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Satoh K, Yamakawa D, Kasai K, Hatayama I. Vibratome technique revealed initial carcinogenic changes that induce GST-P + single hepatocytes and minifoci in rat liver. Anal Biochem 2023; 672:115168. [PMID: 37080414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The drastic initial carcinogenic changes that induce single hepatocytes and minifoci positive for GST-P (a specific biomarker of foci and nodules) identified previously in rat livers (K. Satoh, Life Sci. 2018) require elucidation. Notably, after animals were administered benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC, anti-cancer phytochemical, 0.5% by wt) in their basal diet, immunocytochemical staining of vibratome-prepared liver specimens for GST-P revealed that the canalicular networks and bile ducts of the animal livers were heavily and finely stained for GST-P even though the biomarker is a cytosolic enzyme. In addition, the mean diameter of the canaliculi was greatly enlarged. The results thus indicate that GST-P was rapidly synthesized in all hepatocytes but rapidly excreted into bile. Similar results were obtained with animals administered dietary AAF carcinogen (0.04%). The biliary excretion of GST-P was detectable not only in all hepatocytes but also within minifoci, foci and nodules. A new initiation model was therefore proposed assuming that GST-P+ single hepatocytes are formed after injury to canaliculi by carcinogens to decrease the excretion of GST-P from hepatocytes. The key findings from this study and the biomarker analysis using a vibratome technique might help elucidate the 'unknowable' mechanism of cancer initiation in rat chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Satoh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hon-Cho 66-1, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Daishi Yamakawa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hon-Cho 66-1, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan; Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hon-Cho 66-1, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hatayama
- Division of Microbiology, Aomori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Aomori Tsukurimichi 1-1-1, Aomori, 030-8566, Japan
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2
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Assessing the neurotoxicity of airborne nano-scale particulate matter in human iPSC-derived neurons using a transcriptomics benchmark dose model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Chen S, Li D, Wu X, Chen L, Zhang B, Tan Y, Yu D, Niu Y, Duan H, Li Q, Chen R, Aschner M, Zheng Y, Chen W. Application of cell-based biological bioassays for health risk assessment of PM2.5 exposure in three megacities, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105703. [PMID: 32259755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The determination of PM2.5-induced biological response is essential for understanding the adverse health risk associated with PM2.5 exposure. In this study, we conducted cell-based bioassays to measure the toxic effects of PM2.5 exposure, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity and inflammatory response. The concentration-response relationship was analyzed by benchmark dose (BMD) modeling and the BMDL10 was used to estimate the biological potency of PM2.5 exposure. PM2.5 samples were collected from three typical megacities of China (Beijing, BJ; Wuhan, WH; Guangzhou, GZ) in typical seasons (winter and summer). The total PM, water-soluble fractions (WSF), and organic extracts (OE) were prepared and subjected to examination of toxic effects. The biological potencies for cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity were generally higher in winter samples, while the inflammatory potency of PM2.5 was higher in summer samples. The relative health risk (RHR) was determined by integration of the biological potencies and the cumulative exposure level, and the ranks of RHR were BJ-W > WH-W > BJ-S > WH-S > GZ-W > GZ-S. Notably, we note that different PM2.5 compositions were associated with distinct biological effects, and the health effects distribution of PM2.5 varied in regions and seasons. These findings demonstrate that the approach of integrated cell-based bioassays could be used for the evaluation of health effects of PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaonen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital & Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Yafei Tan
- Wuhan Children's Hospital & Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Gi M, Fujioka M, Totsuka Y, Matsumoto M, Masumura K, Kakehashi A, Yamaguchi T, Fukushima S, Wanibuchi H. Quantitative analysis of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in F344 gpt delta transgenic rats. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:279-287. [PMID: 31233596 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the low doses of genotoxic carcinogens present in food is of pressing concern. The purpose of the present study was to determine the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of low doses of the dietary genotoxic carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). Male F344 gpt delta transgenic rats were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 ppm IQ for 4 weeks. The frequencies of gpt transgene mutations in the liver were significantly increased in the 10 and 100 ppm groups. In addition, the mutation spectra was altered in the 1, 10 and 100 ppm groups: frequencies of G:C to T:A transversion were significantly increased in groups administered 1, 10 and 100 ppm IQ in a dose-dependent manner, and the frequencies of G:C to A:T transitions, A:T to T:A transversions and A:T to C:G transversions were significantly increased in the 100 ppm group. Increased frequencies of single base pair deletions and Spi- mutants in the liver, and an increase in glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci, a preneoplastic lesion of the liver in rats, was also observed in the 100 ppm group. In contrast, neither mutations nor mutation spectra or GST-P-positive foci were statistically altered by administration of IQ at 0.1 ppm. We estimated the point of departure for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of IQ using the no-observed-effect level approach and the Benchmark dose approach to characterise the dose-response relationship of low doses of IQ. Our findings demonstrate the existence of no effect levels of IQ for both in vivo mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. The findings of the present study will facilitate an understanding of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of IQ and help to determine a margin of exposure that may be useful for practical human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiharu Matsumoto
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan.,Association for Promotion of Research on Risk Assessment, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Chen S, Li D, Zhang H, Yu D, Chen R, Zhang B, Tan Y, Niu Y, Duan H, Mai B, Chen S, Yu J, Luan T, Chen L, Xing X, Li Q, Xiao Y, Dong G, Niu Y, Aschner M, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Chen W. The development of a cell-based model for the assessment of carcinogenic potential upon long-term PM2.5 exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104943. [PMID: 31295644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess the carcinogenic potential of PM2.5 exposure, we developed a cell-based experimental protocol to examine the cell transformation activity of PM2.5 samples from different regions in China. The seasonal ambient PM2.5 samples were collected from three megacities, Beijing (BJ), Wuhan (WH), and Guangzhou (GZ), from November 2016 to October 2017. The mean concentrations of PM2.5 were much higher in the winter season (BJ: 109.64 μg/m3, WH: 79.99 μg/m3, GZ: 49.99 μg/m3) than that in summer season (BJ: 42.40 μg/m3, WH: 25.82 μg/m3, GZ: 19.82 μg/m3). The organic extracts (OE) of PM2.5 samples from combined summer (S) (June, July, August) or winter (W) (November, December, January) seasons were subjected to characterization of chemical components. We treated human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells expressing CYP1A1 (HBE-1A1) with PM2.5 samples at doses ranging from 0 to 100 μg/mL (0, 1.563, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL) and determined the phenotype of malignant cell transformation. A dose-response relationship was analyzed by benchmark dose (BMD) modeling, and the potential were indicated by BMDL10. The order of the carcinogenic risk of seasonal PM2.5 samples from high to low was BJ-W, WH-W, GZ-W, WH-S, BJ-S, and GZ-S. Notably, we found that the alteration in the lung cancer-related biomarkers, KRAS, PTEN, p53, c-Myc, PCNA, pAKT/AKT, and pERK/ERK was congruent with the activity of cell transformation and the content of specific components of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) bound to PM2.5. Taken together, we have successfully developed a cell-based alternative model for the evaluation of potent carcinogenicity upon long-term PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital & Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Yafei Tan
- Wuhan Children's Hospital & Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianzhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Sassa A, Fukuda T, Ukai A, Nakamura M, Takabe M, Takamura-Enya T, Honma M, Yasui M. Comparative study of cytotoxic effects induced by environmental genotoxins using XPC- and CSB-deficient human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Genes Environ 2019; 41:15. [PMID: 31346351 PMCID: PMC6636061 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human genome is constantly exposed to numerous environmental genotoxicants. To prevent the detrimental consequences induced by the expansion of damaged cells, cellular protective systems such as nucleotide excision repair (NER) exist and serve as a primary pathway for repairing the various helix-distorting DNA adducts induced by genotoxic agents. NER is further divided into two sub-pathways, namely, global genomic NER (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER). Both NER sub-pathways are reportedly involved in the damage response elicited by exposure to genotoxins. However, how disruption of these sub-pathways impacts the toxicity of different types of environmental mutagens in human cells is not well understood. Results To evaluate the role of NER sub-pathways on the cytotoxic effects of mutagens, we disrupted XPC and CSB to selectively inactivate GG-NER and TC-NER, respectively, in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, a standard cell line used in genotoxicity studies. Using these cells, we then comparatively assessed their respective sensitivities to representative genotoxic agents, including ultraviolet C (UVC) light, benzo [a] pyrene (B(a)P), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP), γ-ray, and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). CSB−/− cells exhibited a hyper-sensitivity to UVC, B(a)P, and MeIQx. On the other hand, XPC−/− cells were highly sensitive to UVC, but not to B(a)P and MeIQx, compared with wild-type cells. In contrast with other genotoxins, the sensitivity of XPC−/− cells against PhIP was significantly higher than CSB−/− cells. The toxicity of γ-ray and 2-AAF was not enhanced by disruption of either XPC or CSB in the cells. Conclusions Based on our findings, genetically modified TK6 cells appear to be a useful tool for elucidating the detailed roles of the various repair factors that exist to combat genotoxic agents, and should contribute to the improved risk assessment of environmental chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sassa
- 1Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- 2Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042 Japan
| | - Akiko Ukai
- 3Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
| | - Maki Nakamura
- 2Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042 Japan
| | - Michihito Takabe
- 2Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0042 Japan
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- 4Department of Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030, Shimoogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- 3Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
| | - Manabu Yasui
- 3Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
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Quinoxaline protects zebrafish lateral line hair cells from cisplatin and aminoglycosides damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15119. [PMID: 30310154 PMCID: PMC6181994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair cell (HC) death is the leading cause of hearing and balance disorders in humans. It can be triggered by multiple insults, including noise, aging, and treatment with certain therapeutic drugs. As society becomes more technologically advanced, the source of noise pollution and the use of drugs with ototoxic side effects are rapidly increasing, posing a threat to our hearing health. Although the underlying mechanism by which ototoxins affect auditory function varies, they share common intracellular byproducts, particularly generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we described the therapeutic effect of the heterocyclic compound quinoxaline (Qx) against ototoxic insults in zebrafish HCs. Animals incubated with Qx were protected against the deleterious effects of cisplatin and gentamicin, and partially against neomycin. In the presence of Qx, there was a reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive HCs. Since Qx did not block the mechanotransduction channels, based on FM1-43 uptake and microphonic potentials, this implies that Qx’s otoprotective effect is at the intracellular level. Together, these results unravel a novel therapeutic role for Qx as an otoprotective drug against the deleterious side effects of cisplatin and aminoglycosides, offering an alternative option for patients treated with these compounds.
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Metruccio F, Moretto A. Genotoxicity in risk assessment: is it time to use a threshold approach? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Gi M, Fujioka M, Kakehashi A, Okuno T, Masumura K, Nohmi T, Matsumoto M, Omori M, Wanibuchi H, Fukushima S. In vivo positive mutagenicity of 1,4-dioxane and quantitative analysis of its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in rats. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3207-3221. [PMID: 30155721 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is a widely used synthetic industrial chemical and its contamination of drinking water and food is a potential health concern. It induces liver tumors when administered in the drinking water to rats and mice. However, the mode of action (MOA) of the hepatocarcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane remains unclear. Importantly, it is unknown if 1,4-dioxane is genotoxic, a key consideration for risk assessment. To determine the in vivo mutagenicity of 1,4-dioxane, gpt delta transgenic F344 rats were administered 1,4-dioxane at various doses in the drinking water for 16 weeks. The overall mutation frequency (MF) and A:T- to -G:C transitions and A:T- to -T:A transversions in the gpt transgene were significantly increased by administration of 5000 ppm 1,4-dioxane. A:T- to -T:A transversions were also significantly increased by administration of 1000 ppm 1,4-dioxane. Furthermore, the DNA repair enzyme MGMT was significantly induced at 5000 ppm 1,4-dioxane, implying that extensive genetic damage exceeded the repair capacity of the cells in the liver and consequently led to liver carcinogenesis. No evidence supporting other MOAs, including induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, or nuclear receptor activation, that could contribute to the carcinogenic effects of 1,4-dioxane were found. These findings demonstrate that 1,4-dioxane is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen and induces hepatocarcinogenesis through a mutagenic MOA in rats. Because our data indicate that 1,4-dioxane is a genotoxic carcinogen, we estimated the point of departure of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane using the no-observed effect-level approach and the Benchmark dose approach to characterize its dose-response relationship at low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okuno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Michiharu Matsumoto
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Masako Omori
- Association for Promotion of Research on Risk Assessment, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-0869, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
- Association for Promotion of Research on Risk Assessment, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-0869, Japan.
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11
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Ružić M, Pellicano R, Fabri M, Luzza F, Boccuto L, Brkić S, Abenavoli L. Hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review. Panminerva Med 2018; 60:185-191. [PMID: 29856183 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.18.03472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver carcinoma, accounting for about 80% of cases. In spite of advances in modern oncology, this neoplasia still holds the second place in overall cancer mortality. HCC is a multifactor disease: it results from accumulated oncogenic potentials made up of several groups of risk factors, the most significant of which is an infection with hepatotropic viruses. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality across the world and affects 1.1% of worldwide population. It has been calculated that on average 2.5% of patients affected by chronic HCV infection develops HCC. Hepatocarcinogenesis is the result of the combination of superposing virus specific factors, immunological mechanisms, environmental factors and factors related to the individuals genetic background. Host-related factors include male gender, age of at least 50 years, family predisposition, obesity, advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis and coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses and human immunodeficiency virus. Environmental factors include heavy alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, and exposure to aflatoxin. In the era of interferon (IFN)-based therapy, the risk of HCC development after established sustained virological response (SVR) was 1% yearly. Data reported in patients with SVR about the increase of HCC prevalence have appeared, after the initial enthusiasm on the efficacy of HCV direct acting antiviral drugs (DAA) protocols. Actually, these data are controversial, but they certainly suggest the need to undertake large, multicenter studies and caution in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ružić
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Milotka Fabri
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Francesco Luzza
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA.,Clemson University School of Health Research, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Snežana Brkić
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy -
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12
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Long AS, Wills JW, Krolak D, Guo M, Dertinger SD, Arlt VM, White PA. Benchmark dose analyses of multiple genetic toxicity endpoints permit robust, cross-tissue comparisons of MutaMouse responses to orally delivered benzo[a]pyrene. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:967-982. [PMID: 29177888 PMCID: PMC5818629 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic damage is a key event in tumorigenesis, and chemically induced genotoxic effects are a human health concern. Although genetic toxicity data have historically been interpreted using a qualitative screen-and-bin approach, there is increasing interest in quantitative analysis of genetic toxicity dose-response data. We demonstrate an emerging use of the benchmark dose (BMD)-approach for empirically ranking cross-tissue sensitivity. Using a model environmental carcinogen, we quantitatively examined responses for four genetic damage endpoints over an extended dose range, and conducted cross-tissue sensitivity rankings using BMD100 values and their 90% confidence intervals (CIs). MutaMouse specimens were orally exposed to 11 doses of benzo[a]pyrene. DNA adduct frequency and lacZ mutant frequency (MF) were measured in up to 8 tissues, and Pig-a MF and micronuclei (MN) were assessed in immature (RETs) and mature red blood cells (RBCs). The cross-tissue BMD pattern for lacZ MF is similar to that observed for DNA adducts, and is consistent with an oral route-of-exposure and differences in tissue-specific metabolism and proliferation. The lacZ MF BMDs were significantly correlated with the tissue-matched adduct BMDs, demonstrating a consistent adduct conversion rate across tissues. The BMD CIs, for both the Pig-a and the MN endpoints, overlapped for RETs and RBCs, suggesting comparable utility of both cell populations for protracted exposures. Examination of endpoint-specific response maxima illustrates the difficulty of comparing BMD values for a fixed benchmark response across endpoints. Overall, the BMD-approach permitted robust comparisons of responses across tissues/endpoints, which is valuable to our mechanistic understanding of how benzo[a]pyrene induces genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Long
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/L 0803A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - John W Wills
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/L 0803A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dorothy Krolak
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/L 0803A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Matthew Guo
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/L 0803A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | | | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/L 0803A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Cartus A, Schrenk D. Current methods in risk assessment of genotoxic chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:574-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Fahrer J, Kaina B. Impact of DNA repair on the dose-response of colorectal cancer formation induced by dietary carcinogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 106:583-594. [PMID: 27693244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, which is causally linked to dietary habits, notably the intake of processed and red meat. Processed and red meat contain dietary carcinogens, including heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) and N-nitroso compounds (NOC). NOC are agents that induce various N-methylated DNA adducts and O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), which are removed by base excision repair (BER) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), respectively. HCAs such as the highly mutagenic 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) cause bulky DNA adducts, which are removed from DNA by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Both O6-MeG and HCA-induced DNA adducts are linked to the occurrence of KRAS and APC mutations in colorectal tumors of rodents and humans, thereby driving CRC initiation and progression. In this review, we focus on DNA repair pathways removing DNA lesions induced by NOC and HCA and assess their role in protecting against mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in the large intestine. We further discuss the impact of DNA repair on the dose-response relationship in colorectal carcinogenesis in view of recent studies, demonstrating the existence of 'no effect' point of departures (PoDs), i.e. thresholds for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The available data support the threshold concept for NOC with DNA repair being causally involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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15
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White PA, Johnson GE. Genetic toxicology at the crossroads-from qualitative hazard evaluation to quantitative risk assessment. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:233-7. [PMID: 27000791 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied genetic toxicology is undergoing a transition from qualitative hazard identification to quantitative dose-response analysis and risk assessment. To facilitate this change, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee (GTTC) sponsored a workshop held in Lancaster, UK on July 10-11, 2014. The event included invited speakers from several institutions and the contents was divided into three themes-1: Point-of-departure Metrics for Quantitative Dose-Response Analysis in Genetic Toxicology; 2: Measurement and Estimation of Exposures for Better Extrapolation to Humans and 3: The Use of Quantitative Approaches in Genetic Toxicology for human health risk assessment (HHRA). A host of pertinent issues were discussed relating to the use of in vitro and in vivo dose-response data, the development of methods for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation and approaches to use in vivo dose-response data to determine human exposure limits for regulatory evaluations and decision-making. This Special Issue, which was inspired by the workshop, contains a series of papers that collectively address topics related to the aforementioned themes. The Issue includes contributions that collectively evaluate, describe and discuss in silico, in vitro, in vivo and statistical approaches that are facilitating the shift from qualitative hazard evaluation to quantitative risk assessment. The use and application of the benchmark dose approach was a central theme in many of the workshop presentations and discussions, and the Special Issue includes several contributions that outline novel applications for the analysis and interpretation of genetic toxicity data. Although the contents of the Special Issue constitutes an important step towards the adoption of quantitative methods for regulatory assessment of genetic toxicity, formal acceptance of quantitative methods for HHRA and regulatory decision-making will require consensus regarding the relationships between genetic damage and disease, and the concomitant ability to use genetic toxicity results per se.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA3 5DE, UK
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16
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Sahu SC, Roy S, Zheng J, Ihrie J. Contribution of ionic silver to genotoxic potential of nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells evaluated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:532-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saura C. Sahu
- Division of Toxicology; Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration; Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Shambhu Roy
- Bioreliance Corporation; Rockville MD 20850 USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Chemistry and Material Sciences; Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U. S. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD 20993 USA
| | - John Ihrie
- Division of Public Health Information and Analytics; Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration; College Park 20740 USA
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