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Börner T. The discovery of plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling-a personal perspective. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1845-1855. [PMID: 28337540 PMCID: PMC5610210 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA and machinery for gene expression have been discovered in chloroplasts during the 1960s. It was soon evident that the chloroplast genome is relatively small, that most genes for chloroplast-localized proteins reside in the nucleus and that chloroplast membranes, ribosomes, and protein complexes are composed of proteins encoded in both the chloroplast and the nuclear genome. This situation has made the existence of mechanisms highly probable that coordinate the gene expression in plastids and nucleus. In the 1970s, the first evidence for plastid signals controlling nuclear gene expression was provided by studies on plastid ribosome deficient mutants with reduced amounts and/or activities of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins including the small subunit of Rubisco, ferredoxin NADP+ reductase, and enzymes of the Calvin cycle. This review describes first models of plastid-to-nucleus signaling and their discovery. Today, many plastid signals are known. They do not only balance gene expression in chloroplasts and nucleus during developmental processes but are also generated in response to environmental changes sensed by the organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Börner
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Genetics, Humboldt University Berlin, Rhoda Erdmann Haus, Philippstr 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Hoffer PH, Christopher DA. Structure and blue-light-responsive transcription of a chloroplast psbD promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 115:213-22. [PMID: 9306699 PMCID: PMC158477 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.1.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the effects of light on psbD transcription and mRNA levels during chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. After 6 to 12 hours of illumination of dark-grown seedlings, two psbD mRNAs were detected and their 5' ends were mapped to positions -550 and -190 bp upstream from the psbD translational start codon. Their kinetics of accumulation resembled the accumulation of chloroplast psbA and rbcL mRNAs but differed from the accumulation of the nuclear-encoded Lhcb and Chs mRNAs. A third psbD mRNA with its 5' ends at position -950 accumulated after illumination of > 180 h. The 5' ends of this transcript were mapped to a nucleotide sequence that is highly conserved with functional sequences in the barley (Hordeum vulgare) blue-light-responsive promoter (BLRP). Transcription from the Arabidopsis psbD promoter was 3-fold higher in blue relative to red light, whereas red and blue light affected total chloroplast, rbcL, and 16S rDNA transcription similarly. This study shows that transcription of Arabidopsis psbD is mediated by a BLRP and suggests that psbD genes in other land plants are regulated by a common blue-light-signaling pathway. Isolating the BLRP from Arabidopsis will allow molecular genetic studies aimed at identifying the pertinent photoreceptor and components of this phototransduction pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/radiation effects
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Chloroplast/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genes, Plant/radiation effects
- Light
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/genetics
- Photosystem II Protein Complex
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/radiation effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hoffer
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- G P O'Neill
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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4
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O'Neill GP, Söll D. Expression of the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 tRNA(Glu) gene provides tRNA for protein and chlorophyll biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:6363-71. [PMID: 2121711 PMCID: PMC526821 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.11.6363-6371.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (Synechocystis 6803) delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the sole precursor for the synthesis of the porphyrin rings of heme and chlorophyll, is formed from glutamate activated by acylation to tRNA(Glu) (G. P. O'Neill, D. M. Peterson, A. Schön, M. W. Chen, and D. Söll, J. Bacteriol. 170:3810-3816, 1988; S. Rieble and S. I. Beale, J. Biol. Chem. 263:8864-8871, 1988). We report here that Synechocystis 6803 possesses a single tRNA(Glu) gene which was transcribed as monomeric precursor tRNA and matured into the two tRNA(Glu) species. They differed in the extent of modification of the first anticodon base, 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (O'Neill et al., 1988). The two tRNA species had equivalent capacities to stimulate the tRNA-dependent formation of ALA in Synechocystis 6803 and to provide glutamate for protein biosynthesis in an Escherichia coli-derived translation system. These results are in support of a dual role of tRNA(Glu). The levels of tRNA(Glu) were examined by Northern (RNA) blot analysis of cellular RNA and by aminoacylation assays in cultures of Synechocystis 6803 in which the amount of chlorophyll synthesized was modulated over a 10-fold range by various illumination regimens or by the addition of inhibitors of chlorophyll and ALA biosynthesis. In these cultures, the level of tRNA(Glu) was always a constant fraction of the total tRNA population, suggesting that tRNA(Glu) and chlorophyll levels are regulated independently. In addition, the tRNA(Glu) was always fully aminoacylated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P O'Neill
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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5
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Jayabaskaran C, Kuntz M, Guillemaut P, Weil JH. Variations in the Levels of Chloroplast tRNAs and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Senescing Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 92:136-40. [PMID: 16667235 PMCID: PMC1062259 DOI: 10.1104/pp.92.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relative amounts of chloroplast tRNAs(Leu), tRNA(Glu), tRNA(Phe), tRNAs(Thr), and tRNA(Tyr) and of chloroplastic and cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were compared in green leaves, yellowing senescing leaves, and N(6)-benzyladenine-treated senescing leaves from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, var Contender). Aminoacylation of the tRNAs using Escherichia coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases indicated that in senescing leaves the relative amount of chloroplast tRNA(Phe) was significantly lower than in green leaves. Senescing leaves treated with N(6)-benzyladenine contained higher levels of this tRNA than untreated senescing leaves. No significant change in the relative amounts of chloroplast tRNAs(Leu), tRNAs(Thr), and tRNA(Tyr) was detected in green, yellow senescing, or N(6)-benzyladine-treated senescing leaves. Relative levels of chloroplast tRNAs were also estimated by hybridization of tRNAs to DNA blots of gene specific probes. These experiments confirmed the results obtained by aminoacylation and revealed in addition that the relative level of chloroplast tRNA(Glu) is higher in senescing leaves than in green leaves. Transcription run-on assays indicated that these changes in tRNA levels are likely to be due to a differential rate of degradation rather than to a differential rate of transcription of the tRNA genes. Chloroplastic and cytoplasmic leucyl-, phenylalanyl-, and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase activities were greatly reduced in senescing leaves as compared to green leaves, whereas N(6)-benzyladenine-treated senescing leaves contained higher enzyme activities than untreated senescing leaves. These results suggest that during senescence, as well as during senescence-retardation by cytokinins, changes in enzyme activities, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, rather than reduced levels of tRNAs, affect the translational capacity of chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jayabaskaran
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du C.N.R.S., Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Evrard JL, Kuntz M, Straus NA, Weil JH. A class-I intron in a cyanelle tRNA gene from Cyanophora paradoxa: phylogenetic relationship between cyanelles and plant chloroplasts. Gene 1988; 71:115-22. [PMID: 3215522 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanelles are photosynthetic organelles which are considered as intermediates between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, and which have been found in unicellular eukaryotes such as Cyanophora paradoxa. The nucleotide sequence of a 667-bp region of the cyanelle genome from Cyanophora paradoxa containing genes coding for tRNA(UUCGlu) and tRNA(UAALeu) has been determined. The gene coding for tRNA(UAALeu) is split by a 232-bp intron which has a secondary structure typical for class-I structured introns and which is closely related to the intron located in the corresponding gene from liverwort and higher plant chloroplasts. It appears therefore that these tRNA(UAALeu) genes are all derived from one common ancestral gene which already contained a class-I intron.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Evrard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du C.N.R.S., Université Louis Pasteur Strasbourg, France
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Howe CJ, Barker RF, Bowman CM, Dyer TA. Common features of three inversions in wheat chloroplast DNA. Curr Genet 1988; 13:343-9. [PMID: 3390875 DOI: 10.1007/bf00424430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the DNA sequences of regions involved in two of the three inversions known to have occurred during the evolution of wheat chloroplast DNA. This establishes the extent of the second largest of the three inversions. Examination of these sequences suggests that although short repeated sequences are present, the endpoints of the second and third inversions are not associated with repeated sequences as long as those associated with the first inversion. However the endpoints of all three inversions are all adjacent to at least one tRNA gene, and there is evidence that three of the tRNA genes have been subjected to partial duplication, possibly at the time of inversion. This suggests that tRNA genes might be involved with rearrangements of chloroplast DNA, as has also been postulated for mitochondrial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Heyraud F, Serror P, Kuntz M, Steinmetz A, Heizmann P. Physical map and gene localization on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) chloroplast DNA: evidence for an inversion of a 23.5-kbp segment in the large single copy region. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 9:485-496. [PMID: 24277135 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/1987] [Accepted: 07/14/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As a first step in the study of chloroplast genome variability in the genus Helianthus, a physical restriction map of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) has been constructed using restriction endonucleases BamH I, Hind III, Pst I, Pvu II and Sac. I. Sunflower circular DNA contains an inverted repeat structure with the two copies (23 kbp each) separated by a large (86 kbp) and a small (20 kbp) single copy region. Its total length is therefore about 152 kbp. Sunflower cpDNA is essentially colinear with that of tobacco with the exception of an inversion of a 23.5-kbp segment in the large single copy region. Gene localization on the sunflower cpDNA and comparison of the gene map with that from tobacco chloroplasts have revealed that the endpoints of the inversion are located between the trnT and trnE genes on the one hand, and between the trnG and trnS genes on the other hand.Analysis of BamH I restriction fragment patterns of H. annuus, H. occidentalis ssp. plantagineus, H. grossesseratus, H. decapetalus, H. giganteus, H. maximiliani and H. tuberosus cpDNAs suggests that structural variations are present in the genus Helianthus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Heyraud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon-I, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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The chloroplast glutamate tRNA gene required for δ-aminolevulinate synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02910592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Rasmussen O, Jepsen B, Stummann B, Henningsen KW. Nucleotide sequence of the pea chloroplast tRNA-Thr(GGU) gene and flanking regions. Comparison to the Vicia faba sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:854. [PMID: 3644236 PMCID: PMC340473 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.2.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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11
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Points of rearrangements between plastid chromosomes: location of protein coding regions on broad bean chloroplast DNA. Curr Genet 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00355400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Wakasugi T, Ohme M, Shinozaki K, Sugiura M. Structures of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNA(Ile) (CAU), tRNA (Leu) (CAA), tRNA (Cys) (GCA), tRNA (Ser) (UGA) and tRNA (Thr) (GGU): a compilation of tRNA genes from tobacco chloroplasts. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 7:385-92. [PMID: 24302408 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1986] [Accepted: 07/24/1986] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The location and nucleotide sequences of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNA(Ile) (CAU), tRNA(Leu) (CAA), tRNA(Cys) (GCA), tRNA(Ser) (UGA) and tRNA(Thr) (GGU) (trnI-CAU, trnL-CAA, trnC-GCA, trnS-UGA and trnT-GGU, respectively) have been determined. The trnI and trnL are located in the inverted repeat region. The trnC, trnS and trnT are present in the large single copy region. These five tRNA genes together with the 25 different tRNA genes previously published have been compiled and compared. These 30 tRNA genes corresponding to 20 amino acids are most likely to be all of the tRNA genes encoded in tobacco chloroplast genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wakasugi
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Schön A, Krupp G, Gough S, Berry-Lowe S, Kannangara CG, Söll D. The RNA required in the first step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is a chloroplast glutamate tRNA. Nature 1986; 322:281-4. [PMID: 3637637 DOI: 10.1038/322281a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A molecule of chlorophyll is synthesized from eight molecules of delta-aminolevulinate (DALA), the universal precursor of porphyrins. The light-regulated conversion of glutamate to delta-aminolevulinate in the stroma of greening plastids involves the reduction of glutamate to glutamate-1-semialdehyde and its subsequent transamination. The components performing this conversion have been isolated from barley and Chlamydomonas and separated into three fractions by serial affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose and haem- or chlorophyllin-Sepharose. The complete reaction can be performed in vitro in a reconstituted assay by combining all three fractions. An RNA is the essential component of the chlorophyllin-Sepharose-bound fraction. By nucleotide sequence analysis, we have now identified this RNA as a chloroplast glutamate acceptor RNA. Glutamate attached by an aminoacyl bond to the 3'-terminal adenosine of this RNA is a substrate for the enzyme(s) which perform the subsequent reactions. This reaction represents a novel role for transfer RNA: participation in the metabolic conversion of its cognate amino acid into another metabolite of low relative molecular mass which subsequently is not used in peptide bond synthesis.
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14
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Shapiro DR, Tewari KK. Nucleotide sequences of transfer RNA genes in the Pisum sativum chloroplast DNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 6:1-12. [PMID: 24307149 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1985] [Revised: 09/30/1985] [Accepted: 10/07/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight transfer RNA (tRNA) genes which were previously mapped to five regions of the Pisum sativum (pea) chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) have been sequenced. They have been identified as tRNA(Val)(GAC), tRNA(Asn)(GUU), tRNA(Arg)(ACG), tRNA(Leu)(CAA), tRNA(Tyr)(GUA), tRNA(Glu)(UUC), tRNA(His)(GUG), and tRNA(Arg)(UCU) by their anticodons and by their similarity to other previously identified tRNA genes from the chloroplast DNAs of higher plants or from E. gracilis. In addition,two other tRNA genes, tRNA(Gly) (UCC) and tRNA(Ile)(GAU), have been partially sequenced. The tRNA genes are compared to other known chloroplast tRNA genes from higher plants and are found to be 90-100% homologous. In addition there are similarities in the overall arrangement of the individual genes between different plants. The 5' flanking regions and the internal sequences of tRNA genes have been studied for conserved regions and consensus sequences. Two unusual features have been found: there is an apparent intron in the D-loop of the tRNA(Gly)(UCC), and the tRNA(Glu)(UUC) contains GATTC in its T-loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, 92717, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
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15
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Abstract
This survey compiles 60 chloroplast promoter sequences from higher plants published to date and compares them with these sequences from procaryotic systems. The current evidence demonstrates that structurally defined chloroplast promoters are, in most cases, functionally active in initiating gene expression in chloroplasts.
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Maréchal L, Guillemaut P, Weil JH. Sequences of two bean mitochondria tRNAs(Tyr) which differ in the level of post-transcriptional modification and have a prokaryotic-like large extra-loop. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1985; 5:347-351. [PMID: 24306988 DOI: 10.1007/bf00037555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1985] [Revised: 08/05/1985] [Accepted: 08/19/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two bean mitochondrial tRNAs(Tyr) purified by RPC-5 chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis have been sequenced using post-labeling techniques. These two tRNAs only differ by three post-transcriptional modifications in the D-loop. They have a large variable loop and therefore resemble prokaryotic tRNAs(Tyr) rather than eukaryotic cytoplasmic tRNAs(Tyr).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maréchal
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 15 Rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Quigley F, Weil JH. Organization and sequence of five tRNA genes and of an unidentified reading frame in the wheat chloroplast genome: evidence for gene rearrangements during the evolution of chloroplast genomes. Curr Genet 1985; 9:495-503. [PMID: 3870931 DOI: 10.1007/bf00434054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The genes for the initiator tRNA(Met)CAU, tRNA(Gly)UCC, tRNA(Thr)GGU, tRNA(Glu)UUC and tRNA(Tyr)GUA and an open reading frame of 62 codons have been identified by sequencing a 2,358 bp BamHI and a 1,378 bp BamHI-Sst2 DNA fragments from wheat chloroplasts. A comparison of the organization of these five tRNA genes and of the open reading frame on the wheat, tobacco and spinach chloroplast genomes suggests that at least three genomic inversions must have occurred during the evolution of the wheat chloroplast genome from a spinach-like ancestor genome. Furthermore, it seems that in wheat the 91 bp intergenic region between the genes for the initiator tRNA(Met) and the gene for tRNA(Gly)UCC is one end-point of the 20 kbp genomic inversion proposed by Palmer and Thompson in the case of maize (Palmer and Thompson 1982). A 119 bp duplication is located at this junction: the first copy comprises the 91 bp of the intergenic region and the first 28 bp of the tRNA(Met) gene, the second copy is found downstream of the tRNA(Met) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Quigley
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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Green GA, Jones DS. The nucleotide sequences of a cytoplasmic and a chloroplast tRNATyr from Scenedesmus obliquus. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:1659-63. [PMID: 3846902 PMCID: PMC341103 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.5.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of two species of tyrosine accepting tRNA from the eukaryotic green alga Scenedesmus obliquus have been determined. The sequence of the cytoplasmic tRNATyr is: (sequence in text) This is the first chloroplast tRNATyr species to be sequenced.
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20
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Ohme M, Kamogashira T, Shinozaki K, Sugiura M. Structure and cotranscription of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNAGlu(UUC), tRNATyr(GUA) and tRNAAsp(GUC). Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:1045-56. [PMID: 4000934 PMCID: PMC341055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The location and nucleotide sequences of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNAGlu(UUC), tRNATyr(GUA) and tRNAAsp(GUC) have been determined. These genes lie midway between the genes for alpha and beta/epsilon subunits of H+-ATPase on the large single-copy region of the chloroplast DNA. The gene organization is tRNAGlu - 59bp spacer - tRNATyr - 108bp spacer - tRNAAsp on the same DNA strand. Northern blot hybridization studies revealed that these three tRNA genes are cotranscribed. The transcription initiation site was localized at 24 bp upstream from the tRNAGlu coding region and its termination site at 90 bp downstream from the tRNAAsp coding region by S1 mapping. The tricistronic tRNA precursor is thus calculated to be 512 bases long. Its processing was also studied by S1 mapping.
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21
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Rasmussen OF, Stummann BM, Henningsen KW. Nucleotide sequence of a 1.1 kb fragment of the pea chloroplast genome containing three tRNA genes, one of which is located within an open reading frame of 91 codons. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:9143-53. [PMID: 6096819 PMCID: PMC320444 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.23.9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a 1082 bp fragment from the pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplast genome is presented. This fragment contains genes for tRNAGlu, tRNATyr and tRNAAsp as well as an open reading frame (ORF) of 91 codons on one strand and two ORFs of 52 and 59 codons on the complementary strand. The tRNAAsp gene is located entirely within the ORF of 91 codons. The first 366 bp of the fragment correspond to 376 bp at one end of a recently published (1) sequence from the broad bean (Vicia faba) chloroplast genome. These regions contain the tRNAGlu and tRNATyr genes, which are identical and separated by 60 bp in both species. These two genes are probably cotranscribed. The intergenic regions in the corresponding segments from the two species are, except for a 10 bp deletion in the pea sequence, 94% homologous.
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22
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Structure of a heavily transcribed region of barley chloroplast DNA. Transfer RNA genes for serine (UGA), glycine (GCC, UCC), formyl-methionine and threonine (GGU). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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