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Dhanani KCH, Samson WJ, Edkins AL. Fibronectin is a stress responsive gene regulated by HSF1 in response to geldanamycin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17617. [PMID: 29247221 PMCID: PMC5732156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with key roles in cell adhesion and migration. Hsp90 binds directly to fibronectin and Hsp90 depletion regulates fibronectin matrix stability. Where inhibition of Hsp90 with a C-terminal inhibitor, novobiocin, reduced the fibronectin matrix, treatment with an N-terminal inhibitor, geldanamycin, increased fibronectin levels. Geldanamycin treatment induced a stress response and a strong dose and time dependent increase in fibronectin mRNA via activation of the fibronectin promoter. Three putative heat shock elements (HSEs) were identified in the fibronectin promoter. Loss of two of these HSEs reduced both basal and geldanamycin-induced promoter activity, as did inhibition of the stress-responsive transcription factor HSF1. Binding of HSF1 to one of the putative HSE was confirmed by ChIP under basal conditions, and occupancy shown to increase with geldanamycin treatment. These data support the hypothesis that fibronectin is stress-responsive and a functional HSF1 target gene. COLA42 and LAMB3 mRNA levels were also increased with geldanamycin indicating that regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes by HSF1 may be a wider phenomenon. Taken together, these data have implications for our understanding of ECM dynamics in stress-related diseases in which HSF1 is activated, and where the clinical application of N-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors is intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Colin Hassan Dhanani
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - William John Samson
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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Woodring PJ, Garrison JC. Transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts with the v-src oncogene induces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase expression. Biochem J 1996; 319 ( Pt 1):73-80. [PMID: 8870651 PMCID: PMC1217737 DOI: 10.1042/bj3190073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts with the v-src oncogene leads to a 6- to 8-fold enhancement of the activity of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase in cytosolic extracts [Johnson, Wasilenko, Mattingly, Weber and Garrison (1989) Science 246, 121-124]. This study confirms these results using another v-src-transformed Rat-1 cell line (B31 cells) and investigates the molecular mechanism by which pp60v-src activates Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase. The mRNA and protein levels for two rat isoforms of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase were determined in the v-src-transformed cell line. Both the mRNA and protein levels for isoform A were elevated in v-src-transformed Rat-1 cells while those for isoform B were not significantly affected. Moreover, stable expression of either form of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase in the B31 v-src-transformed Rat-1 cell line did not result in tyrosine phosphorylation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase A or B. These results suggest that at least one mechanism by which the v-src oncogene increases the activity of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase in the Rat-1 transformed fibroblast is by increasing the level of expression of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Woodring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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3
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Itoh-Lindstrom Y, Leffak M. Alteration of in vivo DNA synthesis in the alpha globin locus of chick embryo fibroblasts due to in vivo activity of Rous sarcoma virus pp60src. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:498-505. [PMID: 8127691 PMCID: PMC535518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Globin gene transcription is activated in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). To determine whether this activation is correlated with a change in the replication of the alpha D globin locus we used a nuclear runoff replication assay. Density labeling of nuclei showed that replication of the alpha D globin gene in normal and RSV-transformed CEF (RSV-CEF) is in the transcriptional direction. However, in RSV-CEF the signal from a specific restriction fragment between the alpha D and alpha A globin genes was lower in the replicated DNA. This decrease was selective in that the signal of this restriction fragment was not diminished in the unreplicated DNA in the same nuclei. When CEF transformed by temperature sensitive RSV were grown at the restrictive temperature for pp60src activity the loss of transformed cell morphology correlated with the reappearance of the replicated alpha globin DNA fragments in their normal stoichiometry. By comparison, histone H5 gene expression was not seen in CEF or in RSV-CEF, and H5 gene replication was not perturbed by viral transformation. These results suggest that the viral pp60src protein can activate transcription of the alpha D globin gene and change the replication of alpha globin chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Itoh-Lindstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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4
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Differential modulation of plasminogen activator gene expression by oncogene-encoded protein tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 7689154 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene transcription is increased > or = 50-fold in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) following transformation by the protein tyrosine kinase pp60v-src. Protein phosphorylation appears to play a critical role in uPA gene expression in these cells; protein kinase C-activating phorbol esters cooperate with pp60v-src to synergistically increase uPA mRNA, whereas cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase-activating agents (e.g., 8-bromo cAMP) repress uPA mRNA levels. To explore the relationship between transforming oncogenes and uPA gene expression, uPA mRNA levels were measured in CEF infected with selected avian retroviruses. We report that v-ras and the transforming protein tyrosine kinases v-src, v-yes, and v-ros all increase cellular uPA mRNAs. However, transformation with the protein tyrosine kinase encoded by v-erbB, or the nuclear proteins encoded by v-jun, v-ski, or v-myc, did not increase uPA mRNA detectably. Ras and all of the protein tyrosine kinases analyzed, including the v-erbB product, but none of the nuclear oncoproteins sensitized cells to phorbol ester induction of uPA gene expression. Thus, increased uPA gene expression is not simply a secondary consequence of cell transformation but, rather, is regulated or comodulated by only a subset of oncogene products. Analysis of cells expressing site-directed mutants of pp60v-src showed that the induction of the uPA gene is dependent on protein tyrosine kinase catalytic activity, myristylation, and plasma membrane localization. However, these properties together are not sufficient; an additional feature in the src homology 2 domain is also required. The major sites of serine phosphorylation, serines 12 and 17, and the autophosphorylation site, tyrosine 416, are not essential for uPA gene induction. However, the reduction of uPA mRNA in pp60v-src-transformed cells by 8-bromo cAMP is dependent on tyrosine 416.
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Bell SM, Connolly DC, Maihle NJ, Degen JL. Differential modulation of plasminogen activator gene expression by oncogene-encoded protein tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:5888-97. [PMID: 7689154 PMCID: PMC360337 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5888-5897.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene transcription is increased > or = 50-fold in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) following transformation by the protein tyrosine kinase pp60v-src. Protein phosphorylation appears to play a critical role in uPA gene expression in these cells; protein kinase C-activating phorbol esters cooperate with pp60v-src to synergistically increase uPA mRNA, whereas cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase-activating agents (e.g., 8-bromo cAMP) repress uPA mRNA levels. To explore the relationship between transforming oncogenes and uPA gene expression, uPA mRNA levels were measured in CEF infected with selected avian retroviruses. We report that v-ras and the transforming protein tyrosine kinases v-src, v-yes, and v-ros all increase cellular uPA mRNAs. However, transformation with the protein tyrosine kinase encoded by v-erbB, or the nuclear proteins encoded by v-jun, v-ski, or v-myc, did not increase uPA mRNA detectably. Ras and all of the protein tyrosine kinases analyzed, including the v-erbB product, but none of the nuclear oncoproteins sensitized cells to phorbol ester induction of uPA gene expression. Thus, increased uPA gene expression is not simply a secondary consequence of cell transformation but, rather, is regulated or comodulated by only a subset of oncogene products. Analysis of cells expressing site-directed mutants of pp60v-src showed that the induction of the uPA gene is dependent on protein tyrosine kinase catalytic activity, myristylation, and plasma membrane localization. However, these properties together are not sufficient; an additional feature in the src homology 2 domain is also required. The major sites of serine phosphorylation, serines 12 and 17, and the autophosphorylation site, tyrosine 416, are not essential for uPA gene induction. However, the reduction of uPA mRNA in pp60v-src-transformed cells by 8-bromo cAMP is dependent on tyrosine 416.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bell
- Division of Basic Science Research, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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6
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Boullier JA, Peacock JS, Roess DA, Barisas BG. Protein and lipid lateral diffusion in normal and Rous sarcoma virus transformed chick embryo fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1107:193-9. [PMID: 1319742 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90347-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We measured the lateral diffusion of the fluorescent lipid analogue dioctadecylindocarbocyanine iodide (DiI) and of membrane glycoproteins labeled with tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC) succinyl concanavalin A (SConA) via fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) at selected times during a temperature downshift experiment on transformation-defective temperature-sensitive (td-ts) Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) NY68-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and on identically treated CEF and RSV-transformed CEF. There were no significant differences in the lateral diffusion in DiI at any of the times measured. The lateral diffusion of TRITC-SConA on the RSV-transformed CEF, (1.32 +/- 0.12).10(-10) cm2 s-1, was approximately two times faster than that observed in normal CEF, (0.61 +/- 0.06).10(-10) cm2 s-1. In the cells undergoing RSV NY68-mediated transformation, TRITC-SConA diffusion increased over a 24-h period from a value comparable to that observed in normal CEF, (0.72 +/- 0.13).10(-10) cm2 s-1 to a value comparable to the RSV-CEF transformed cells, (1.74 +/- 0.20).10(-10) cm2 s-1. All diffusion measurements reported were made at the permissive temperature for RSV-NY68 (35 degrees C) unless stated otherwise. The changes in the lateral diffusion of TRITC-SConA occurred between the fifth and twelfth hour of the downshift course and could be associated with cytoskeletal disruption and/or fibronectin degradation, both known to occur at this time in RSV-transformed cells. To assess the contribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, SConA mobility was measured in normal and RSV-transformed cells treated with trypsin. This treatment increased SConA mobility approximately 4-fold in the normal cells relative to untreated controls and only 2-fold in the RSV-CEF transformed cells. No significant difference in SConA mobility between trypsinized spherical normal and transformed cells was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boullier
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO
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7
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Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor biosynthesis caused by the src oncogene product, pp60v-src. Mol Cell Biol 1990. [PMID: 2106069 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.3.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that an intracellular mechanism down regulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor levels in rodent fibroblasts transformed by the src oncogene (W. J. Wasilenko, L. K. Shawver, and M. J. Weber, J. Cell. Physiol. 131:450-457, 1987). We now report that this down regulation is due to an inhibition of EGF receptor biosynthesis. With Rat-1 (R1) cells infected with a temperature-sensitive src mutant, we found that 125I-labeled EGF binding to cells began to decrease soon after the activation of pp60v-src by shift down to the permissive temperature for transformation. This effect of src on EGF receptors was reversible. Pulse-chase studies with [35S]methionine-labeled cells revealed that the tyrosine protein kinase activity of pp60v-src had little if any effect on EGF receptor degradation rate. By contrast, the expression of pp60v-src caused a large reduction in the apparent rate of EGF receptor biosynthesis. Northern (RNA) blot analysis demonstrated that pp60v-src also caused marked reductions in the steady-state level of EGF receptor mRNA. These data indicate that one way the expression of the src oncogene can affect the machinery of growth control is by affecting the expression of specific genes for growth factor receptors.
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Wasilenko WJ, Nori M, Testerman N, Weber MJ. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor biosynthesis caused by the src oncogene product, pp60v-src. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:1254-8. [PMID: 2106069 PMCID: PMC361014 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.3.1254-1258.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that an intracellular mechanism down regulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor levels in rodent fibroblasts transformed by the src oncogene (W. J. Wasilenko, L. K. Shawver, and M. J. Weber, J. Cell. Physiol. 131:450-457, 1987). We now report that this down regulation is due to an inhibition of EGF receptor biosynthesis. With Rat-1 (R1) cells infected with a temperature-sensitive src mutant, we found that 125I-labeled EGF binding to cells began to decrease soon after the activation of pp60v-src by shift down to the permissive temperature for transformation. This effect of src on EGF receptors was reversible. Pulse-chase studies with [35S]methionine-labeled cells revealed that the tyrosine protein kinase activity of pp60v-src had little if any effect on EGF receptor degradation rate. By contrast, the expression of pp60v-src caused a large reduction in the apparent rate of EGF receptor biosynthesis. Northern (RNA) blot analysis demonstrated that pp60v-src also caused marked reductions in the steady-state level of EGF receptor mRNA. These data indicate that one way the expression of the src oncogene can affect the machinery of growth control is by affecting the expression of specific genes for growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Wasilenko
- Department of Microbiology and Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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9
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Plasminogen activator gene expression is induced by the src oncogene product and tumor promoters. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Oncogenically transformed cells show reduced assembly of fibronectin-rich extracellular matrixes and diminished ability to adhere to fibronectin. The molecular bases of these phenotypic alteration are not fully understood. We report here alterations in the spectrum of integrins, including two fibronectin receptors, on oncogenic transformation of rodent cells. Transformation of rat1, NRK, and Nil8 cells by Rous sarcoma virus or by murine sarcoma viruses encoding ras oncogenes leads to reductions in the level of integrin alpha 5 beta 1, which is a well-defined fibronectin receptor, and of two other integrin receptors. In contrast, another receptor, alpha 3 beta 1, which is a polyspecific receptor for fibronectin, laminin, and collagen, is retained by transformed cells. These results provide explanations for earlier results concerning the interactions of extracellular matrix proteins with the surfaces of tumor cells and offer leads to further understanding of the altered adhesive and migratory behavior of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Plantefaber
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Parsons JT, Weber MJ. Genetics of src: structure and functional organization of a protein tyrosine kinase. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1989; 147:79-127. [PMID: 2482802 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74697-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Bullacher C, Barnekow A. Transcription of proto-oncogenes in Rous sarcoma virus infected and transformed chicken embryo cells. Arch Virol 1988; 100:185-97. [PMID: 2840872 DOI: 10.1007/bf01487682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate an effect of infection by RSV on the transcriptional activity of proto-oncogenes, we tested 19 cellular oncogenes and the beta-actin gene performing "nuclear run on transcription assays" using nuclei isolated from RSV infected or transformed chick embryo cells (CEC). A drastic increase in the transcriptional activity of the c-fgr proto-oncogene and a slight increase of c-fos and c-myc could be observed in uninfected compared to RSV infected CEC. To distinguish between infection- and transformation-dependent alterations we used the transformation-defective temperature-sensitive RSV mutant strain NY 68. Ts NY 68 infected CEC maintained at the permissive temperature of 36 degrees C and exhibiting a transformed phenotype, displayed no significant differences in the transcriptional activity of the 19 proto-oncogenes when compared to ts NY 68 infected CEC maintained at the nonpermissive temperature of 42 degrees C and exhibiting a normal phenotype. We conclude that the alterations observed were caused by the viral infection and are not due to the process of transformation. No significant changes in the transcription rate of the investigated genes could be observed after shifting ts NY 68 infected CEC from 42 degrees C to 36 degrees C. In contrast, a shift of ts NY 68 infected CEC from 36 degrees C to 42 degrees C results, after 2 hours, in a transient increase of the c-fos transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bullacher
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Sugano S, Stoeckle MY, Hanafusa H. Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus induces a novel gene with homology to a mitogenic platelet protein. Cell 1987; 49:321-8. [PMID: 3032449 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone, designated 9E3, was isolated from a chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cDNA library. 9E3 mRNA was 20-fold higher in CEF following transformation by Rous sarcoma virus because of increased transcription rate. In CEF infected with temperature-sensitive mutants, increased 9E3 mRNA was found within 2 hr of a shift to permissive temperature. Nucleotide sequence and in vitro translation results indicate that 9E3 mRNA encodes an 11 kd polypeptide that is homologous to human connective tissue activating peptide III (CTAP-III), a mitogenic platelet alpha-granule protein, and to beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4. The reported biological activities of CTAP-III suggest that elevated expression of 9E3 may play a role in producing some of the phenotypic features of RSV-transformed cells.
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