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Bischoff KM, Shi L, Kennelly PJ. The detection of enzyme activity following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1998; 260:1-17. [PMID: 9648646 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
More than a hundred different enzymes impinging on aspects of cell function ranging from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to signal transduction and gene expression to biomolecule degradation have been detected by the assay of their enzymatic activities following SDS-PAGE. The strategies by which this has been accomplished are as varied as the enzymes themselves and offer testimony to the creativeness and ingenuity of life scientists. Assay of enzyme activity following SDS-PAGE is well adapted to identifying the source of catalytic activity in a heterogeneous protein mixture or a heterooligomeric protein (20), or determining if multiple catalytic activities reside in a single polypeptide (60). The alliance of versatile enzyme assay techniques with the molecular resolution of SDS-PAGE offers a powerful means for meeting the increasing demand for the high-throughput screening arising from protein engineering, combinatorial chemistry, and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bischoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0308, USA
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2
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Seki S, Akiyama K, Watanabe S, Tsutsui K. Activity gel and activity blotting methods for detecting DNA-modifying (repair) enzymes. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 618:147-66. [PMID: 8227253 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Zymographical methods (activity gel, overlay gel, activity blot and activity blotting) for detecting DNA-modifying (repair) enzymes are reviewed. Emphasis is put on the novel activity blotting method in which DNA repair enzymes electrophoresed on a gel are blotted and detected on a damaged DNA-fixed nylon membrane. Its practical procedures, including a non-radioactive detection procedure, and representative results are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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3
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Gersten DM, Gabriel O. Staining for enzymatic activity after gel electrophoresis. II. Enzymes modifying nucleic acids. Anal Biochem 1992; 203:181-6. [PMID: 1384381 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90300-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Gersten
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007
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4
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Institoris E, Fox BW, Pályi I. Benzamide potentiation of the cytotoxicity of bifunctional galactitol [correction of galacticol] in resistant P388 leukemia correlates with inhibition of DNA ligase II. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 30:325-9. [PMID: 1643702 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzamide (BA) enhances the cytotoxicity of 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) in resistant P388 leukemia cell lines but not in the sensitive parent line. To examine the reason for this difference in response, we carried out an alkaline elution assay using proteinase K to study DNA interstrand cross-linking. At early time points, equal concentrations of DAG produced the same level of interstrand cross-linking (ICL) in the resistant and sensitive P388 leukemic cells, although marked differences were observed in their cytotoxicity toward the two cell lines. In the sensitive cells, neither the amount of DNA cross-linking nor the cytotoxicity changed during the observation period (38 h) in either the presence or the absence of BA. In contrast, the elution rate of the DNA of DAG-treated resistant cells increased with time and had reached the control levels by 38 h. However, when these cells were postincubated with BA for 38 h, the elution rate of DNA was much faster than that observed for the untreated resistant cells, indicating an accumulation of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). The SSB accumulation caused by BA was associated with an inhibition of the activity of ligase II enzyme, which was stimulated when resistant cells were treated with DAG alone. The potentiating effect of BA on the resistant cells can thus be related to the inhibiting action of BA on the DNA-rejoining enzyme, ligase II. The lack of sensitization by BA of the DAG-treated parent cell line may be attributable to the absence of DNA-SSB formation, which is necessary for ligase II activation through the stimulation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Institoris
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Colinas RJ, Goebel SJ, Davis SW, Johnson GP, Norton EK, Paoletti E. A DNA ligase gene in the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus is nonessential for viral replication and recombination. Virology 1990; 179:267-75. [PMID: 2219723 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical and genetic analyses have been conducted to determine whether a vaccinia virus open reading frame (orf) with extensive homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA ligase gene encodes a functional ligase activity. This orf in HindIII A, designated A50R, is capable of encoding a 552-amino-acid, 63.4-kDa polypeptide. Full-length A50R mRNA produced in vitro directed the synthesis of a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 57 kDa. Significantly, translation reactions programmed with A50R mRNA were capable of ligating a 3-kb Notl restriction fragment into multimers. DNA ligase activity was not detectable when either truncated sense or full-length antisense mRNA was translated in vitro. In extracts prepared from cells infected with wt vaccinia virus, DNA ligase activity was detected as assayed by the formation of a 57 kDa ligase-AMP adduct which was expressed early in the viral replication cycle. In cells infected with a DNA ligase deletion mutant no equivalent AMP-labeled adduct was detected. Relative to wt virus, the DNA ligase deletion mutant exhibited no significant differences in homologous recombination. These results indicate that the vaccinia orf A50R encodes a functional DNA ligase expressed early in infection, but this DNA ligase is nonessential for either recombination or viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Colinas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208
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6
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Fingerprinting of near-homogeneous DNA ligase I and II from human cells. Similarity of their AMP-binding domains. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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8
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Prigent C, Aoufouchi S, Philippe M. Identification of DNA ligase I related polypeptides in three different human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 169:888-95. [PMID: 2363731 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Partial purification of the DNA ligase from three human tissues (liver, thymus and lymphoblasts) revealed that each cell type contains several different polypeptides bearing a DNA ligase I activity. Their apparent molecular weights estimated after SDS PAGE, 130 kDa, 100 kDa and 80 kDa, are in agreement with previous reports. These polypeptides are related by proteolysis to a single higher molecular weight protein of 200 kDa which does not show DNA ligase activity but that could be a preprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Prigent
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du Développement URA CNRS 256, Université de Rennes I, France
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9
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Mezzina M, Nardelli J, Nocentini S, Remault G, Sarasin A. DNA ligase activity in human cell lines from normal donors and Bloom's syndrome patients. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:3091-106. [PMID: 2726453 PMCID: PMC317716 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.8.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA ligase activity was studied in several untransformed or virus-transformed human cell lines from normal donors and from Bloom's syndrome (BS) patients. This proneness genetic disease is characterized by several cytological abnormalities and cancer proneness and, recently, some transformed cell lines from these patients were described to present a reduced activity of DNA ligase I. Results presented in this work indicate that: (i) the total DNA ligase activity in crude extract from untransformed or transformed cell lines from several BS patients was significantly higher than in control cells; (ii) the partial purification of the enzyme after gel filtration on fast protein liquid chromatography of crude extracts from lymphoblastoid BS cells showed that the enzyme activity was eluted in a major 180 kDa form in which activity was higher than in control cells; (iii) the activity gel analysis of these enzyme fractions revealed that DNA ligase of human cells was correlated to a major 130 kDa polypeptide and, in BS cells, the extent of the activity of this band was equal or higher than that in control untransformed or transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mezzina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institut de Recherches, Scientifiques sur le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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10
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Dayton MA, Nahreini P, Srivastava A. Augmented nuclease activity during cellular senescence in vitro. J Cell Biochem 1989; 39:75-85. [PMID: 2715196 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240390109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular correlates of the limited proliferative potential of normal human diploid fibroblasts and extensive single-strand breaks in the genomic DNA of these cells were examined by transfection analyses in which DNA replication could be uncoupled from DNA damage and repair. Both supercoiled (fmI), and restriction endonuclease-cleaved, linear (fmIII) molecules of a well-defined bacterial plasmid DNA, pBR322, were transfected into, and subsequently recovered from, early and late passage fibroblasts. Southern blot analysis revealed that fmI DNA was converted by random nicks into fmII DNA slightly more rapidly in late passage cells compared with cells at early passage. Similarly, fmII and fmIII DNAs also sustained multiple random nicks and no appreciable net religation of free ends of fmIII DNA could be detected at either passage. In addition, the efficiency of in vitro ligation of fmIII DNA recovered from late passage cells was also reduced, compared with that from early passage cells, as determined by Southern blotting. These data suggest that in the absence of DNA replication, a putative nuclease activity may contribute to DNA damage observed in senescent cells, which, in turn, may be causally related to their limited replicative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dayton
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46223
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11
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Mezzina M, Nocentini S, Nardelli J, Renault G, Moustacchi E, Sarasin A. Enhanced deoxyribonuclease activity in human transformed cells and in Bloom's syndrome cells. Mol Carcinog 1989; 2:179-83. [PMID: 2803519 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human hereditary diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconi's anemia, ataxia telangiectasia, and Bloom's syndrome are characterized by a proneness for developing cancer associated with abnormalities in the processing of DNA damage. The molecular defects responsible for predisposing human tissues to cancer are still not well understood, despite the fact that a considerable amount of work has already been done on this problem. In this paper, we show that in human tumor cell lines, in cells transformed by DNA tumor viruses, and in cells derived from certain cancer-prone disorders, the level of activity of a 42-kDa deoxyribonuclease is many times higher than in diploid untransformed control cells. This suggests that this activity is linked to, or may play a role in, malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mezzina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer Villejuif, France
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12
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Defective DNA ligase I in Bloom's syndrome cells. Simultaneous analysis using immunoblotting and the ligase-[32P]AMP adduct assay. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
Cells from patients with Bloom's syndrome, a rare disease associated with increased cancer frequency, exhibit cytological abnormalities. These include increased numbers of homologous chromatid interchange figures and sister-chromatid exchanges, together with abnormally slow replicon-fork progression and retarded rate of DNA-chain maturation, and suggest that the primary defect in this recessive disorder affects S-phase DNA replication. DNA ligases and DNA polymerases have long been prime candidates for abnormality in Bloom's syndrome, but various studies of DNA polymerases in Bloom's syndrome cells have disclosed no abnormalities. Evidence is presented here, as in the accompanying paper from a different laboratory, for the existence in Bloom's syndrome of an abnormality of the DNA ligase involved in semi-conservative DNA replication.
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14
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Mezzina M, Rossignol JM, Philippe M, Izzo R, Bertazzoni U, Sarasin A. Mammalian DNA ligase. Structure and function in rat-liver tissues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 162:325-32. [PMID: 3803389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb10604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA ligase was partially purified from normal and regenerating rat liver. Its structure was studied using the activity gel procedure that identifies the functional polypeptides. Two slightly different purification procedures were followed leading to the isolation of one or two peaks (fractions A and B) of DNA ligase by hydroxyapatite chromatography. When analyzed on activity gels, all these enzyme fractions corresponded to a single active 130-kDa polypeptide both in normal and regenerating liver. A limited trypsin digestion of ligase fractions A and B gave rise to an identical pattern of smaller polypeptides of 110 kDa, 100 kDa and 75 kDa. Also storage at 4 degrees C of fractions A and B produced smaller polypeptides of 110 kDa, 100 kDa, 85 kDa and 60 kDa, which were identical for the two fractions. Our results indicate that the same ligase polypeptide of 130 kDa can be isolated from stationary or regenerating rat liver cells. However, physiological or artifactual proteolysis during various purification procedures can lead to the isolation of two enzyme fractions with different chromatographic behaviour but with the same molecular mass.
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15
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Teraoka H, Tsukada K. Immunochemical analysis of molecular forms of mammalian DNA ligases I and II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 873:297-303. [PMID: 3530331 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(86)90057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using specific antibodies against calf thymus DNA ligases I and II (EC 6.5.1.1), we have investigated the polypeptide structures of DNA ligases I and II present in the impure enzyme preparations, and estimated the polypeptides of DNA ligases I and II present in vivo. Immunoblot analysis of DNA ligase I after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a 130-kDa polypeptide as a major one in the enzyme preparations from calf thymus throughout the purification. In addition to the 130-kDa polypeptide, a 200-kDa polypeptide was detected in the enzyme preparations at the earlier steps of the purification, and a 90-kDa polypeptide was observed as a minor one in the enzyme preparations at the later steps of the purification. The polypeptides with molecular weight of 130 000 and 90 000 were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA ligase I-[3H]AMP complex. These results suggest that a 200-kDa polypeptide of DNA ligase I present in vivo is degraded to a 130-kDa polypeptide and then to a 90-kDa polypeptide during the isolation and purification procedures. On the other hand, the monospecific antibody against calf thymus DNA ligase II cross-reacted with only a 68 kDa polypeptide in the enzyme preparations throughout the purification, suggesting that the 68-kDa polypeptide is a single form of calf thymus DNA ligase II present in vivo as well as in vitro.
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16
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Teraoka H, Sumikawa T, Tsukada K. Purification of DNA ligase II from calf thymus and preparation of rabbit antibody against calf thymus DNA ligase II. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Signoret J, David JC. Control of the expression of genes for DNA ligase in eukaryotes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1986; 103:249-79. [PMID: 3528020 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Banks GR, Barker DG. DNA ligase-AMP adducts: identification of yeast DNA ligase polypeptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 826:180-5. [PMID: 3907711 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(85)90004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Yeast DNA ligase is radioactively labelled in vitro by incubating a crude cell extract with [alpha-32P]ATP. The product of this reaction is the stable covalent ligase-AMP adduct, which can be characterized by its reactivity with either pyrophosphate or nicked DNA and visualized by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA ligase was identified as an 89 kDa polypeptide by exploiting the fact that transformants with multiple copies of the plasmid-encoded DNA ligase (CDC9) gene overproduce the enzyme by two orders of magnitude. A similar strategy has been used to identify the Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA ligase as an 87 kDa polypeptide. Both values agree well with the coding capacities of the respective cloned gene sequences. When the S. cerevisiae ligase is greatly overproduced with respect to wild-type levels, a second polypeptide of 78.5 kDa is also labelled and has the same properties as the 89 kDa adduct. We suggest that this polypeptide is generated by proteolysis.
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Mezzina M, Franchi E, Izzo R, Bertazzoni U, Rossignol JM, Sarasin A. Variation in DNA ligase structure during repair and replication processes in monkey kidney cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 132:857-63. [PMID: 3935108 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a method that detects catalytically active DNA ligase in NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels (activity gels) we have characterized ligase produced in CV1-P monkey kidney cells infected with SV40 or treated with mitomycin C. Purification on hydroxylapatite columns of DNA ligase from control cells results in two peaks of activity called ligases I and II, respectively. Analysis of ligase I on activity gels revealed major catalytic peptides with Mr of 120, 110, 70 and 58 kDa, while analysis of ligase II revealed two major peptides of 65 and 58 kDa. Infecting CV1-P cells with SV40 produced a significant increase in the 120, 110, 70 and 58 kDa peptides while treating them with mitomycin C produced a significant increase in the 70 and 58 kDa peptides and a decrease in the 120 and 110 kDa ones. Autoproteolysis of partially purified ligase under several conditions resulted in an increase in the 58 kDa peptide and in the disappearance of other peptides. These results suggest that at least one active polypeptide is common to ligases I and II.
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