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Liang S, Bo H, Zhang Y, Zhen H, Zhong L. Alizarin, an Agonist of AHR Receptor, Enhances CYP1A1 Enzyme Activity and Induces Transcriptional Changes in Hepatoma Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:7373. [PMID: 37959792 PMCID: PMC10650112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytopigment alizarin was previously characterized as an anti-tumor drug owing to its antioxidant or antigenotoxic activities. However, the safety of alizarin is currently still under dispute. In this study, we explored the activity of alizarin in the AHR-CYP1A1 pathway and analyzed the transcriptional changes affected by alizarin using human hepatoma cell line HepG2-based assays. The results showed that alizarin decreased HepG2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values between 160.4 and 216.8 μM. Furthermore, alizarin significantly upregulated the expression of CYP1A1 and increased the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Alizarin also exhibited agonistic activity toward the AHR receptor in the XRE-mediated luciferase reporter gene assay, which was further confirmed via the molecular docking assay. In addition, the transcriptional analysis indicated that alizarin may act as a potential carcinogen through significantly enriching several items related to cancer in both DO and KEGG analysis. In brief, our findings indicated that alizarin shows agonistic activities to the AHR receptor through activating the AHR-CYP1A1 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, which may lead to the risks for cancer developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Liang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haimei Bo
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongcheng Zhen
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Li Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Sugiyama KI, Kinoshita M, Grúz P, Kasamatsu T, Honma M. Bisphenol-A reduces DNA methylation after metabolic activation. GENES AND ENVIRONMENT : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGEN SOCIETY 2022; 44:20. [PMID: 35879744 PMCID: PMC9316663 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-022-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an important environmental contaminant with adverse health effects suspected to be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms. We had reported that the FLO1-dependent flocculation of transgenic yeast expressing human DNA methyltransferase (DNMT yeast) is a useful tool in epigenotoxicology studies. In this report, we have investigated the effects of BPA in the presence of metabolic activation (S-9 mix) on the transcription level of the FLO1 gene in the DNMT yeast. In the presence of metabolic activation, BPA inhibited the intensity of green fluorescence reporter protein (GFP) driven by the FLO1 promoter. A metabolite of BPA, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl) pent-1-ene (MBP), also exhibited similar inhibitory effect. Furthermore, BPA in the presence of S-9 mix had only a weak while MBP had no inhibitory effects on the expression of modified GFP reporter gene under the control of FLO1 promoter with reduced CpG motifs. Aforementioned behavior was confirmed by the inhibition of flocculation as well as FLO1 gene mRNA expression. In addition, the global DNA methylation level in the human HEK293 cells was also reduced by MBP. These results indicate that BPA metabolites have inhibitory effect on DNA methylation. Our approach offers a novel in vitro method for screening for chemicals that can alter the epigenome by a mechanism dependent on their metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Mawo Kinoshita
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Petr Grúz
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Toshio Kasamatsu
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of General Affairs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Ishii Y, Nakamura K, Mitsumoto T, Takimoto N, Namiki M, Takasu S, Ogawa K. Visualization of the distribution of anthraquinone components from madder roots in rat kidneys by desorption electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sugiyama KI, Kinoshita M, Furusawa H, Sato K, Honma M. Epigenetic effect of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 on DNA methylation. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:295-301. [PMID: 34086936 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite that is produced by certain Fusarium species. Although numerous studies demonstrate toxic and carcinogenic effects of FB1, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the epigenetic effects of FB1 for the first time using FLO assays, which detect epigenetic changes that affect the flocculation gene (FLO1) promoter activity in budding yeast. FLO assays showed increased reporter activities of the FLO1 promoter in the presence of 10- and 20-µM FB1. FB1 (20 µM) treatments also promoted flocculation. In subsequent in vitro methylation assays of a bacterial DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), FB1 treatments increased DNMT activities. Moreover, global DNA methylation was significantly increased in HEK293 cells treated with 100-µM FB1. Taken together, these results suggest that FB1 exposure leads to unique epigenetic alterations due to increased DNMT activities and demonstrate that FB1 may be an important risk factor for epigenetic dysfunction-associated human diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Mawo Kinoshita
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Furusawa
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Hu J, Yu Y. Epigenetic response profiles into environmental epigenotoxicant screening and health risk assessment: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:259-272. [PMID: 30933735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The epigenome may be an important interface between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse outcome on human health. Many environmental pollutants deregulate gene expression and promote diseases by modulating the epigenome. Adverse epigenetic responses have been widely used for risk assessment of chemical substances. Various pollutants, including trace elements and persistent organic pollutants, have been detected frequently in the environment. Epigenetic toxicity of environmental matrices including water, air, soil, and food cannot be ignored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of epigenetic effects of pollutants and environmental matrices. We start with an overview of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and the effects of several types of environmental pollutants (trace elements, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and volatile organic pollutants) on epigenetic modulation. We then discuss the epigenetic responses to environmental water, air, and soil based on in vivo and in vitro assays. Finally, we discuss recommendations to promote the incorporation of epigenotoxicity into contamination screening and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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Detection of epigenetic effects of citrinin using a yeast-based bioassay. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:363-368. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sugiyama KI, Furusawa H, Grúz P, Kinoshita M, Honma M. Inhibitory effect of ochratoxin A on DNMT-mediated flocculation of yeast. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:173-180. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Furusawa
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Petr Grúz
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mawo Kinoshita
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sugiyama KI, Furusawa H, Grúz P, Honma M. Functional role of DNA methylation at the FLO1 promoter in budding yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4563575. [PMID: 29069387 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the transformation of the budding yeast with plasmids encoding the human DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3B cDNAs induces the mRNA of flocculin gene FLO1 and the flocculation phenotype. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of DNMT inhibitor in the transformed yeasts using a FLO1 promoter-based green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene assay. The DNMT inhibitor, 5-aza-2΄-deoxycytidine (5AZ), decreased GFP fluorescence driven by FLO1 promoter in DNMT-genes transformed yeast (DNMT yeast). Surprisingly, the GFP activity driven by cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motif-reduced FLO1 promoter decreased both in DNMTs gene-transformed and control strains. Yeast cells transformed with expression vector encoding a maintenance enzyme DNMT1 cDNA showed a flocculation phenotype that was associated with an enhanced mRNA level of FLO1. Bisulfite sequencing revealed methylated CpG sites at the FLO1 promoter in a control strain not expressing any DNMT transgenes, and no detectable methylation at the sites was observed in cells treated with 5AZ. These results suggest that the FLO1 promoter is endogenously de novo methylated leading to the activation of FLO1 gene transcription. Furthermore, the methylation level at the FLO1 promoter is responsible for the significant differences in FLO1 promoter-driven expression of GFP in DNMT yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Furusawa
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Petr Grúz
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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