carcinomas and is one of the most aggressive and lethal types of uterine cancer. Due to the rapid progression of SEC, early detection of this disease is of utmost importance. However, molecular and cellular dynamics during the pre-dysplastic stage of this disease remain largely unknown. Here, we provide a comprehensive census of cell types and their states for normal, pre-dysplastic, and dysplastic endometrium in a mouse model of SEC. This model is associated with inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Trp53 and Rb1 , whose pathways are altered frequently in SEC. We report that pre-dysplastic changes are characterized by an expanded and increasingly diverse immature luminal epithelial cell populations. Consistent with transcriptome changes, cells expressing the luminal epithelial marker TROP2 begin to substitute FOXA2+ cells in the glandular epithelium. These changes are associated with a reduction in number and strength of predicted interactions between epithelial and stromal endometrial cells. By using a multi-level approach combining single-cell and spatial transcriptomics paired with screening for clinically relevant genes in human endometrial carcinoma, we identified a panel of 44 genes suitable for further testing of their validity as early diagnostic and prognostic markers. Among these genes are known markers of human SEC, such as C DKN2A, and novel markers, such as OAS2 and OASL, members of 2-5A synthetase family that is essential for the innate immune response. In summary, our results suggest an important role of the luminal epithelium in SEC pathogenesis, highlight aberrant cell-cell interactions in pre-dysplastic stages, and provide a new platform for comparative identification and characterization of novel, clinically relevant prognostic and diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic modalities.
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Qin H, Sun C, Kong D, Zhu Y, Shao B, Ren S, Wang H, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang H. CD73 mediates the therapeutic effects of endometrial regenerative cells in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis by regulating CD4 + T cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:277. [PMID: 37775797 PMCID: PMC10543328 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a kind of mesenchymal-like stromal cells, endometrial regenerative cells (ERCs) have been demonstrated effective in the treatment of Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. However, the therapeutic mechanism of ERCs is not fully understood. Ecto-5`-nucleotidase (CD73), an enzyme that could convert immune-stimulative adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to immune-suppressive adenosine (ADO), was identified highly expressed on ERCs. The present study was conducted to investigate whether the expression of CD73 on ERCs is critical for its therapeutic effects in Con A-induced hepatitis. METHODS ERCs knocking out CD73 were generated with lentivirus-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 technology and identified by flow cytometry, western blot and AMPase activity assay. CD73-mediated immunomodulatory effects of ERCs were investigated by CD4+ T cell co-culture assay in vitro. Besides, Con A-induced hepatitis mice were randomly assigned to the phosphate-buffered saline treated (untreated), ERC-treated, negative lentiviral control ERC (NC-ERC)-treated, and CD73-knockout-ERC (CD73-KO-ERC)-treated groups, and used to assess the CD73-mediated therapeutic efficiency of ERCs. Hepatic histopathological analysis, serum transaminase concentrations, and the proportion of CD4+ T cell subsets in the liver and spleen were performed to assess the progression degree of hepatitis. RESULTS Expression of CD73 on ERCs could effectively metabolize AMP to ADO, thereby inhibiting the activation and function of conventional CD4+ T cells was identified in vitro. In addition, ERCs could markedly reduce levels of serum and liver transaminase and attenuate liver damage, while the deletion of CD73 on ERCs dampens these effects. Furthermore, ERC-based treatment achieved less infiltration of CD4+ T and Th1 cells in the liver and reduced the population of systemic Th1 and Th17 cells and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, while promoting the generation of Tregs in the liver and spleen, while deletion of CD73 on ERCs significantly impaired their immunomodulatory effects locally and systemically. CONCLUSION Taken together, it is concluded that CD73 is critical for the therapeutic efficiency of ERCs in the treatment of Con A-induced hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chenglu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Dejun Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanglin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shaohua Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yini Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Popli P, Tang S, Chadchan SB, Talwar C, Rucker EB, Guan X, Monsivais D, Lydon JP, Stallings CL, Moley KH, Kommagani R. Beclin-1-dependent autophagy, but not apoptosis, is critical for stem-cell-mediated endometrial programming and the establishment of pregnancy. Dev Cell 2023; 58:885-897.e4. [PMID: 37040770 PMCID: PMC10289806 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The human endometrium shows a remarkable regenerative capacity that enables cyclical regeneration and remodeling throughout a woman's reproductive life. Although early postnatal uterine developmental cues direct this regeneration, the vital factors that govern early endometrial programming are largely unknown. We report that Beclin-1, an essential autophagy-associated protein, plays an integral role in uterine morphogenesis during the early postnatal period. We show that conditional depletion of Beclin-1 in the uterus triggers apoptosis and causes progressive loss of Lgr5+/Aldh1a1+ endometrial progenitor stem cells, with concomitant loss of Wnt signaling, which is crucial for stem cell renewal and epithelial gland development. Beclin-1 knockin (Becn1 KI) mice with disabled apoptosis exhibit normal uterine development. Importantly, the restoration of Beclin-1-driven autophagy, but not apoptosis, promotes normal uterine adenogenesis and morphogenesis. Together, the data suggest that Beclin-1-mediated autophagy acts as a molecular switch that governs the early uterine morphogenetic program by maintaining the endometrial progenitor stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Popli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suni Tang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sangappa B Chadchan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chandni Talwar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edmund B Rucker
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Xiaoming Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelle H Moley
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Chen K, Zheng S, Fang F. Endometrial Stem Cells and Their Applications in Intrauterine Adhesion. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231159561. [PMID: 36891869 PMCID: PMC9998408 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231159561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), resulting from pregnancy or nonpregnant uterine trauma, is one of the major causes of abnormal menstruation, infertility, or repeated pregnancy loss. Although a few methods, including hysteroscopy and hormone therapy, are routinely used for its diagnosis and treatment, they cannot restore tissue regeneration. Stem cells, which have self-renewal and tissue regeneration abilities, have been proposed as a promising therapy for patients with severe IUAs. In this review, we summarize the origin and features of endometrium-associated stem cells and their applications in the treatment of IUAs based on animal models and human clinical trials. We expect that this information will help to elucidate the underlying mechanism for tissue regeneration and to improve the design of stem cell-based therapies for IUAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center & Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Shengxia Zheng
- Reproductive Medicine Center & Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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6
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Ludke A, Hatta K, Yao A, Li RK. Uterus: A Unique Stem Cell Reservoir Able to Support Cardiac Repair via Crosstalk among Uterus, Heart, and Bone Marrow. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142182. [PMID: 35883625 PMCID: PMC9324611 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that the prevalence of cardiac disease is lower in premenopausal women compared to postmenopausal women and men. Although multiple factors contribute to this difference, uterine stem cells may be a major factor, as a high abundance of these cells are present in the uterus. Uterine-derived stem cells have been reported in several studies as being able to contribute to cardiac neovascularization after injury. However, our studies uniquely show the presence of an “utero-cardiac axis”, in which uterine stem cells are able to home to cardiac tissue to promote tissue repair. Additionally, we raise the possibility of a triangular relationship among the bone marrow, uterus, and heart. In this review, we discuss the exchange of stem cells across different organs, focusing on the relationship that exists between the heart, uterus, and bone marrow. We present increasing evidence for the existence of an utero-cardiac axis, in which the uterus serves as a reservoir for cardiac reparative stem cells, similar to the bone marrow. These cells, in turn, are able to migrate to the heart in response to injury to promote healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ludke
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (A.L.); (K.H.); (A.Y.)
| | - Kota Hatta
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (A.L.); (K.H.); (A.Y.)
| | - Alina Yao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (A.L.); (K.H.); (A.Y.)
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (A.L.); (K.H.); (A.Y.)
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-581-7492
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7
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Cousins FL, Filby CE, Gargett CE. Endometrial Stem/Progenitor Cells–Their Role in Endometrial Repair and Regeneration. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 3:811537. [PMID: 36304009 PMCID: PMC9580754 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.811537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is a remarkable tissue, undergoing ~450 cycles of proliferation, differentiation, shedding (menstruation), repair, and regeneration over a woman's reproductive lifespan. Post-menstrual repair is an extremely rapid and scar-free process, with re-epithelialization of the luminal epithelium completed within 48 h of initiation of shedding. Following menstruation, the functionalis grows from the residual basalis layer during the proliferative phase under the influence of rising circulating estrogen levels. The regenerative capacity of the endometrium is attributed to stem/progenitor cells which reside in both the epithelial and stromal cell compartments of the basalis layer. Finding a definitive marker for endometrial epithelial progenitors (eEPCs) has proven difficult. A number of different markers have been suggested as putative progenitor markers including, N-cadherin, SSEA-1, AXIN2, SOX-9 and ALDH1A1, some of which show functional stem cell activity in in vitro assays. Each marker has a unique location(s) in the glandular epithelium, which has led to the suggestion that a differentiation hierarchy exists, from the base of epithelial glands in the basalis to the luminal epithelium lining the functionalis, where epithelial cells express different combinations of markers as they differentiate and move up the gland into the functionalis away from the basalis niche. Perivascular endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) can be identified by co-expression of PDGFRβ and CD146 or by a single marker, SUSD2. This review will detail the known endometrial stem/progenitor markers; their identity, location and known interactions and hierarchy across the menstrual cycle, in particular post-menstrual repair and estrogen-driven regeneration, as well as their possible contributions to menstruation-related disorders such as endometriosis and regeneration-related disorder Asherman's syndrome. We will also highlight new techniques that allow for a greater understanding of stem/progenitor cells' role in repair and regeneration, including 3D organoids, 3D slice cultures and gene sequencing at the single cell level. Since mouse models are commonly used to study menstruation, repair and regeneration we will also detail the mouse stem/progenitor markers that have been investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Cousins
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Fiona L. Cousins
| | - Caitlin E. Filby
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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8
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Lynes MD, Carlone DL, Townsend KL, Breault DT, Tseng YH. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression Marks a Population of Rare Adipose Tissue Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2022; 40:102-111. [PMID: 35511869 PMCID: PMC9199842 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In adult tissues such as adipose tissue, post-mitotic cells like adipocytes can be replaced by differentiation of a population of tissue-resident stem cells. Expression of mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert) is a hallmark of stem cell populations, and previous efforts to identify tissue-resident adult stem cells by measuring mTert expression have increased our understanding of stem cell biology significantly. Here, we used a doxycycline-inducible mouse model to perform longitudinal, live-animal lineage-tracing of mTert-expressing cells for more than 1 year. We identified a rare (<2%) population of stem cells in different fat depots that express putative preadipocyte markers. The adipose-derived mTert-positive cells are capable of self-renewal and possess adipogenic potential. Finally, we demonstrate that high-fat diet (HFD) can initiate differentiation of these cells in vivo. These data identify a population of adipose stem cells that contribute to the depot-specific response to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lynes
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA,Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA,Matthew D. Lynes, PhD, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA. Tel: 207-396-8100;
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Yu-Hua Tseng, PhD, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel: 617-309-1967;
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9
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Jin Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Lv S, Zhang L, Feng Y. Endometriosis stem cell sources and potential therapeutic targets: literature review and bioinformatics analysis. Regen Med 2021; 16:949-962. [PMID: 34585967 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell origin theory of endometriosis (EMS) is a significant area of new research but the sources of this have yet to be adequately summarized. Existing treatments for EMS are commonly associated with a high recurrence rate; consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic measures for the future treatment of this disease from the view of stem cells and gene therapy. Recently, we described the evidence for the potential sources of EMS stem cells and other key molecules participating in the establishment of lesions, and predict the miRNAs that target these key genes via bioinformatics analysis for further research. This review highlights the origin of EMS stem cells and potential therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Yize Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- School of Public Health of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Sidi Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- The First Hospital of Handan City, Hebei, 056004, China
| | - Ying Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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10
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Cousins FL, Pandoy R, Jin S, Gargett CE. The Elusive Endometrial Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640319. [PMID: 33898428 PMCID: PMC8063057 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium undergoes approximately 450 cycles of proliferation, differentiation, shedding and regeneration over a woman's reproductive lifetime. The regenerative capacity of the endometrium is attributed to stem/progenitor cells residing in the basalis layer of the tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells have been extensively studied in the endometrium, whereas endometrial epithelial stem/progenitor cells have remained more elusive. This review details the discovery of human and mouse endometrial epithelial stem/progenitor cells. It highlights recent significant developments identifying putative markers of these epithelial stem/progenitor cells that reveal their in vivo identity, location in both human and mouse endometrium, raising common but also different viewpoints. The review also outlines the techniques used to identify epithelial stem/progenitor cells, specifically in vitro functional assays and in vivo lineage tracing. We will also discuss their known interactions and hierarchy and known roles in endometrial dynamics across the menstrual or estrous cycle including re-epithelialization at menses and regeneration of the tissue during the proliferative phase. We also detail their potential role in endometrial proliferative disorders such as endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Cousins
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ronald Pandoy
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Shiying Jin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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11
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de Miguel-Gómez L, López-Martínez S, Francés-Herrero E, Rodríguez-Eguren A, Pellicer A, Cervelló I. Stem Cells and the Endometrium: From the Discovery of Adult Stem Cells to Pre-Clinical Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030595. [PMID: 33800355 PMCID: PMC7998473 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) were long suspected to exist in the endometrium. Indeed, several types of endometrial ASCs were identified in rodents and humans through diverse isolation and characterization techniques. Putative stromal and epithelial stem cell niches were identified in murine models using label-retention techniques. In humans, functional methods (clonogenicity, long-term culture, and multi-lineage differentiation assays) and stem cell markers (CD146, SUSD2/W5C5, LGR5, NTPDase2, SSEA-1, or N-cadherin) facilitated the identification of three main types of endogenous endometrial ASCs: stromal, epithelial progenitor, and endothelial stem cells. Further, exogenous populations of stem cells derived from bone marrow may act as key effectors of the endometrial ASC niche. These findings are promoting the development of stem cell therapies for endometrial pathologies, with an evolution towards paracrine approaches. At the same time, promising therapeutic alternatives based on bioengineering have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía de Miguel-Gómez
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.d.M.-G.); (S.L.-M.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sara López-Martínez
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.d.M.-G.); (S.L.-M.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Emilio Francés-Herrero
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.d.M.-G.); (S.L.-M.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Adolfo Rodríguez-Eguren
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.d.M.-G.); (S.L.-M.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.)
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- IVIRMA Rome Parioli, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Cervelló
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.d.M.-G.); (S.L.-M.); (E.F.-H.); (A.R.-E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-903-305
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12
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Semenova S, Shatrova A, Vassilieva I, Shamatova M, Pugovkina N, Negulyaev Y. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate suppresses proliferation and migration capacity of human endometrial stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4580-4588. [PMID: 32150662 PMCID: PMC7176887 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP through the activation of the P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors affects the migration, proliferation and differentiation of many types of cells, including stem cells. High plasticity, low immunogenicity and immunomodulation ability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human endometrium (eMSCs) allow them to be considered a prominent tool for regenerative medicine. Here, we examined the role of ATP in the proliferation and migration of human eMSCs. Using a wound healing assay, we showed that ATP-induced activation of purinergic receptors suppressed the migration ability of eMSCs. We found the expression of one of the ATP receptors, the P2X7 receptor in eMSCs. In spite of this, cell activation with specific P2X7 receptor agonist, BzATP did not significantly affect the cell migration. The allosteric P2X7 receptor inhibitor, AZ10606120 also did not prevent ATP-induced inhibition of cell migration, confirming that inhibition occurs without P2X7 receptor involvement. Flow cytometry analysis showed that high concentrations of ATP did not have a cytotoxic effect on eMSCs. At the same time, ATP induced the cell cycle arrest, suppressed the proliferative and migration capacity of eMSCs and therefore could affect the regenerative potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Semenova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Shatrova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Vassilieva
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita Shamatova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalja Pugovkina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuri Negulyaev
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Gao Y, Wei L, Wang C, Huang Y, Li W, Li T, Mo C, Qin H, Zhong X, Wang Y, Tan A, Mo Z, Jiang Y, Hu Y. Chronic prostatitis alters the prostatic microenvironment and accelerates preneoplastic lesions in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Res 2019; 52:30. [PMID: 31088536 PMCID: PMC6518623 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic prostatitis has been supposed to be associated with preneoplastic lesions and cancer development. The objective of this study was to examine how chronic inflammation results in a prostatic microenvironment and gene mutation in C57BL/6 mice. Methods Immune and bacterial prostatitis mouse models were created through abdominal subcutaneous injection of rat prostate extract protein immunization (EAP group) or transurethral instillation of uropathogenic E. coli 1677 (E. coli group). Prostate histology, serum cytokine level, and genome-wide exome (GWE) sequences were examined 1, 3, and 6 months after immunization or injection. Result In the EAP and E. coli groups, immune cell infiltrations were observed in the first and last months of the entire experiment. After 3 months, obvious proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were observed accompanied with fibrosis hyperplasia in stroma. The decrease in basal cells (Cytokeratin (CK) 5+/p63+) and the accumulation of luminal epithelial cells (CK8+) in the PIA or PIN area indicated that the basal cells were damaged or transformed into different luminal cells. Hic1, Zfp148, and Mfge8 gene mutations were detected in chronic prostatitis somatic cells. Conclusion Chronic prostatitis induced by prostate extract protein immunization or E. coli infection caused a reactive prostatic inflammation microenvironment and resulted in tissue damage, aberrant atrophy, hyperplasia, and somatic genome mutation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40659-019-0237-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chenbang Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanjie Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaohua Mo
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Huali Qin
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhong
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Aihua Tan
- Department of Chemotherapy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yanling Hu
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. .,Department of Chemotherapy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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14
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Pepe G, Locati M, Della Torre S, Mornata F, Cignarella A, Maggi A, Vegeto E. The estrogen-macrophage interplay in the homeostasis of the female reproductive tract. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 24:652-672. [PMID: 30256960 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are known to orchestrate reproductive events and to regulate the immune system during infections and following tissue damage. Recent findings suggest that, in the absence of any danger signal, estrogens trigger the physiological expansion and functional specialization of macrophages, which are immune cells that populate the female reproductive tract (FRT) and are increasingly being recognized to participate in tissue homeostasis beyond their immune activity against infections. Although estrogens are the only female gonadal hormones that directly target macrophages, a comprehensive view of this endocrine-immune communication and its involvement in the FRT is still missing. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Recent accomplishments encourage a revision of the literature on the ability of macrophages to respond to estrogens and induce tissue-specific functions required for reproductive events, with the aim to envision macrophages as key players in FRT homeostasis and mediators of the regenerative and trophic actions of estrogens. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a systematic search using PubMed and Ovid for human, animal (rodents) and cellular studies published until 2018 on estrogen action in macrophages and the activity of these cells in the FRT. OUTCOMES Our search identified the remarkable ability of macrophages to activate biochemical processes in response to estrogens in cell culture experiments. The distribution at specific locations, interaction with selected cells and acquisition of distinct phenotypes of macrophages in the FRT, as well as the cyclic renewal of these properties at each ovarian cycle, demonstrate the involvement of these cells in the homeostasis of reproductive events. Moreover, current evidence suggests an association between estrogen-macrophage signaling and the generation of a tolerant and regenerative environment in the FRT, although a causative link is still missing. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Dysregulation of the functions and estrogen responsiveness of FRT macrophages may be involved in infertility and estrogen- and macrophage-dependent gynecological diseases, such as ovarian cancer and endometriosis. Thus, more research is needed on the physiology and pharmacological control of this endocrine-immune interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pepe
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Segrate, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via fratelli Cervi, Segrate, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mornata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cignarella
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Largo Meneghetti 2, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vegeto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
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15
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Cousins FL, O DF, Ong YR, Breault DT, Deane JA, Gargett CE. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression in Mouse Endometrium During Reepithelialization and Regeneration in a Menses-Like Model. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 28:1-12. [PMID: 30358490 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the endometrium has been attributed to resident stem/progenitor cells. A number of stem/progenitor markers have been reported for human endometrial stem/progenitor cells; however, the lack of convenient markers in the mouse has made experimental investigation into endometrial regeneration difficult. We recently identified endometrial epithelial, endothelial, and immune cells, which express a reporter for the stem/progenitor marker, mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert). In this study, we investigate the expression pattern of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter for mTert promoter activity (mTert-GFP) in endometrial regeneration following a menses-like event. mTert-GFP expression marks subepithelial populations of T cells and mature macrophages and may play a role in immune cell regulated repair. Clusters of mTert-GFP-positive epithelial cells were identified close to areas of reepithelialization and possibly highlight a role for mTert in the repair and regeneration of the endometrial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Cousins
- 1 The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Clayton, Australia
| | - Dorien F O
- 1 The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yih Rue Ong
- 1 The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - David T Breault
- 3 Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James A Deane
- 1 The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Clayton, Australia
| | - Caroline E Gargett
- 1 The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Clayton, Australia
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16
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Endometrial Stem Cell Markers: Current Concepts and Unresolved Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103240. [PMID: 30347708 PMCID: PMC6214006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is a highly regenerative organ undergoing over 400 cycles of shedding and regeneration over a woman’s lifetime. Menstrual shedding and the subsequent repair of the functional layer of the endometrium is a process unique to humans and higher-order primates. This massive regenerative capacity is thought to have a stem cell basis, with human endometrial stromal stem cells having already been extensively studied. Studies on endometrial epithelial stem cells are sparse, and the current belief is that the endometrial epithelial stem cells reside in the terminal ends of the basalis glands at the endometrial/myometrial interface. Since almost all endometrial pathologies are thought to originate from aberrations in stem cells that regularly regenerate the functionalis layer, expansion of our current understanding of stem cells is necessary in order for curative treatment strategies to be developed. This review critically appraises the postulated markers in order to identify endometrial stem cells. It also examines the current evidence supporting the existence of epithelial stem cells in the human endometrium that are likely to be involved both in glandular regeneration and in the pathogenesis of endometrial proliferative diseases such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
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17
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James K, Bhartiya D, Ganguly R, Kaushik A, Gala K, Singh P, Metkari SM. Gonadotropin and steroid hormones regulate pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells in adult mouse uterine endometrium. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:83. [PMID: 30241552 PMCID: PMC6148988 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) exist in adult organs, express pluripotent markers and have the ability to differentiate into three germ layers in vitro. Testicular, ovarian and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express receptors for follicle stimulating (FSH) and ovarian hormones and are activated by them to undergo proliferation/differentiation. VSELs exist in mouse uterus and are regulated by physiological dose of estradiol (E) & progesterone (P) during endometrial growth, differentiation and regeneration/remodeling. In the present study, effects of daily administration of E (2 μg/day), P (1 mg/Kg/day) or FSH (5 IU/day) for 7 days on the endometrium and stem/progenitor cells was studied in bilaterally ovariectomized mice. Results E treatment resulted in hypertrophy whereas P resulted in hyperplasia and overcrowding of epithelial cells. FSH also directly stimulated the endometrial cells. Nuclear OCT-4A positive VSELs were visualized in ovariectomized (atrophied) endometrium and cytoplasmic OCT-4B positive epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells were observed after treatment. FSH treated uterine tissue showed presence of 4 alternately spliced FSHR isoforms by Western blotting. 3–5 μm VSELs with a surface phenotype of LIN-/CD45-/SCA-1+ were enumerated by flow cytometry and were found to express ER, PR, FSHR1 and FSHR3 by RT-PCR analysis. Differential effects of treatment were observed on pluripotent (Oct4A, Sox2, Nanog), progenitors (Oct-4, Sca-1), primordial germ cells (Stella, Fragilis) and proliferation (Pcna) specific transcripts by qRT-PCR analysis. FSH and P (rather than E) exerted profound, direct stimulatory effects on uterine VSELs. Asymmetric, symmetric divisions and clonal expansion of stem/progenitor cells was confirmed by co-expression of OCT-4 and NUMB. Conclusions Results confirm presence of VSELs and their regulation by circulatory hormones in mouse uterus. Stem cell activation was more prominent after P and FSH compared to E treatment. The results question whether epithelial cells proliferation is regulated by paracrine influence of stromal cells or due to direct action of hormones on stem cells. VSELs expressing nuclear OCT-4A are the most primitive and pluripotent stem cells, undergo asymmetric cell division to self-renew and differentiate into epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells with cytoplasmic OCT-4B. Role of follicle stimulating and steroid hormones on the stem cells needs to be studied in various uterine pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kreema James
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| | - Ranita Ganguly
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Ankita Kaushik
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Kavita Gala
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Pushpa Singh
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - S M Metkari
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
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18
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Golkar MH, Saeedi Borujeni MJ, Rashidi B. The Effects of Administrated Sildenafil Citrate on Uterine Luminal Epithelium Height Associated with Ovarian Angiogenesis: An Experimental Animal Study. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:164. [PMID: 29387675 PMCID: PMC5767805 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_79_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian angiogenesis (OA) remains in lifetime and normal ovarian function depends to this continual remodeling of a complex vascular system. Endometrial thickness (ET) is one of the strongest predictors of successful implantation and pregnancy. Appropriate OA effects on ET by facilitating of ovarian hormone delivery. Materials and Methods Thirty adult female mice and twenty adult male mice were purchased. The female mice were divided into three groups: (1) control group without any intervention (n = 10), (2) gonadotropin group: receiving human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (n = 10), and (3) gonadotropin and sildenafil citrate (SC) group: receiving HMG and SC administration (n = 10). After mating, animals were deeply anesthetized, and the ovary and uterus was rapidly removed for histology and immunohistochemistry process. Results Four days after ovarian induction, all three layers of the uterus with specified thickness can be clearly seen. The heights of endometrial epithelial cells in gonadotropin group were not significantly different than those in control group. In gonadotropin and SC group, heights of the cells were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than control and gonadotropin groups. ETs in all groups were not significantly deferent from each other (P > 0.05 each). Our results of immunohistochemistry survey for ovarian CD31 demonstrated that administrated SC increased OA but not significantly (P > 0.05 each). Conclusion It may finally conclude that administration of SC does not cause notable alterations in OA and ET; although for realistic decision about the SC effects on aforementioned parameters, more molecular investigations and longer drug consumption period are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Golkar
- Student Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Saeedi Borujeni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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19
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Ong YR, Cousins FL, Yang X, Mushafi AAAA, Breault DT, Gargett CE, Deane JA. Bone Marrow Stem Cells Do Not Contribute to Endometrial Cell Lineages in Chimeric Mouse Models. Stem Cells 2017; 36:91-102. [PMID: 28913973 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies from five independent laboratories conclude that bone marrow stem cells transdifferentiate into endometrial stroma, epithelium, and endothelium. We investigated the nature of bone marrow-derived cells in the mouse endometrium by reconstituting irradiated wild type recipients with bone marrow containing transgenic mTert-green fluorescent protein (GFP) or chicken β-actin (Ch β-actin)-GFP reporters. mTert-GFP is a telomerase marker identifying hematopoietic stem cells and subpopulations of epithelial, endothelial, and immune cells in the endometrium. Ch β-actin-GFP is a ubiquitous reporter previously used to identify bone marrow-derived cells in the endometrium. Confocal fluorescence microscopy for GFP and markers of endometrial and immune cells were used to characterize bone marrow-derived cells in the endometrium of transplant recipients. No evidence of GFP+ bone marrow-derived stroma, epithelium, or endothelium was observed in the endometrium of mTert-GFP or Ch β-actin-GFP recipients. All GFP+ cells detected in the endometrium were immune cells expressing the pan leukocyte marker CD45, including CD3+ T cells and F4/80+ macrophages. Further examination of the Ch β-actin-GFP transplant model revealed that bone marrow-derived F4/80+ macrophages immunostained weakly for CD45. These macrophages were abundant in the stroma, infiltrated the epithelial and vascular compartments, and could easily be mistaken for bone marrow-derived endometrial cells. We conclude that it is unlikely that bone marrow cells are able to transdifferentiate into endometrial stroma, epithelium, and endothelium. This result has important therapeutic implications, as the expectation that bone marrow stem cells contribute directly to endometrial regeneration is shaping strategies designed to regenerate endometrium in Asherman's syndrome and to control aberrant endometrial growth in endometriosis. Stem Cells 2018;36:91-102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Rue Ong
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona L Cousins
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, NanTong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - David T Breault
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline E Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Deane
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Hapangama DK, Kamal A, Saretzki G. Implications of telomeres and telomerase in endometrial pathology. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:166-187. [PMID: 27979878 PMCID: PMC5850744 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic chromosomal ends are linear and are protected by nucleoprotein complexes known as telomeres. The complex structural anatomy and the diverse functions of telomeres as well as the unique reverse transcriptase enzyme, telomerase that maintains telomeres are under intensive scientific scrutiny. Both are involved in many human diseases including cancer, but also in ageing and chronic disease such as diabetes. Their intricate involvement in many cellular processes and pathways is being dynamically deciphered in many organs including the endometrium. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the topic of telomeres and telomerase and their potential role in providing plausible explanations for endometrial aberrations related to common gynaecological pathologies. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review outlines the recent major findings in telomere and telomerase functions in the context of endometrial biology. It highlights the contemporary discoveries in hormonal regulation, normal endometrial regeneration, stem cells and common gynaecological diseases such as endometriosis, infertility, recurrent reproductive failure and endometrial cancer (EC). SEARCH METHODS The authors carried out systematic PubMed (Medline) and Ovid searches using the key words: telomerase, telomeres, telomere length, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, telomeric RNA component, with endometrium, hormonal regulation, endometrial stem/progenitor cells, endometrial regeneration, endometriosis, recurrent miscarriage, infertility, endometrial hyperplasia, EC and uterine cancer. Publications used in this review date from 1995 until 31st June 2016. OUTCOMES The human endometrium is a unique somatic organ, which displays dynamic telomerase activity (TA) related to the menstrual cycle. Telomerase is implicated in almost all endometrial pathologies and appears to be crucial to endometrial stem cells. In particular, it is vital for normal endometrial regeneration, providing a distinct route to formulate possible curative, non-hormonal therapies to treat chronic endometrial conditions. Furthermore, our current understanding of telomere maintenance in EC is incomplete. Data derived from other malignancies on the role of telomerase in carcinogenesis cannot be extrapolated to EC because unlike in other cancers, TA is already present in proliferating healthy endometrial cells. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Since telomerase is pivotal to endometrial regeneration, further studies elucidating the role of telomeres, telomerase, their associated proteins and their regulation in normal endometrial regeneration as well as their role in endometrial pathologies are essential. This approach may allow future development of novel treatment strategies that are not only non-hormonal but also potentially curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hapangama
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L8 7SS, UK.,Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Crown Street, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - A Kamal
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L8 7SS, UK.,The National Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - G Saretzki
- Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
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Xu W, Lu C, Yao L, Zhang F, Shao J, Zheng S. Dihydroartemisinin protects against alcoholic liver injury through alleviating hepatocyte steatosis in a farnesoid X receptor-dependent manner. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 315:23-34. [PMID: 27939985 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a common etiology of liver diseases, characterized by hepatic steatosis. We previously identified farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as a potential therapeutic target for ALD. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been recently identified to possess potent pharmacological activities on liver diseases. This study was aimed to explore the impact of DHA on ALD and further elaborate the underlying mechanisms. Gain- or loss-of-function analyses of FXR were applied in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Results demonstrated that DHA rescued FXR expression and activity in alcoholic rat livers. DHA also reduced serodiagnostic markers of liver injury, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. DHA improved alcohol-induced liver histological lesions, expression of inflammation genes, and inflammatory cell infiltration. In addition, DHA not only attenuated hyperlipidemia but also reduced hepatic steatosis through regulating lipogenesis and lipolysis genes. In vitro experiments further consolidated the concept that DHA ameliorated ethanol-caused hepatocyte injury and steatosis. Noteworthily, DHA effects were reinforced by FXR agonist obeticholic acid or FXR expression plasmids but abrogated by FXR antagonist Z-guggulsterone or FXR siRNA. In summary, DHA significantly improved alcoholic liver injury by inhibiting hepatic steatosis, which was dependent on its activation of FXR in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunfeng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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