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In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of CUO246, a Novel Bacterial DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase IV Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0092122. [PMID: 36448795 PMCID: PMC9765007 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00921-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CUO246, a novel DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitor, is active in vitro against a broad range of Gram-positive, fastidious Gram-negative, and atypical bacterial pathogens and retains activity against quinolone-resistant strains in circulation. The frequency of selection for single step mutants of wild-type S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to CUO246 was <4.64 × 10-9 at 4× and 8× MIC and remained low when using an isogenic QRDR mutant (<5.24 × 10-9 at 4× and 8× MIC). Biochemical assays indicated that CUO246 had potent inhibitory activity against both DNA gyrase (GyrAB) and topoisomerase IV (ParCE). Furthermore, CUO246 showed rapid bactericidal activity in time-kill assays and potent in vivo efficacy against S. aureus in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model. These results suggest that CUO246 may be useful in treating infections by various causative agents of acute skin and skin structure infections, respiratory tract infections, and sexually transmitted infections.
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Link Between Antibiotic Persistence and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900848. [PMID: 35928205 PMCID: PMC9343593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both, antibiotic persistence and antibiotic resistance characterize phenotypes of survival in which a bacterial cell becomes insensitive to one (or even) more antibiotic(s). However, the molecular basis for these two antibiotic-tolerant phenotypes is fundamentally different. Whereas antibiotic resistance is genetically determined and hence represents a rather stable phenotype, antibiotic persistence marks a transient physiological state triggered by various stress-inducing conditions that switches back to the original antibiotic sensitive state once the environmental situation improves. The molecular basics of antibiotic resistance are in principle well understood. This is not the case for antibiotic persistence. Under all culture conditions, there is a stochastically formed, subpopulation of persister cells in bacterial populations, the size of which depends on the culture conditions. The proportion of persisters in a bacterial population increases under different stress conditions, including treatment with bactericidal antibiotics (BCAs). Various models have been proposed to explain the formation of persistence in bacteria. We recently hypothesized that all physiological culture conditions leading to persistence converge in the inability of the bacteria to re-initiate a new round of DNA replication caused by an insufficient level of the initiator complex ATP-DnaA and hence by the lack of formation of a functional orisome. Here, we extend this hypothesis by proposing that in this persistence state the bacteria become more susceptible to mutation-based antibiotic resistance provided they are equipped with error-prone DNA repair functions. This is - in our opinion - in particular the case when such bacterial populations are exposed to BCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center – Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Eisenreich,
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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3
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Patel PS, Krishnan R, Hakem R. Emerging roles of DNA topoisomerases in the regulation of R-loops. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503450. [PMID: 35483781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
R-loops are comprised of a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced single-strand DNA (ssDNA) that reinvades the DNA duplex behind the moving RNA polymerase. Because they have several physiological functions within the cell, including gene expression, chromosomal segregation, and mitochondrial DNA replication, among others, R-loop homeostasis is tightly regulated to ensure normal functioning of cellular processes. Thus, several classes of enzymes including RNases, helicases, topoisomerases, as well as proteins involved in splicing and the biogenesis of messenger ribonucleoproteins, have been implicated in R-loop prevention, suppression, and resolution. There exist six topoisomerase enzymes encoded by the human genome that function to introduce transient DNA breaks to relax supercoiled DNA. In this mini-review, we discuss functions of DNA topoisomerases and their emerging role in transcription, replication, and regulation of R-loops, and we highlight how their role in maintaining genome stability can be exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasvi S Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Rehna Krishnan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection 2020; 49:29-56. [PMID: 33367978 PMCID: PMC7851017 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. RESULTS Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. CONCLUSION The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.
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Repositioned Drugs for Chagas Disease Unveiled via Structure-Based Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228809. [PMID: 33233837 PMCID: PMC7699892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in South America. The current treatments are limited, have severe side effects, and are only partially effective. Drug repositioning, defined as finding new indications for already approved drugs, has the potential to provide new therapeutic options for Chagas. In this work, we conducted a structure-based drug repositioning approach with over 130,000 3D protein structures to identify drugs that bind therapeutic Chagas targets and thus represent potential new Chagas treatments. The screening yielded over 500 molecules as hits, out of which 38 drugs were prioritized following a rigorous filtering process. About half of the latter were already known to have trypanocidal activity, while the others are novel to Chagas disease. Three of the new drug candidates—ciprofloxacin, naproxen, and folic acid—showed a growth inhibitory activity in the micromolar range when tested ex vivo on T. cruzi trypomastigotes, validating the prediction. We show that our drug repositioning approach is able to pinpoint relevant drug candidates at a fraction of the time and cost of a conventional screening. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the power and potential of structure-based drug repositioning in the context of neglected tropical diseases where the pharmaceutical industry has little financial interest in the development of new drugs.
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Lamberti G, Andrini E, Sisi M, Federico AD, Ricciuti B. Targeting DNA damage response and repair genes to enhance anticancer immunotherapy: rationale and clinical implication. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1751-1766. [PMID: 32539551 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response and repair (DDR) genes play a central role in the life of actively replicating cells, cooperating to maintenance of genomic integrity. However, exogenous or endogenous factors, including deficiency in DDR genes, can cause different degrees of DNA damage that profoundly impacts the tumor immunogenicity and enhance antitumor immune response through neoantigen-dependent and neoantigen-independent mechanisms. Inhibition of DDRs is already an effective therapeutic strategy in different cancer types. In addition, because DDR inhibition can also induce and amplify DNA damage in cancer cells, with a deep impact on antitumor immune responses, combining DDR inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to potentially improve the clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the rational and potential of combining DDR and immune checkpoint inhibition to exploit the enhanced antitumor immune response induced by DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Andrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Sisi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Federico
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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An Automated, Single Cell Quantitative Imaging Microscopy Approach to Assess Micronucleus Formation, Genotoxicity and Chromosome Instability. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020344. [PMID: 32024251 PMCID: PMC7072510 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei are small, extranuclear bodies that are distinct from the primary cell nucleus. Micronucleus formation is an aberrant event that suggests a history of genotoxic stress or chromosome mis-segregation events. Accordingly, assays evaluating micronucleus formation serve as useful tools within the fields of toxicology and oncology. Here, we describe a novel micronucleus formation assay that utilizes a high-throughput imaging platform and automated image analysis software for accurate detection and rapid quantification of micronuclei at the single cell level. We show that our image analysis parameters are capable of identifying dose-dependent increases in micronucleus formation within three distinct cell lines following treatment with two established genotoxic agents, etoposide or bleomycin. We further show that this assay detects micronuclei induced through silencing of the established chromosome instability gene, SMC1A. Thus, the micronucleus formation assay described here is a versatile and efficient alternative to more laborious cytological approaches, and greatly increases throughput, which will be particularly beneficial for large-scale chemical or genetic screens.
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8
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Hwang G, Verver DE, Handel MA, Hamer G, Jordan PW. Depletion of SMC5/6 sensitizes male germ cells to DNA damage. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3003-3016. [PMID: 30281394 PMCID: PMC6333175 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural maintenance of chromosomes complex SMC5/6 is thought to be essential for DNA repair and chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. To determine the requirements of the SMC5/6 complex during mouse spermatogenesis we combined a conditional knockout allele for Smc5, with four germ cell–specific Cre-recombinase transgenes, Ddx4-Cre, Stra8-Cre, Spo11-Cre, and Hspa2-Cre, to mutate Smc5 in spermatogonia, in spermatocytes before meiotic entry, during early meiotic stages, and during midmeiotic stages, respectively. Conditional mutation of Smc5 resulted in destabilization of the SMC5/6 complex. Despite this, we observed only mild defects in spermatogenesis. Mutation of Smc5 mediated by Ddx4-Cre and Stra8-Cre resulted in partial loss of preleptotene spermatocytes; however, spermatogenesis progresses and mice are fertile. Mutation of Smc5 via Spo11-Cre or Hspa2-Cre did not result in detectable defects of spermatogenesis. Upon exposure to gamma irradiation or etoposide treatment, each conditional Smc5 mutant demonstrated an increase in the number of enlarged round spermatids with multiple acrosomes and supernumerary chromosome content. We propose that the SMC5/6 complex is not acutely required for premeiotic DNA replication and meiotic progression during mouse spermatogenesis; however, when germ cells are challenged by exogenous DNA damage, the SMC5/6 complex ensures genome integrity, and thus, fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - D E Verver
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M A Handel
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - G Hamer
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Zou L. Ataxia Telangiectasia–Mutated and Rad3-Related Inhibition and Topoisomerase I Trapping Create a Synthetic Lethality in Cancer Cells. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:1628-1630. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.77.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Zou
- Lee Zou, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Conley
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Truston J. Bodine
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Chou
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Orelle C, Durmort C, Mathieu K, Duchêne B, Aros S, Fenaille F, André F, Junot C, Vernet T, Jault JM. A multidrug ABC transporter with a taste for GTP. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2309. [PMID: 29396536 PMCID: PMC5797166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the evolution of cellular bioenergetics, many protein families have been fashioned to match the availability and replenishment in energy supply. Molecular motors and primary transporters essentially need ATP to function while proteins involved in cell signaling or translation consume GTP. ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the largest families of membrane proteins gathering several medically relevant members that are typically powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here, a Streptococcus pneumoniae ABC transporter responsible for fluoroquinolones resistance in clinical settings, PatA/PatB, is shown to challenge this concept. It clearly favors GTP as the energy supply to expel drugs. This preference is correlated to its ability to hydrolyze GTP more efficiently than ATP, as found with PatA/PatB reconstituted in proteoliposomes or nanodiscs. Importantly, the ATP and GTP concentrations are similar in S. pneumoniae supporting the physiological relevance of GTP as the energy source of this bacterial transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Orelle
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Durmort
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France.
| | - Khadija Mathieu
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Duchêne
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Aros
- CEA, Institut Joliot, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, UMR 0496, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Université Paris Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA, Institut Joliot, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, UMR 0496, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Université Paris Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - François André
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication (LSOD), Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, Institut Joliot, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, UMR 0496, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Université Paris Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thierry Vernet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367, Lyon, France.
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Singh BN, Achary VMM, Panditi V, Sopory SK, Reddy MK. Dynamics of tobacco DNA topoisomerases II in cell cycle regulation: to manage topological constrains during replication, transcription and mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:595-607. [PMID: 28634865 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The topoisomerase II expression varies as a function of cell proliferation. Maximal topoisomerase II expression was tightly coupled to S phase and G2/M phase via both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Investigation in meiosis using pollen mother cells also revealed that it is not the major component of meiotic chromosomes, it seems to diffuse out once meiotic chromosomal condensation is completed. Synchronized tobacco BY-2 cell cultures were used to study the role of topoisomerase II in various stages of the cell cycle. Topoisomerase II transcript accumulation was observed during the S- and G2/M- phase of cell cycle. This biphasic expression pattern indicates the active requirement of topoisomerase II during these stages of the cell cycle. Through immuno-localization of topoisomerase II was observed diffusely throughout the nucleoplasm in interphase nuclei, whereas, the nucleolus region exhibited a more prominent immuno-positive staining that correlated with rRNA transcription, as shown by propidium iodide staining and BrUTP incorporation. The immuno-staining analysis also showed that topoisomerase II is the major component of mitotic chromosomes and remain attached to the chromosomes during cell division. The inhibition of topoisomerase II activity using specific inhibitors revealed quite dramatic effect on condensation of chromatin and chromosome individualization from prophase to metaphase transition. Partially condensed chromosomes were not arranged on metaphase plate and chromosomal perturbations were observed when advance to anaphase, suggesting the importance of topoisomerase II activity for proper chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis. Contrary, topoisomerase II is not the major component of meiotic chromosomes, even though mitosis and meiosis share many processes, including the DNA replication, chromosome condensation and precisely regulated partitioning of chromosomes into daughter cells. Even if topoisomerase II is required for individualization and condensation of meiotic chromosomes, it seems to diffuse out once meiotic chromosomal condensation is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Nath Singh
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - V Mohan Murali Achary
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Varakumar Panditi
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malireddy K Reddy
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India.
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Suzuki T, Grúz P, Honma M, Adachi N, Nohmi T. The role of DNA polymerase ζ in translesion synthesis across bulky DNA adducts and cross-links in human cells. Mutat Res 2016; 791-792:35-41. [PMID: 27591392 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is a cellular defense mechanism against genotoxins. Defects or mutations in specialized DNA polymerases (Pols) involved in TLS are believed to result in hypersensitivity to various genotoxic stresses. Here, DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ)-deficient (KO: knockout) and Pol ζ catalytically dead (CD) human cells were established and their sensitivity towards cytotoxic activities of various genotoxins was examined. The CD cells were engineered by altering the DNA sequence encoding two amino acids essential for the catalytic activity of Pol ζ, i.e., D2781 and D2783, to alanines. Both Pol ζ KO and CD cells displayed a prolonged cell cycle and higher incidence of micronuclei formation than the wild-type (WT) cells in the absence of exogenous genotoxic treatments, and the order of abnormality was CD>KO>WT cells. Both KO and CD cells exhibited higher sensitivity towards the killing effects of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide, mitomycin C, potassium bromate, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and ultraviolet C irradiation than WT cells, and there were no differences between the sensitivities of KO and CD cells. Interestingly, neither KO nor CD cells were sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Since KO and CD cells displayed similar sensitivities to the genotoxins, we employed only KO cells to further examine their sensitivity to other genotoxic agents. KO cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, styrene oxide, cisplatin, methyl methanesulfonate, and ethyl methanesulfonate than WT cells. However, the KO cells displayed sensitivity camptothecin, etoposide, bleomycin, hydroxyurea, crotonealdehyde, and methylglyoxal in a manner similar to the WT cells. Our results suggest that Pol ζ plays an important role in the protection of human cells by carrying out TLS across bulky DNA adducts and cross-links, but has no or limited role in the protection against strand-breaks in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Suzuki
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Petr Grúz
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Nishihara K, Huang R, Zhao J, Shahane SA, Witt KL, Smith-Roe SL, Tice RR, Takeda S, Xia M. Identification of genotoxic compounds using isogenic DNA repair deficient DT40 cell lines on a quantitative high throughput screening platform. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:69-81. [PMID: 26243743 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair pathways play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by repairing DNA damage induced by endogenous processes and xenobiotics, including environmental chemicals. Induction of DNA damage may lead to genomic instability, disruption of cellular homeostasis and potentially tumours. Isogenic chicken DT40 B-lymphocyte cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways can be used to identify genotoxic compounds and aid in characterising the nature of the induced DNA damage. As part of the US Tox21 program, we previously optimised several different DT40 isogenic clones on a high-throughput screening platform and confirmed the utility of this approach for detecting genotoxicants by measuring differential cytotoxicity in wild-type and DNA repair-deficient clones following chemical exposure. In the study reported here, we screened the Tox21 10K compound library against two isogenic DNA repair-deficient DT40 cell lines (KU70 (-/-) /RAD54 (-/-) and REV3 (-/-) ) and the wild-type cell line using a cell viability assay that measures intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels. KU70 and RAD54 are genes associated with DNA double-strand break repair processes, and REV3 is associated with translesion DNA synthesis pathways. Active compounds identified in the primary screening included many well-known genotoxicants (e.g. adriamycin, melphalan) and several compounds previously untested for genotoxicity. A subset of compounds was further evaluated by assessing their ability to induce micronuclei and phosphorylated H2AX. Using this comprehensive approach, three compounds with previously undefined genotoxicity-2-oxiranemethanamine, AD-67 and tetraphenylolethane glycidyl ether-were identified as genotoxic. These results demonstrate the utility of this approach for identifying and prioritising compounds that may damage DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nishihara
- Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC: 3375 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC: 3375 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC: 3375 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Sampada A Shahane
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC: 3375 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephanie L Smith-Roe
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Raymond R Tice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC: 3375 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
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15
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Nakahara T, Tanaka K, Ohno SI, Egawa N, Yugawa T, Kiyono T. Activation of NF-κB by human papillomavirus 16 E1 limits E1-dependent viral replication through degradation of E1. J Virol 2015; 89:5040-59. [PMID: 25717108 PMCID: PMC4403482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00389-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED NF-κB is a family of transcription factors that regulate gene expression involved in many processes, such as the inflammatory response and cancer progression. Little is known about associations of NF-κB with the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle. We have developed a tissue culture system to conditionally induce E1-dependent replication of the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) genome in human cervical keratinocytes and found that expression of HPV16 E1, a viral helicase, results in reduction of IκBα and subsequent activation of NF-κB in a manner dependent on helicase activity. Exogenous expression of a degradation-resistant mutant of IκBα, which inhibits the activation of NF-κB, enhanced E1-dependent replication of the viral genome. Wortmannin, a broad inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and, to a lesser extent, VE-822, an ATR kinase inhibitor, but not KU55933, an ATM kinase inhibitor, suppressed the activation of NF-κB and augmented E1-dependent replication of the HPV16 genome. Interestingly, the enhancement of E1-dependent replication of the viral genome was associated with increased stability of E1 in the presence of wortmannin as well as the IκBα mutant. Collectively, we propose that expression of E1 induces NF-κB activation at least in part through the ATR-dependent DNA damage response and that NF-κB in turn limits E1-dependent replication of HPV16 through degradation of E1, so that E1 and NF-κB may constitute a negative feedback loop. IMPORTANCE A major risk factor in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers is persistent infection with high-risk HPVs. To eradicate viruses from infected tissue, it is important to understand molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection. In this study, we obtained evidence that human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E1, a viral DNA helicase essential for amplification of the viral genomes, induces NF-κB activation and that this limits E1-dependent genome replication of HPV16. These results suggest that NF-κB mediates a negative feedback loop to regulate HPV replication and that this feedback loop could be associated with control of the viral copy numbers. We could thus show for the first time that NF-κB activity is involved in the establishment and maintenance of persistent HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakahara
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ohno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yugawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Liu M, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Ma X, Li X, Xiang R, Zhu Y, Qin S, Yu Y, Jiang XC, Duan Y, Han J. Regulation of Hepatic Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Expression and Reverse Cholesterol Transport by Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase II. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14418-29. [PMID: 25914138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from high density lipoprotein to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. CETP expression can be transcriptionally activated by liver X receptor (LXR). Etoposide and teniposide are DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitors. Etoposide has been reported to inhibit atherosclerosis in rabbits with un-fully elucidated mechanisms. In this study we determined if Topo II activity can influence cholesterol metabolism by regulating hepatic CETP expression. Inhibition of Topo II by etoposide, teniposide, or Topo II siRNA increased CETP expression in human hepatic cell line, HepG2 cells, which was associated with increased CETP secretion and mRNA expression. Meanwhile, inhibition of LXR expression by LXR siRNA attenuated induction of CETP expression by etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide and teniposide induced LXRα expression and LXRα/β nuclear translocation while inhibiting expression of receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140), an LXR co-repressor. In vivo, administration of teniposide moderately reduced serum lipid profiles, induced CETP expression in the liver, and activated reverse cholesterol transport in CETP transgenic mice. Our study demonstrates a novel function of Topo II inhibitors in cholesterol metabolism by activating hepatic CETP expression and reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Colleges of Life Sciences and
| | - Yuanli Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Rong Xiang
- Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China, and
| | - Yang Yu
- Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China, and
| | - Xian-cheng Jiang
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York 11203
| | - Yajun Duan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Colleges of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,
| | - Jihong Han
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Colleges of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,
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17
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Zhou T, Chen P, Gu J, Bishop AJR, Scott LM, Hasty P, Rebel VI. Potential relationship between inadequate response to DNA damage and development of myelodysplastic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:966-89. [PMID: 25569081 PMCID: PMC4307285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the continuous regeneration of all types of blood cells, including themselves. To ensure the functional and genomic integrity of blood tissue, a network of regulatory pathways tightly controls the proliferative status of HSCs. Nevertheless, normal HSC aging is associated with a noticeable decline in regenerative potential and possible changes in other functions. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is an age-associated hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by abnormal blood cell maturation and a high propensity for leukemic transformation. It is furthermore thought to originate in a HSC and to be associated with the accrual of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations. This raises the question whether MDS is, in part, related to an inability to adequately cope with DNA damage. Here we discuss the various components of the cellular response to DNA damage. For each component, we evaluate related studies that may shed light on a potential relationship between MDS development and aberrant DNA damage response/repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Peishuai Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Hematology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Linda M Scott
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul Hasty
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, UTHSCSA, 7979 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Vivienne I Rebel
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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18
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Jirkovská-Vávrová A, Roh J, Lenčová-Popelová O, Jirkovský E, Hrušková K, Potůčková-Macková E, Jansová H, Hašková P, Martinková P, Eisner T, Kratochvíl M, Šůs J, Macháček M, Vostatková-Tichotová L, Geršl V, Kalinowski DS, Muller MT, Richardson DR, Vávrová K, Štěrba M, Šimůnek T. Synthesis and analysis of novel analogues of dexrazoxane and its open-ring hydrolysis product for protection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II beta, rather than (or along with) iron chelation, may be a promising target for cardioprotection.
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19
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Iarovaia OV, Rubtsov M, Ioudinkova E, Tsfasman T, Razin SV, Vassetzky YS. Dynamics of double strand breaks and chromosomal translocations. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:249. [PMID: 25404525 PMCID: PMC4289179 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are a major cause of cancer. At the same time, the mechanisms that lead to specific chromosomal translocations that associate different gene regions remain largely unknown. Translocations are induced by double strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. Here we review recent data on the mechanisms of generation, mobility and repair of DSBs and stress the importance of the nuclear organization in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France.
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20
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Duan SQ, Liu L, Zhao QY, Bu ZD, Li J, Wang W, Wang HM. Relationship between TopoⅡ protein expression and lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3521-3526. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i23.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect topoisomerase Ⅱ (TopoⅡ) protein expression in colorectal cancer and to analyze its clinical significance.
METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six specimens were collected from patients with rectal cancer who were treated surgically from January 30, 2008 to January 29, 2012. The expression of TopoⅡ in the above specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between TopoⅡ expression and clinicopathologic parameters was then analyzed.
RESULTS: TopoⅡ was highly expressed in rectal cancer. TopoⅡ expression was positively correlated with rectal cancer pathological type (P = 0.007), cell differentiation (P = 0.004), depth of invasion (P = 0.042) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.027), but not with sex, age, tumor location, histological type, or vascular thrombosis.
CONCLUSION: TopoⅡ is highly expressed in rectal cancer. TopoⅡ expression is closely associated with lymph node metastasis of rectal cancer, and can be used as a marker for lymph node metastasis of rectal cancer.
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21
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Wiedemann B, Heisig A, Heisig P. Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance-Epidemiological and Mechanistic Aspects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:341-52. [PMID: 27025749 PMCID: PMC4790371 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are typically monobacterial and are predominantly caused by Escherichia coli. Although several effective treatment options are available, the rates of antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of E. coli have increased during the last decade. Knowledge of the actual local rates of antibiotic resistant pathogens as well as the underlying mechanisms are important factors in addition to the geographical location and the health state of the patient for choosing the most effective antibiotic treatment. Recommended treatment options include trimethoprim alone or in combination with sulfamethoxazol, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, fosfomycin-trometamol, and nitrofurantoin. Three basic mechanisms of resistance to all antibiotics are known, i.e., target alteration, reduced drug concentration and inactivation of the drug. These mechanisms—alone or in combination—contribute to resistance against the different antibiotic classes. With increasing prevalence, combinations of resistance mechanisms leading to multiple drug resistant (mdr) pathogens are being detected and have been associated with reduced fitness under in vitro situations. However, mdr clones among clinical isolates such as E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) have successfully adapted in fitness and growth rate and are rapidly spreading as a worldwide predominating clone of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Heisig
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Heisig
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 localizes to etoposide-exposed mitotic chromosomes: implication for a novel DNA damage response during mitosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:83-8. [PMID: 24695317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNF4, a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL), localizes to the nucleus and functions in the DNA damage response during interphase of the cell cycle. RNF4 also exists in cells undergoing mitosis, where its regulation and function remain poorly understood. Here we showed that administration of etoposide, an anticancer DNA topoisomerase II poison, to mitotic human cervical cancer HeLa cells induced SUMO-2/3-dependent localization of RNF4 to chromosomes. The FK2 antibody signals, indicative of poly/multi-ubiquitin assembly, were detected on etoposide-exposed mitotic chromosomes, whereas the signals were negligible in cells depleted for RNF4 by RNA interference. This suggests that RNF4 functions as a STUbL in the etoposide-induced damage response during mitosis. Indeed, RNF4-depletion sensitized mitotic HeLa cells to etoposide and increased cells with micronuclei. These results indicate the importance of the RNF4-mediated STUbL pathway during mitosis for the maintenance of chromosome integrity and further implicate RNF4 as a target for topo II poison-based therapy for cancer patients.
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23
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Glukhov SI, Rubtsov MA, Alexeyevsky DA, Alexeevski AV, Razin SV, Iarovaia OV. The broken MLL gene is frequently located outside the inherent chromosome territory in human lymphoid cells treated with DNA topoisomerase II poison etoposide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75871. [PMID: 24086652 PMCID: PMC3783379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) gene is frequently rearranged in secondary leukaemias, in which it could fuse to a variety of different partners. Breakage in the MLL gene preferentially occurs within a ~8 kb region that possesses a strong DNA topoisomerase II cleavage site. It has been proposed that DNA topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage within this and other regions triggers translocations that occur due to incorrect joining of broken DNA ends. To further clarify a possible mechanism for MLL rearrangements, we analysed the frequency of MLL cleavage in cells exposed to etoposide, a DNA topoisomerase II poison commonly used as an anticancer drug, and positioning of the broken 3'-end of the MLL gene in respect to inherent chromosomal territories. It was demonstrated that exposure of human Jurkat cells to etoposide resulted in frequent cleavage of MLL genes. Using MLL-specific break-apart probes we visualised cleaved MLL genes in ~17% of nuclei. Using confocal microscopy and 3D modelling, we demonstrated that in cells treated with etoposide and cultivated for 1 h under normal conditions, ~9% of the broken MLL alleles were present outside the chromosome 11 territory, whereas in both control cells and cells inspected immediately after etoposide treatment, virtually all MLL alleles were present within the chromosomal territory. The data are discussed in the framework of the "breakage first" model of juxtaposing translocation partners. We propose that in the course of repairing DNA topoisomerase II-mediated DNA lesions (removal of stalled DNA topoisomerase II complexes and non-homologous end joining), DNA ends acquire additional mobility, which allows the meeting and incorrect joining of translocation partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I. Glukhov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Alexeyevsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Alexeevski
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute for System Studies (NIISI RAN), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Razin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, France–Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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24
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Cheng G, Hao H, Dai M, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Antibacterial action of quinolones: From target to network. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:555-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Padberg I, Janßen S, Meyer TF. Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits telomeric DNA damage signaling via transient hTERT upregulation. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:463-74. [PMID: 23830072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data exist to support a positive association between Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) infection and gynecological cancers; however, putative cellular mechanisms for this association are lacking. Here, we identified Ctr-induced perturbations to host cell phenotypes in vitro that persisted after clearance of infection and could directly contribute to host cell transformation. In particular, human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) mRNA expression and catalytic subunit activity were increased in acute infected late passage IMR90E1A cells. hTERT upregulation was accompanied by recruitment of ceramide, a known regulator of hTERT, to the chlamydial inclusion and was abrogated following doxycycline-mediated infection clearance. In cells cleared of Ctr infection, average telomere length was slightly increased and immunofluorescence staining of the DNA damage marker γH2A.X was reduced after clearance of infection compared with cells that had not been infected. Reduced p53 binding to the promoter of the cell cycle checkpoint regulator p21 was also detected in cells cleared of infection and p21 levels were reduced; moreover, this cell population exhibited increased resistance to etoposide-induced DNA damage. Thus, Ctr infection altered cell aging and survival pathways, which persisted after infection clearance. Cells that survive infection are likely to exhibit altered physiology, as evidenced by an increased resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, which may support cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Padberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Zhang L, Jiang M, Shui Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, Hu W, Ma X, Li X, Liu X, Cao X, Liu M, Duan Y, Han J. DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors induce macrophage ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux—An LXR-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Rodriguez-Hernandez CJ, Llorens-Agost M, Calbó J, Murguia JR, Guinovart JJ. Sodium tungstate modulates ATM function upon DNA damage. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1579-86. [PMID: 23587483 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both radiotherapy and most effective chemotherapeutic agents induce different types of DNA damage. Here we show that tungstate modulates cell response to DNA damaging agents. Cells treated with tungstate were more sensitive to etoposide, phleomycin and ionizing radiation (IR), all of which induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Tungstate also modulated the activation of the central DSB signalling kinase, ATM, in response to these agents. These effects required the functionality of the Mre11-Nbs1-Rad50 (MRN) complex and were mimicked by the inhibition of PP2A phosphatase. Therefore, tungstate may have adjuvant activity when combined with DNA-damaging agents in the treatment of several malignancies.
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28
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Williams GM, Brunnemann KD, Smart DJ, Molina D, Jeffrey AM, Duan JD, Krebsfaenger N, Kampkoetter A, Schmuck G. Relationship of cellular topoisomerase IIα inhibition to cytotoxicity and published genotoxicity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in V79 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:386-90. [PMID: 23340199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics are bacteriocidal through inhibition of the bacterial gyrase and at sufficient concentrations in vitro, they can inhibit the homologous eukaryotic topoisomerase (TOPO) II enzyme. FQ exert a variety of genotoxic effects in mammalian systems through mechanisms not yet established, but which are postulated to involve inhibition of TOPO II enzymes. To assess the relationship of inhibition of cell nuclear TOPO II to cytotoxicity and reported genotoxicity, two FQ, clinafloxacin (CLFX) and lomefloxacin (LOFX), having available genotoxicity data showing substantial differences with CLFX being more potent than LOFX, were selected for study. The relative inhibitory activities of these FQ on nuclear TOPO IIα in cultured Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells) over dose ranges and at equimolar concentrations were assessed by measuring nuclear stabilized cleavage complexes of TOPO IIα-DNA. Cytotoxicity was measured by relative cell counts. Both FQ inhibited V79 cell nuclear TOPO IIα. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels for TOPO IIα inhibition were 55 μM for CLFX, and 516 μM for LOFX. The no-observed-adverse-effect-levels were 41 μM for CLFX, and 258 μM for LOFX. At equimolar concentrations (175 μM), CLFX was more potent than LOFX. Likewise, CLFX was more cytotoxic than LOFX. Thus, the two FQ, inhibited TOPO IIα in intact V79 cells, differed in their potencies and exhibited no-observed-adverse-effect levels. These findings are in concordance with published genotoxicity data and observed cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Conradt L, Henrich A, Wirth M, Reichert M, Lesina M, Algül H, Schmid RM, Krämer OH, Saur D, Schneider G. Mdm2 inhibitors synergize with topoisomerase II inhibitors to induce p53-independent pancreatic cancer cell death. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2248-57. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Skelhorne-Gross G, Nicol CJB. The Key to Unlocking the Chemotherapeutic Potential of PPARγ Ligands: Having the Right Combination. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:946943. [PMID: 22966225 PMCID: PMC3395155 DOI: 10.1155/2012/946943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive preclinical evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ activation protects against tumourigenesis, results from a few clinical trials using PPARγ ligands as monotherapy show modest success. In spite of this, several groups reported exciting results with therapeutic regimens that combine PPARγ ligands with other compounds: chemotherapeutic agents, retinoid x receptor (RXR)α agonists, statins, or cell-to-cell signaling molecules in preclinical cancer models and human trials. Here we have compiled an extensive review, consolidating the existing literature, which overwhelmingly supports a beneficial effect of treating with PPARγ ligands in combination with existing chemotherapies versus their monotherapy in cancer. There are many examples in which combination therapy resulted in synergistic/additive effects on apoptosis, differentiation, and the ability to reduce cell growth and tumour burden. There are also studies that indicate that PPARγ ligand pretreatment overcomes resistance and reduces toxicities. Several mechanisms are explored to explain these protective effects. This paper highlights each of these studies that, collectively, make a very strong case for the use of PPARγ ligands in combination with other agents in the treatment and management of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Skelhorne-Gross
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher J. B. Nicol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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Barbosa LCB, Garrido SS, Garcia A, Delfino DB, Santos LDN, Marchetto R. Design and synthesis of peptides from bacterial ParE toxin as inhibitors of topoisomerases. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:591-6. [PMID: 22749642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) proteic systems encode a toxin and an antitoxin that regulate the growth and death of bacterial cells under various stress conditions. The ParE protein is a toxin that inhibits DNA gyrase activity and thereby blocks DNA replication. Based on the Escherichia coli ParE structure, a series of linear peptides were designed and synthesized by solid-phase methodology. The ability of the peptides to inhibit the activity of bacterial topoisomerases was investigated. Four peptides (ParELC3, ParELC8, ParELC10 and ParELC12), showed complete inhibition of DNA gyrase supercoiling activity with an IC(100) between 20 and 40 μmol L(-1). In contrast to wild-type ParE, the peptide analogues were able to inhibit the DNA relaxation of topoisomerase IV, another type IIA bacterial topoisomerase, with lower IC(100) values. Interestingly only ParELC12 displayed inhibition of the relaxation activity of human topoisomerase II. Our findings reveal new inhibitors of bacterial topoisomerases and are a good starting point for the development of a new class of antibacterial agents that targets the DNA topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Bertucci Barbosa
- UNESP - Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Caixa Postal 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oxidatively generated complex DNA damage: tandem and clustered lesions. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:5-15. [PMID: 22542631 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest for oxidatively generated complex lesions that are potentially more detrimental than single oxidized nucleobases. In this survey, the recently available information on the formation and processing of several classes of complex DNA damage formed upon one radical hit including mostly hydroxyl radical and one-electron oxidants is critically reviewed. The modifications include tandem base lesions, DNA-protein cross-links and intrastrand (purine 5',8-cyclonucleosides, adjacent base cross-links) and interstrand cross-links. Information is also provided on clustered lesions produced essentially by exposure of cells to ionizing radiation and high energetic heavy ions through the involvement of multiple radical events that induce several lesions DNA in a close spatial vicinity. These consist mainly of double strand breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB clustered lesions that are referred as to oxidatively generated clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs).
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Bailly C. Contemporary challenges in the design of topoisomerase II inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3611-40. [PMID: 22397403 DOI: 10.1021/cr200325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- Centre de Recherche et Développement, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France.
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de Viron E, Michaux L, Put N, Bontemps F, Van Den Neste E. Present status and perspectives in functional analysis of p53 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1445-51. [PMID: 22280536 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.660630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrations of TP53 (mutations and/or deletions) are associated with a dismal prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Complete loss of ATM is another mechanism of failed DNA damage response and also associated with poorer prognosis in CLL. However, p53 dysfunction may arise through alternative mechanisms unrelated to structural aberrations (deletion and/or mutation) of TP53 or ATM, and thus be undetectable by traditional DNA-directed approaches (fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH], sequencing, karyotyping). In order to address the latter changes, and also to better understand the consequences of TP53/ATM aberrations, p53 functional assays have recently been developed. The purpose of dynamic assessment of p53 response in CLL is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of all mechanisms causing p53-deficient phenotype, including those unrelated to genomic aberrations of TP53 and ATM. The present review focuses on the current knowledge of p53 function assays in CLL, including important features such as technical issues, correlation with structural aberrations and clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline de Viron
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Khadra A, Pinelli E, Lacroix MZ, Bousquet-Melou A, Hamdi H, Merlina G, Guiresse M, Hafidi M. Assessment of the genotoxicity of quinolone and fluoroquinolones contaminated soil with the Vicia faba micronucleus test. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 76:187-192. [PMID: 22047769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of quinolone and fluroquinolones was assessed using the micronucleus (MN) test on Vicia faba roots by direct contact exposure to a solid matrix. Plants were exposed to quinolones (nalidixic acid) and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) alone or mixed with artificially contaminated soils. Four different concentrations of each of these antibiotics were tested (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/Kg) for nalidixic acid and (0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/Kg) for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. These antibiotics were also used in mixture. Exposure of Vicia faba plants to each antibiotic at the highest two concentrations showed significant MN induction. The lowest two concentrations had no significant genotoxic effect. The mixture of the three compounds induced a significant MN induction whatever the mixture tested, from 0.02 to 20 mg/Kg. The results indicated that a similar genotoxic effect was obtained with the mixture at 0.2 mg/Kg in comparison with each molecule alone at 5-10 mg/Kg. Data revealed a clear synergism of these molecules on Vicia faba genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khadra
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Environnement-Unité Associée au CNRST, URAC 32, Unité Associée au CNERS, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, Maroc
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Thomé S, Bizarro CR, Lehmann M, Abreu BRRD, Andrade HHRD, Cunha KS, Dihl RR. Recombinagenic and mutagenic activities of fluoroquinolones in Drosophila melanogaster. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 742:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhao H, Rybak P, Dobrucki J, Traganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z. Relationship of DNA damage signaling to DNA replication following treatment with DNA topoisomerase inhibitors camptothecin/topotecan, mitoxantrone, or etoposide. Cytometry A 2012; 81:45-51. [PMID: 22140093 PMCID: PMC3242513 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) and topoisomerase II (Top2) inhibitors are widely used to treat a variety of cancers. Their mechanism of action involves stabilization of otherwise transient ("cleavable") complexes between Top1 or Top2 and DNA; collisions of DNA replication forks with such stabilized complexes lead to formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In this study, using 5-ethynyl-2'deoxyuridine (EdU) as a DNA precursor, we directly assessed the relationship between DNA replication and induction of DSBs revealed as γH2AX foci in A549 cells treated with Top1 inhibitors topotecan (Tpt) or camptothecin (Cpt) and Top2 inhibitors mitoxantrone (Mxt) and etoposide (Etp). Analysis of cells by multiparameter laser scanning cytometry following treatment with Tpt or Cpt revealed that only DNA replicating cells showed induction of γH2AX and a strong correlation between DNA replication and formation of DSBs (r = 0.86). In cells treated with Mxt or Etp, the correlation was weaker (r = 0.52 and 0.64). In addition, both Mtx and Etp caused induction of γH2AX in cells not replicating DNA. Confocal imaging of nuclei of cells treated with Tpt revealed the presence of γH2AX foci predominantly in DNA replicating cells and close association and co-localization of γH2AX foci with DNA replication sites. In cells treated with Mxt or Etp, the γH2AX foci were induced in DNA replicating as well as non-replicating cells but the close association between a large proportion of γH2AX foci and DNA replication sites was also apparent. The data are consistent with the view that collision of DNA replication forks with cleavable Top1-DNA complexes stabilized by Tpt/Cpt is the sole cause of induction of DSBs. Additional mechanisms such as involvement of transcription and/or generation of oxidative stress may contribute to DSBs induction by Mxt and Etp. The confocal analysis of the association between DNA replication sites and the sites of DSBs (γH2AX foci) opens a new approach for mechanistic studies of the involvement of DNA replication in induction of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - Paulina Rybak
- Division of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jurek Dobrucki
- Division of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Frank Traganos
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
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Rodriguez J, Crespo P. Working Without Kinase Activity: Phosphotransfer-Independent Functions of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases. Sci Signal 2011; 4:re3. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Rubtsov MA, Glukhov SI, Allinne J, Pichugin A, Vassetzky YS, Razin SV, Iarovaia OV. Treatment of lymphoid cells with the topoisomerase II poison etoposide leads to an increased juxtaposition of AML1 and ETO genes on the surface of nucleoli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.00012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Allinne
- CNRS UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy
| | - A. Pichugin
- CNRS UMR 8126, Univ. Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy
| | | | - S. V. Razin
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences
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Michon A, Allou N, Chau F, Podglajen I, Fantin B, Cambau E. Plasmidic qnrA3 enhances Escherichia coli fitness in absence of antibiotic exposure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24552. [PMID: 21915350 PMCID: PMC3168526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, particularly qnr genes, has become a current issue. By protecting DNA-gyrase from quinolones, Qnr proteins confer a low level quinolone resistance that is not sufficient to explain their emergence. Since Qnr proteins were hypothesized to act as DNA-binding protein regulators, qnr genes could have emerged by providing a selective advantage other than antibiotic resistance. We investigated host fitness of Escherichia coli isogenic strains after acquisition of the qnrA3 gene, inserted either alone onto a small plasmid (pBR322), or harbored on a large conjugative native plasmid, pHe96(qnrA3) found in a clinical isolate. The isogenic strains were derived from the susceptible E. coli CFT073, a virulent B2 group strain known to infect bladder and kidneys in a mouse model of pyelonephritis. In vitro experiments included growth analysis by automatic spectrophotometry and flow cytometry, and competitions with CFU enumeration. In vivo experiments included infection with each strain and pairwise competitions in absence of antimicrobial exposure. As controls for our experiments we used mutations known to reduce fitness (rpsL K42N mutation) or to enhance fitness (tetA deletion in pBR322). E. coli CFT073 transformed with pBRAM(PBR322-qnrA3) had significantly higher maximal OD than E. coli CFT073 transformed with pBR322 or pBR322ΔtetA, and in vivo competitions were more often won by the qnrA3 carrying strain (24 victories vs. 9 loss among 42 competitions, p = 0.001). In contrast, when pHe96(qnrA3) was introduced by conjugation in E. coli CFT073, it exerted a fitness cost shown by an impaired growth observed in vitro and in vivo and a majority of lost competitions (33/35, p<0.0001). In conclusion, qnrA3 acquisition enhanced bacterial fitness, which may explain qnr emergence and suggests a regulation role of qnr. However, fitness was reduced when qnrA3 was inserted onto multidrug-resistant plasmids and this can slow down its dissemination without antibiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Fantin
- EA 3964, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Medecine Interne Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambau
- EA 3964, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Bacteriologie, Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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41
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Chelouah S, Monod-Wissler C, Bailly C, Barret JM, Guilbaud N, Vispé S, Käs E. An integrated Drosophila model system reveals unique properties for F14512, a novel polyamine-containing anticancer drug that targets topoisomerase II. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23597. [PMID: 21853156 PMCID: PMC3154508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
F14512 is a novel anti-tumor molecule based on an epipodophyllotoxin core coupled to a cancer-cell vectoring spermine moiety. This polyamine linkage is assumed to ensure the preferential uptake of F14512 by cancer cells, strong interaction with DNA and potent inhibition of topoisomerase II (Topo II). The antitumor activity of F14512 in human tumor models is significantly higher than that of other epipodophyllotoxins in spite of a lower induction of DNA breakage. Hence, the demonstrated superiority of F14512 over other Topo II poisons might not result solely from its preferential uptake by cancer cells, but could also be due to unique effects on Topo II interactions with DNA. To further dissect the mechanism of action of F14512, we used Drosophila melanogaster mutants whose genetic background leads to an easily scored phenotype that is sensitive to changes in Topo II activity and/or localization. F14512 has antiproliferative properties in Drosophila cells and stabilizes ternary Topo II/DNA cleavable complexes at unique sites located in moderately repeated sequences, suggesting that the drug specifically targets a select and limited subset of genomic sequences. Feeding F14512 to developing mutant Drosophila larvae led to the recovery of flies expressing a striking phenotype, "Eye wide shut," where one eye is replaced by a first thoracic segment. Other recovered F14512-induced gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes similarly correspond to precise genetic dysfunctions. These complex in vivo results obtained in a whole developing organism can be reconciled with known genetic anomalies and constitute a remarkable instance of specific alterations of gene expression by ingestion of a drug. "Drosophila-based anticancer pharmacology" hence reveals unique properties for F14512, demonstrating the usefulness of an assay system that provides a low-cost, rapid and effective complement to mammalian models and permits the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of action of candidate drugs of therapeutic interest in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chelouah
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote; Toulouse; France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5099, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Monod-Wissler
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote; Toulouse; France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5099, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Bailly
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Barret
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guilbaud
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Vispé
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (EK); (SV)
| | - Emmanuel Käs
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote; Toulouse; France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5099, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (EK); (SV)
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Derenzini E, Younes A. Predicting treatment outcome in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: genomic advances. Genome Med 2011; 3:26. [PMID: 21542892 PMCID: PMC3129642 DOI: 10.1186/gm240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is considered a highly curable disease; however, 20% of patients cannot be cured with standard first-line chemotherapy and have a dismal outcome. Current clinical parameters do not allow accurate risk stratification, and personalized therapies are lacking. In fact, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is often over- or undertreated because of this lack of accurate risk stratification. In recent years, the early detection of chemoresistance by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography has become the most important prognostic tool in the management of HL. However, to date, no prognostic scores or molecular markers are available for the early identification of patients at very high risk of failure of induction therapy. In the last decade, many important advances have been made in understanding the biology of HL. In particular, the development of new molecular profiling technologies, such as SNP arrays, comparative genomic hybridization, and gene-expression profiling, have allowed the identification of new prognostic factors that may be useful for risk stratification and predicting response to chemotherapy. In this review, we focus on the prognostic tools and biomarkers that are available for newly diagnosed HL, and we highlight recent advances in the genomic characterization of classical HL and potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Derenzini
- Institute of Haematology and Medical Oncology L & A Seràgnoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138 Italy
| | - Anas Younes
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, Texas, USA
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Cann KL, Dellaire G. Heterochromatin and the DNA damage response: the need to relaxThis paper is one of a selection of papers in a Special Issue entitled 31st Annual International Asilomar Chromatin and Chromosomes Conference, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:45-60. [DOI: 10.1139/o10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher order chromatin structure has an impact on all nuclear functions, including the DNA damage response. Over the past several years, it has become increasingly clear that heterochromatin and euchromatin represent separate entities with respect to both damage sensitivity and repair. The chromatin compaction present in heterochromatin helps to protect this DNA from damage; however, when lesions do occur, the compaction restricts the ability of DNA damage response proteins to access the site, as evidenced by its ability to block the expansion of H2AX phosphorylation. As such, DNA damage in heterochromatin is refractory to repair, which requires the surrounding chromatin structure to be decondensed. In the case of DNA double-strand breaks, this relaxation is at least partially mediated by the ATM kinase phosphorylating and inhibiting the function of the transcriptional repressor KAP1. This review will focus on the functions of KAP1 and other proteins involved in the maintenance or restriction of heterochromatin, including HP1 and TIP60, in the DNA damage response. As heterochromatin is important for maintaining genomic stability, cells must maintain a delicate balance between allowing repair factors access to these regions and ensuring that these regions retain their organization to prevent increased DNA damage and chromosomal mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Cann
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Emerging nanomedicines for early cancer detection and improved treatment: Current perspective and future promise. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:324-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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