1
|
Angelov D, Boopathi R, Lone IN, Menoni H, Dimitrov S, Cadet J. Capturing Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions by High-Intensity Laser-Induced Covalent Crosslinking. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:296-312. [PMID: 35997098 DOI: 10.1111/php.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of DNA with structural proteins such as histones, regulatory proteins, and enzymes play a crucial role in major cellular processes such as transcription, replication and repair. The in vivo mapping and characterization of the binding sites of the involved biomolecules are of primary importance for a better understanding of genomic deployment that is implicated in tissue and developmental stage-specific gene expression regulation. The most powerful and commonly used approach to date is immunoprecipitation of chemically cross-linked chromatin (XChIP) coupled with sequencing analysis (ChIP-seq). While the resolution and the sensitivity of the high-throughput sequencing techniques have been constantly improved little progress has been achieved in the crosslinking step. Because of its low efficiency the use of the conventional UVC lamps remains very limited while the formaldehyde method was established as the "gold standard" crosslinking agent. Efficient biphotonic crosslinking of directly interacting nucleic acid-protein complexes by a single short UV laser pulse has been introduced as an innovative technique for overcoming limitations of conventionally used chemical and photochemical approaches. In this survey, the main available methods including the laser approach are critically reviewed for their ability to generate DNA-protein crosslinks in vitro model systems and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Angelov
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule LBMC, CNRS UMR 5239, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007, Lyon, France.,Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Ramachandran Boopathi
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule LBMC, CNRS UMR 5239, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007, Lyon, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Imtiaz Nisar Lone
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Hervé Menoni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Site Santé - Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Site Santé - Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rabdano SO, Shannon MD, Izmailov SA, Gonzalez Salguero N, Zandian M, Purusottam RN, Poirier MG, Skrynnikov NR, Jaroniec CP. Histone H4 Tails in Nucleosomes: a Fuzzy Interaction with DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevastyan O. Rabdano
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Matthew D. Shannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sergei A. Izmailov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | | | - Mohamad Zandian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Rudra N. Purusottam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | | | - Nikolai R. Skrynnikov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rabdano SO, Shannon MD, Izmailov SA, Gonzalez Salguero N, Zandian M, Purusottam RN, Poirier MG, Skrynnikov NR, Jaroniec CP. Histone H4 Tails in Nucleosomes: a Fuzzy Interaction with DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6480-6487. [PMID: 33522067 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of positively charged N-terminal histone tails with nucleosomal DNA plays an important role in chromatin assembly and regulation, modulating their susceptibility to post-translational modifications and recognition by chromatin-binding proteins. Here, we report residue-specific 15 N NMR relaxation rates for histone H4 tails in reconstituted nucleosomes. These data indicate that H4 tails are strongly dynamically disordered, albeit with reduced conformational flexibility compared to a free peptide with the same sequence. Remarkably, the NMR observables were successfully reproduced in a 2-μs MD trajectory of the nucleosome. This is an important step toward resolving an apparent inconsistency where prior simulations were generally at odds with experimental evidence on conformational dynamics of histone tails. Our findings indicate that histone H4 tails engage in a fuzzy interaction with nucleosomal DNA, underpinned by a variable pattern of short-lived salt bridges and hydrogen bonds, which persists at low ionic strength (0-100 mM NaCl).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevastyan O Rabdano
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Matthew D Shannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sergei A Izmailov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | | | - Mohamad Zandian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rudra N Purusottam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael G Poirier
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nikolai R Skrynnikov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Christopher P Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Generation of Remosomes by the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeler Family. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14212. [PMID: 31578361 PMCID: PMC6775096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodelers are complexes able to both alter histone-DNA interactions and to mobilize nucleosomes. The mechanism of their action and the conformation of remodeled nucleosomes remain a matter of debates. In this work we compared the type and structure of the products of nucleosome remodeling by SWI/SNF and ACF complexes using high-resolution microscopy combined with novel biochemical approaches. We find that SWI/SNF generates a multitude of nucleosome-like metastable particles termed "remosomes". Restriction enzyme accessibility assay, DNase I footprinting and AFM experiments reveal perturbed histone-DNA interactions within these particles. Electron cryo-microscopy shows that remosomes adopt a variety of different structures with variable irregular DNA path, similar to those described upon RSC remodeling. Remosome DNA accessibility to restriction enzymes is also markedly increased. We suggest that the generation of remosomes is a common feature of the SWI/SNF family remodelers. In contrast, the ACF remodeler, belonging to ISWI family, only produces repositioned nucleosomes and no evidence for particles associated with extra DNA, or perturbed DNA paths was found. The remosome generation by the SWI/SNF type of remodelers may represent a novel mechanism involved in processes where nucleosomal DNA accessibility is required, such as DNA repair or transcription regulation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cadet J, Wagner JR, Angelov D. Biphotonic Ionization of DNA: From Model Studies to Cell. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:59-72. [PMID: 30380156 DOI: 10.1111/php.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions triggered by low-intensity UV photons represent a minor contribution with respect to the overwhelming pyrimidine base dimerization in both isolated and cellular DNA. The situation is totally different when DNA is exposed to high-intensity UVC radiation under conditions where biphotonic ionization of the four main purine and pyrimidine bases becomes predominant at the expense of singlet excitation processes. The present review article provides a critical survey of the main chemical reactions of the base radical cations thus generated by one-electron oxidation of nucleic acids in model systems and cells. These include oxidation of the bases with the predominant formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine as the result of preferential hole transfer to guanine bases that act as sinks in isolated and cellular DNA. In addition to hydration, other nucleophilic addition reactions involving the guanine radical cation give rise to intra- and interstrand cross-links together with DNA-protein cross-links. Information is provided on the utilization of high-intensity UV laser pulses as molecular biology tools for studying DNA conformational features, nucleic acid-protein interactions and nucleic acid reactivity through DNA-protein cross-links and DNA footprinting experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitar Angelov
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule LBMC, CNRS-UMR 5239, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
du Preez LL, Patterton HG. The effect of epigenetic modifications on the secondary structures and possible binding positions of the N-terminal tail of histone H3 in the nucleosome: a computational study. J Mol Model 2017; 23:137. [PMID: 28353152 PMCID: PMC5391383 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The roles of histone tails as substrates for reversible chemical modifications and dynamic cognate surfaces for the binding of regulatory proteins are well established. Despite these crucial roles, experimentally derived knowledge of the structure and possible binding sites of histone tails in chromatin is limited. In this study, we utilized molecular dynamics of isolated histone H3 N-terminal peptides to investigate its structure as a function of post-translational modifications that are known to be associated with defined chromatin states. We observed a structural preference for α-helices in isoforms associated with an inactive chromatin state, while isoforms associated with active chromatin states lacked α-helical content. The physicochemical effect of the post-translational modifications was highlighted by the interaction of arginine side-chains with the phosphorylated serine residues in the inactive isoform. We also showed that the isoforms exhibit different tail lengths, and, using molecular docking of the first 15 N-terminal residues of an H3 isoform, identified potential binding sites between the superhelical gyres on the octamer surface, close to the site of DNA entry/exit in the nucleosome. We discuss the possible functional role of the binding of the H3 tail within the nucleosome on both nucleosome and chromatin structure and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis L du Preez
- Department of Microbiological, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Hugh-G Patterton
- Division of Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Charles Richard JL, Shukla MS, Menoni H, Ouararhni K, Lone IN, Roulland Y, Papin C, Ben Simon E, Kundu T, Hamiche A, Angelov D, Dimitrov S. FACT Assists Base Excision Repair by Boosting the Remodeling Activity of RSC. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006221. [PMID: 27467129 PMCID: PMC4965029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
FACT, in addition to its role in transcription, is likely implicated in both transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair and DNA double strand break repair. Here, we present evidence that FACT could be directly involved in Base Excision Repair and elucidate the chromatin remodeling mechanisms of FACT during BER. We found that, upon oxidative stress, FACT is released from transcription related protein complexes to get associated with repair proteins and chromatin remodelers from the SWI/SNF family. We also showed the rapid recruitment of FACT to the site of damage, coincident with the glycosylase OGG1, upon the local generation of oxidized DNA. Interestingly, FACT facilitates uracil-DNA glycosylase in the removal of uracil from nucleosomal DNA thanks to an enhancement in the remodeling activity of RSC. This discloses a novel property of FACT wherein it has a co-remodeling activity and strongly enhances the remodeling capacity of the chromatin remodelers. Altogether, our data suggest that FACT may acts in concert with RSC to facilitate excision of DNA lesions during the initial step of BER. In the nucleus, DNA is packaged into chromatin. The repeating unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, consists of a histone octamer around which DNA is wrapped into two superhelical turns. The nucleosome is a barrier for various nuclear processes which require access to DNA. To repair lesions on DNA, this barrier has to be overcome by either nucleosome remodeling or by histone eviction. Here we present evidence that FACT, a protein known to be involved in transcription, is also involved in BER, by boosting nucleosome remodeling. Upon in vivo oxidized DNA lesion induction, FACT exhibits a BER-like protein behavior, and it is recruited to the sites of DNA damages. In vitro experiments show that FACT boosts the remodeling activity of the chromatin remodeler RSC and is implicated in DNA repair. The presence of FACT greatly facilitates the removal of uracil from nucleosomal, but not from naked DNA, in a RSC-mediated reaction. Taken collectively, our in vitro and in vivo data reveal a role of FACT in BER by helping the remodeling of chromatin at the sites of lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Lalith Charles Richard
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, INSERM Institut Albert Bonniot U823, Site Santé, Grenoble, France
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, LBMC CNRS/ENSL/UCBL UMR5239 & Institut NeuroMyoGène–INMG CNRS/UCBL UMR5310, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Manu Shubhdarshan Shukla
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, INSERM Institut Albert Bonniot U823, Site Santé, Grenoble, France
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, LBMC CNRS/ENSL/UCBL UMR5239 & Institut NeuroMyoGène–INMG CNRS/UCBL UMR5310, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Menoni
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, LBMC CNRS/ENSL/UCBL UMR5239 & Institut NeuroMyoGène–INMG CNRS/UCBL UMR5310, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Khalid Ouararhni
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Parc d’Innovation, Illkirch, France
| | - Imtiaz Nisar Lone
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, LBMC CNRS/ENSL/UCBL UMR5239 & Institut NeuroMyoGène–INMG CNRS/UCBL UMR5310, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yohan Roulland
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, INSERM Institut Albert Bonniot U823, Site Santé, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Papin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Parc d’Innovation, Illkirch, France
| | - Elsa Ben Simon
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, LBMC CNRS/ENSL/UCBL UMR5239 & Institut NeuroMyoGène–INMG CNRS/UCBL UMR5310, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tapas Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Parc d’Innovation, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (DA); (SD)
| | - Dimitar Angelov
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, LBMC CNRS/ENSL/UCBL UMR5239 & Institut NeuroMyoGène–INMG CNRS/UCBL UMR5310, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (DA); (SD)
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, INSERM Institut Albert Bonniot U823, Site Santé, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (DA); (SD)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konstantinov NK, Ulff-Møller CJ, Dimitrov S. Histone variants and melanoma: facts and hypotheses. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:426-33. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Institut Albert Bonniot; U823, INSERM/Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shaytan AK, Armeev GA, Goncearenco A, Zhurkin VB, Landsman D, Panchenko AR. Coupling between Histone Conformations and DNA Geometry in Nucleosomes on a Microsecond Timescale: Atomistic Insights into Nucleosome Functions. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:221-237. [PMID: 26699921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An octamer of histone proteins wraps about 200bp of DNA into two superhelical turns to form nucleosomes found in chromatin. Although the static structure of the nucleosomal core particle has been solved, details of the dynamic interactions between histones and DNA remain elusive. We performed extensively long unconstrained, all-atom microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of nucleosomes including linker DNA segments and full-length histones in explicit solvent. For the first time, we were able to identify and characterize the rearrangements in nucleosomes on a microsecond timescale including the coupling between the conformation of the histone tails and the DNA geometry. We found that certain histone tail conformations promoted DNA bulging near its entry/exit sites, resulting in the formation of twist defects within the DNA. This led to a reorganization of histone-DNA interactions, suggestive of the formation of initial nucleosome sliding intermediates. We characterized the dynamics of the histone tails upon their condensation on the core and linker DNA and showed that tails may adopt conformationally constrained positions due to the insertion of "anchoring" lysines and arginines into the DNA minor grooves. Potentially, these phenomena affect the accessibility of post-translationally modified histone residues that serve as important sites for epigenetic marks (e.g., at H3K9, H3K27, H4K16), suggesting that interactions of the histone tails with the core and linker DNA modulate the processes of histone tail modifications and binding of the effector proteins. We discuss the implications of the observed results on the nucleosome function and compare our results to different experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey K Shaytan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Grigoriy A Armeev
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Goncearenco
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Victor B Zhurkin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Landsman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Anna R Panchenko
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bednar J, Hamiche A, Dimitrov S. H1-nucleosome interactions and their functional implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:436-43. [PMID: 26477489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Linker histones are three domain proteins and consist of a structured (globular) domain, flanked by two likely non-structured NH2- and COOH-termini. The binding of the linker histones to the nucleosome was characterized by different methods in solution. Apparently, the globular domain interacts with the linker DNA and the nucleosome dyad, while the binding of the large and rich in lysines COOH-terminus results in "closing" the linker DNA of the nucleosome and the formation of the "stem" structure. What is the mode of binding of the linker histones within the chromatin fiber remains still elusive. Nonetheless, it is clear that linker histones are essential for both the assembly and maintenance of the condensed chromatin fiber. Interestingly, linker histones are post-translationally modified and how this affects both their binding to chromatin and functions is now beginning to emerge. In addition, linker histones are highly mobile in vivo, but not in vitro. No explanation of this finding is reported for the moment. The higher mobility of the linker histones should, however, have strong impact on their function. Linker histones plays an important role in gene expression regulation and other chromatin related process and their function is predominantly regulated by their posttranslational modifications. However, the detailed mechanism how the linker histones do function remains still not well understood despite numerous efforts. Here we will summarize and analyze the data on the linker histone binding to the nucleosome and the chromatin fiber and will discuss its functional consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bednar
- Université de Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR 5588, 140 rue de la Physique, B.P. 87, St. Martin d'Heres, F-38402, France.
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UDS, CNRS, INSERM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- INSERM/UJF, Institut Albert Bonniot, U823, Site Santé-BP 170, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weng L, Greenberg MM. Rapid Histone-Catalyzed DNA Lesion Excision and Accompanying Protein Modification in Nucleosomes and Nucleosome Core Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11022-31. [PMID: 26290445 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
C5'-Hydrogen atoms are frequently abstracted during DNA oxidation. The oxidized abasic lesion 5'-(2-phosphoryl-1,4-dioxobutane) (DOB) is an electrophilic product of the C5'-radical. DOB is a potent irreversible inhibitor of DNA polymerase β, and forms interstrand cross-links in free DNA. We examined the reactivity of DOB within nucleosomes and nucleosome core particles (NCPs), the monomeric component of chromatin. Depending upon the position at which DOB is generated within a NCP, it is excised from nucleosomal DNA at a rate 275-1500-fold faster than that in free DNA. The half-life of DOB (7.0-16.8 min) in NCPs is shorter than any other abasic lesion. DOB's lifetime in NCPs is also significantly shorter than the estimated lifetime of an abasic site within a cell, suggesting that the observed chemistry would occur intracellularly. Histones also catalyze DOB excision when the lesion is present in the DNA linker region of a nucleosome. Schiff-base formation between DOB and histone proteins is detected in nucleosomes and NCPs, resulting in pyrrolone formation at the lysine residues. The lysines modified by DOB are often post-translationally modified. Consequently, the histone modifications described herein could affect the regulation of gene expression and may provide a chemical basis for the cytotoxicity of the DNA damaging agents that produce this lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Christova R. Detecting DNA–Protein Interactions in Living Cells—ChIP Approach. PROTEIN-NUCLEIC ACIDS INTERACTIONS 2013; 91:101-33. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411637-5.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
Menoni H, Shukla MS, Gerson V, Dimitrov S, Angelov D. Base excision repair of 8-oxoG in dinucleosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:692-700. [PMID: 21930508 PMCID: PMC3258150 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have studied the effect of chromatin structure on the base excision repair (BER) efficiency of 8-oxoG. As a model system we have used precisely positioned dinucleosomes assembled with linker histone H1. A single 8-oxoG was inserted either in the linker or the core particle DNA within the dinucleosomal template. We found that in the absence of histone H1 the glycosylase OGG1 removed 8-oxoG from the linker DNA and cleaved DNA with identical efficiency as in the naked DNA. In contrast, the presence of histone H1 resulted in close to 10-fold decrease in the efficiency of 8-oxoG initiation of repair in linker DNA independently of linker DNA length. The repair of 8-oxoG in nucleosomal DNA was very highly impeded in both absence and presence of histone H1. Chaperone-induced uptake of H1 restored the efficiency of the glycosylase induced removal of 8-oxoG from linker DNA, but not from the nucleosomal DNA. We show, however, that removal of histone H1 and nucleosome remodelling are both necessary and sufficient for an efficient removal of 8-oxoG in nucleosomal DNA. Finally, a model for BER of 8-oxoG in chromatin templates is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Menoni
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, CNRS-UMR 5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Altintas DM, Vlaeminck V, Angelov D, Dimitrov S, Samarut J. Cell cycle regulated expression of NCoR might control cyclic expression of androgen responsive genes in an immortalized prostate cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:149-62. [PMID: 20974212 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work we have studied the mechanisms of regulation of expression of androgen receptor (AR) target genes. We have used an immortalized non-tumorigenic prostate cell line RWPE-1-AR(tag) constitutively expressing an exogenous AR as a model. We observed that all studied AR target genes exhibited a specific expression during the G1 phase of the cell cycle despite the constitutive expression of AR. Importantly, we found that the expression of NCoR, an AR co-repressor, was downregulated during the G1 phase and expressed as mRNA and protein specifically during the S phase. The role of NCoR in repressing androgen-induced expression of AR target genes in S phase was further demonstrated by altering expression of NCoR during the cell cycle through knockdown or induced overexpression. Using two alternative techniques we show that AR binds directly to target DNA in the chromatin only during the G1 phase. These data support the hypothesis that NCoR might control a cell cycle dependent regulation of expression AR target genes in prostate cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Altintas
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Single-base resolution mapping of H1-nucleosome interactions and 3D organization of the nucleosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9620-5. [PMID: 20457934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000309107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the key role of the linker histone H1 in chromatin structure and dynamics, its location and interactions with nucleosomal DNA have not been elucidated. In this work we have used a combination of electron cryomicroscopy, hydroxyl radical footprinting, and nanoscale modeling to analyze the structure of precisely positioned mono-, di-, and trinucleosomes containing physiologically assembled full-length histone H1 or truncated mutants of this protein. Single-base resolution *OH footprinting shows that the globular domain of histone H1 (GH1) interacts with the DNA minor groove located at the center of the nucleosome and contacts a 10-bp region of DNA localized symmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad. In addition, GH1 interacts with and organizes about one helical turn of DNA in each linker region of the nucleosome. We also find that a seven amino acid residue region (121-127) in the COOH terminus of histone H1 was required for the formation of the stem structure of the linker DNA. A molecular model on the basis of these data and coarse-grain DNA mechanics provides novel insights on how the different domains of H1 interact with the nucleosome and predicts a specific H1-mediated stem structure within linker DNA.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Histone acetylation regulates many cellular processes, and specific acetylation marks, either singly or in combination, produce distinct outcomes. For example, the acetylation pattern on newly synthesized histones is important for their assembly into nucleosomes by histone chaperones. Additionally, the degree of chromatin compaction and folding may be regulated by acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16. Histone acetylation also regulates the formation of heterochromatin; deacetylation of H4 lysine 16 is important for spreading of heterochromatin components, whereas acetylation of this site serves as a barrier to this spreading. Finally, histone acetylation is critical for gene transcription, but recent results suggest that deacetylation of certain sites also plays an important role. There are many histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases, with differing preferences for the various histone proteins and for specific sites on individual histones. Determining how these enzymes create distinct acetylation patterns and regulate the functional outcome is an important challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona D Shahbazian
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Geffen School of Medicine and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dang W, Kagalwala MN, Bartholomew B. Regulation of ISW2 by concerted action of histone H4 tail and extranucleosomal DNA. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:7388-96. [PMID: 17015471 PMCID: PMC1636884 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01159-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable contact of ISW2 with nucleosomal DNA approximately 20 bp from the dyad was shown by DNA footprinting and photoaffinity labeling using recombinant histone octamers to require the histone H4 N-terminal tail. Efficient ISW2 remodeling also required the H4 N-terminal tail, although the lack of the H4 tail can be mostly compensated for by increasing the incubation time or concentration of ISW2. Similarly, the length of extranucleosomal DNA affected the stable contact of ISW2 with this same internal nucleosomal site, with the optimal length being 70 to 85 bp. These data indicate the histone H4 tail, in concert with a favorable length of extranucleosomal DNA, recruits and properly orients ISW2 onto the nucleosome for efficient nucleosome remodeling. One consequence of this property of ISW2 is likely its previously observed nucleosome spacing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1245 Lincoln Dr., Neckers Bldg., Room 229, Carbondale, IL 62901-4413, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang X, Hayes JJ. Physical methods used to study core histone tail structures and interactions in solutionThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 27th International West Coast Chromatin and Chromosome Conference, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:578-88. [PMID: 16936830 DOI: 10.1139/o06-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The core histone tail domains are key regulatory elements in chromatin. The tails are essential for folding oligonucleosomal arrays into both secondary and tertiary structures, and post-translational modifications within these domains can directly alter DNA accessibility. Unfortunately, there is little understanding of the structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains or how post-translational modifications within the tails may alter these interactions. Here we review NMR, thermal denaturation, cross-linking, and other selected solution methods used to define the general structures and binding behavior of the tail domains in various chromatin environments. All of these methods indicate that the tail domains bind primarily electrostatically to sites within chromatin. The data also indicate that the tails adopt specific structures when bound to DNA and that tail structures and interactions are plastic, depending on the specific chromatin environment. In addition, post-translational modifications, such as acetylation, can directly alter histone tail structures and interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boulard M, Gautier T, Mbele GO, Gerson V, Hamiche A, Angelov D, Bouvet P, Dimitrov S. The NH2 tail of the novel histone variant H2BFWT exhibits properties distinct from conventional H2B with respect to the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1518-26. [PMID: 16449661 PMCID: PMC1367197 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.4.1518-1526.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the functional and structural properties of nucleosomes reconstituted with H2BFWT, a recently identified putative histone variant of the H2B family with totally unknown function. We show that H2BFWT can replace the conventional histone H2B in the nucleosome. The presence of H2BFWT did not affect the overall structure of the nucleosome, and the H2BFWT nucleosomes exhibited the same stability as conventional nucleosomes. SWI/SNF was able to efficiently remodel and mobilize the H2BFWT nucleosomes. Importantly, H2BFWT, in contrast to conventional H2B, was unable to recruit chromosome condensation factors and to participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. This was determined by the highly divergent (compared to conventional H2B) NH2 tail of H2BFWT. These data, in combination with the observations that H2BFWT was found by others in the sperm nuclei and appeared to be associated with the telomeric chromatin, suggest that H2BFWT could act as a specific epigenetic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boulard
- Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U309, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zheng C, Lu X, Hansen JC, Hayes JJ. Salt-dependent intra- and internucleosomal interactions of the H3 tail domain in a model oligonucleosomal array. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33552-7. [PMID: 16079127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507241200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The core histone tail domains are known to be key regulators of chromatin structure and function. The tails are required for condensation of nucleosome arrays into secondary and tertiary chromatin structures, yet little is known regarding tail structures or sites of tail interactions in chromatin. We have developed a system to test the hypothesis that the tails participate in internucleosomal interactions during salt-dependent chromatin condensation, and here we used it to examine interactions of the H3 tail domain. We found that the H3 tail participates primarily in intranucleosome interactions when the nucleosome array exists in an extended "beads-on-a-string" conformation and that tail interactions reorganize to engage in primarily internucleosome interactions as the array successively undergoes salt-dependent folding and oligomerization. These results indicated that the location and interactions of the H3 tail domain are dependent upon the degree of condensation of the nucleosomal array, suggesting a mechanism by which alterations in tail interactions may elaborate different structural and functional states of chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kato M, Onishi Y, Wada-Kiyama Y, Kiyama R. Biochemical screening of stable dinucleosomes using DNA fragments from a dinucleosome DNA library. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:215-27. [PMID: 15935377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The dinucleosome is an informative unit for analysis of the higher-order chromatin structure. DNA fragments forming stable dinucleosomes were screened from a dinucleosome DNA library after the reconstitution of nucleosomes in vitro and digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Reconstituted dinucleosomes showed a diversity of sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease, suggesting that the biochemical stability of a dinucleosome depends, in part, on the DNA fragments. The DNA fragments after the screening were classified into three groups represented by clones bf10, af14 and af32 according to the sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease. Mapping of the nucleosome boundaries by Southern blotting of the DNA after restriction digestion and by primer extension analysis showed that each nucleosome position of clone af32 was fixed. Analysis of reconstituted dinucleosomes using mutant DNA fragments of clone af32 revealed a unique property characteristic of a key nucleosome, given that the replacement of a DNA fragment corresponding to the right nucleosome position resulted in marked sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease, whereas the replacement of the other nucleosome fragment had almost no effect on sensitivity as compared to the original af32 construct. The mutant construct in which the right nucleosome was removed showed multiple nucleosome phases, suggesting that the right nucleosome stabilized first each mononucleosome and then the dinucleosome. An oligonucleotide bending assay revealed that the DNA fragment in the right nucleosome included curved DNA, suggesting that the positioning activity of the nucleosome was attributed to its DNA structure. These results suggest that information for forming stable dinucleosome is embedded in the genomic DNA and that a further characterization of the key nucleosome is useful for understanding the building up of the chromatin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kato
- Research Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng C, Hayes JJ. Intra- and inter-nucleosomal protein-DNA interactions of the core histone tail domains in a model system. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24217-24. [PMID: 12697747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The core histone tail domains are key regulators of eukaryotic chromatin structure and function and alterations in the tail-directed folding of chromatin fibers and higher order structures are the probable outcome of much of the post-translational modifications occurring in these domains. The functions of the tail domains are likely to involve complex intra- and inter-nucleosomal histone-DNA interactions, yet little is known about either the structures or interactions of these domains. Here we introduce a method for examining inter-nucleosome interactions of the tail domains in a model dinucleosome and determine the propensity of each of the four N-terminal tail domains to mediate such interactions in this system. Using a strong nucleosome "positioning" sequence, we reconstituted a nucleosome containing a single histone site specifically modified with a photoinducible cross-linker within the histone tail domain, and a second nucleosome containing a radiolabeled DNA template. These two nucleosomes were then ligated together and cross-linking induced by brief UV irradiation under various solution conditions. After cross-linking, the two templates were again separated so that cross-linking representing inter-nucleosomal histone-DNA interactions could be unambiguously distinguished from intra-nucleosomal cross-links. Our results show that the N-terminal tails of H2A and H2B, but not of H3 and H4, make internucleosomal histone-DNA interactions within the dinucleosome. The relative extent of intra- to inter-nucleosome interactions was not strongly dependent on ionic strength. Additionally, we find that binding of a linker histone to the dinucleosome increased the association of the H3 and H4 tails with the linker DNA region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Siino JS, Yau PM, Imai BS, Gatewood JM, Bradbury EM. Effect of DNA length and H4 acetylation on the thermal stability of reconstituted nucleosome particles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 302:885-91. [PMID: 12646255 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To examine the factors involved with nucleosome stability, we reconstituted nonacetylated particles containing various lengths (192, 162, and 152 base pairs) of DNA onto the Lytechinus variegatus nucleosome positioning sequence in the absence of linker histone. We characterized the particles and examined their thermal stability. DNA of less than chromatosome length (168 base pairs) produces particles with altered denaturation profiles, possibly caused by histone rearrangement in those core-like particles. We also examined the effects of tetra-acetylation of histone H4 on the thermal stability of reconstituted nucleosome particles. Tetra-acetylation of H4 reduces the nucleosome thermal stability by 0.8 degrees C as compared with nonacetylated particles. This difference is close to values published comparing bulk nonacetylated nucleosomes and core particles to ones enriched for core histone acetylation, suggesting that H4 acetylation has a dominant effect on nucleosome particle energetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Siino
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Angelov D, Vitolo JM, Mutskov V, Dimitrov S, Hayes JJ. Preferential interaction of the core histone tail domains with linker DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6599-604. [PMID: 11381129 PMCID: PMC34399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.121171498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within chromatin, the core histone tail domains play critical roles in regulating the structure and accessibility of nucleosomal DNA within the chromatin fiber. Thus, many nuclear processes are facilitated by concomitant posttranslational modification of these domains. However, elucidation of the mechanisms by which the tails mediate such processes awaits definition of tail interactions within chromatin. In this study we have investigated the primary DNA target of the majority of the tails in mononucleosomes. The results clearly show that the tails bind preferentially to "linker" DNA, outside of the DNA encompassed by the nucleosome core. These results have important implications for models of tail function within the chromatin fiber and for in vitro structural and functional studies using nucleosome core particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Angelov
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de la Différenciation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 309, Institut Albert Bonniot, Domaine de Merci, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Angelov D, Charra M, Seve M, Côté J, Khochbin S, Dimitrov S. Differential remodeling of the HIV-1 nucleosome upon transcription activators and SWI/SNF complex binding. J Mol Biol 2000; 302:315-26. [PMID: 10970736 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we have examined HIV-1 nucleosome remodeling upon the binding of transcription factors and the SWI/SNF complex using a novel approach. The approach combines UV laser protein-DNA crosslinking, electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis and DNase I protection analysis with immunochemical techniques. It was found that single activator-bound HIV-1 nucleosomes exhibit very weak perturbation in histone NH(2) tail-DNA interactions. However, the simultaneous binding of the transcription activators Sp1, NF-kB1, LEF-1 and USF synergistically increased the release of histone NH(2) tails from nucleosomal DNA. In contrast, the binding of SWI/SNF complex to HIV-1 nucleosome disrupted structured histone domain-DNA contacts, but not histone NH(2) tail-DNA interactions. Stable remodeled nucleosomes, (obtained after detachment of SWI/SNF), displayed identical structural alterations with those bound to SWI/SNF. These results demonstrate a different in vitro remodeling of the HIV-1 nucleosome upon the binding of multiple transcription activators and of SWI/SNF complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Angelov
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de la Différenciation, équipe Mécanismes d'Assemblage du Matériel Génétique, INSERM U 309, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lejnine S, Durfee G, Murnane M, Kapteyn HC, Makarov VL, Langmore JP. Crosslinking of proteins to DNA in human nuclei using a 60 femtosecond 266 nm laser. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:3676-84. [PMID: 10471736 PMCID: PMC148622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.18.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed appropriate conditions to use a laser with 60 femtosecond pulses, a frequency of 1 KHz and a wavelength of 266 nm to efficiently crosslink proteins to DNA in human nuclei for the purpose of using immunoprecipitation to study the binding of specific proteins to specific sequences of DNA under native conditions. Irradiation of nuclei for 30 min with 1-3 GW/cm(2)pulses crosslinked 10-12% of total protein to DNA. The efficiency of crosslinking was dose and protein specific. Histones H1 and H3 were crosslinked by 15 min of irradiation with 20-25% efficiency, at least 10 times more strongly than the other histones, consistent with experiments using conventional UV light. Irradiation for 15 min did not damage proteins, as assayed by SDS-PAGE of Ku-70 and histones. Although the same level of irradiation did not cause double-strand breaks, it did make the DNA partially insensitive to Eco RI restriction enzyme, probably through formation of thymidine dimers. Immuno-analysis of crosslinked nucleoprotein showed that Ku crosslinking to nuclear DNA is detectable only in the presence of breaks in the DNA, and that nucleosomes are bound to a significant fraction of the telomeric repeat (TTAGGG) (n).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lejnine
- Biophysics Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Belikov S, Preobrazhenskaya O, Karpov V. Protein image hybridization: mapping and positioning DNA-protein contacts along DNA. Methods Enzymol 1999; 304:600-12. [PMID: 10372384 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)04035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Belikov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sauvé DM, Anderson HJ, Ray JM, James WM, Roberge M. Phosphorylation-induced rearrangement of the histone H3 NH2-terminal domain during mitotic chromosome condensation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1999; 145:225-35. [PMID: 10209020 PMCID: PMC2133119 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The NH2-terminal domain (N-tail) of histone H3 has been implicated in chromatin compaction and its phosphorylation at Ser10 is tightly correlated with mitotic chromosome condensation. We have developed one mAb that specifically recognizes histone H3 N-tails phosphorylated at Ser10 (H3P Ab) and another that recognizes phosphorylated and unphosphorylated H3 N-tails equally well (H3 Ab). Immunocytochemistry with the H3P Ab shows that Ser10 phosphorylation begins in early prophase, peaks before metaphase, and decreases during anaphase and telophase. Unexpectedly, the H3 Ab shows stronger immunofluorescence in mitosis than interphase, indicating that the H3 N-tail is more accessible in condensed mitotic chromatin than in decondensed interphase chromatin. In vivo ultraviolet laser cross-linking indicates that the H3 N-tail is bound to DNA in interphase cells and that binding is reduced in mitotic cells. Treatment of mitotic cells with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine causes histone H3 dephosphorylation and chromosome decondensation. It also decreases the accessibility of the H3 N-tail to H3 Ab and increases the binding of the N-tail to DNA. These results indicate that a phosphorylation-dependent weakening of the association between the H3 N-tail and DNA plays a role in mitotic chromosome condensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Sauvé
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mutskov V, Gerber D, Angelov D, Ausio J, Workman J, Dimitrov S. Persistent interactions of core histone tails with nucleosomal DNA following acetylation and transcription factor binding. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:6293-304. [PMID: 9774646 PMCID: PMC109216 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.11.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of acetylation of the NH2 tails of core histones on their binding to nucleosomal DNA in the absence or presence of bound transcription factors. To do this, we used a novel UV laser-induced protein-DNA cross-linking technique, combined with immunochemical and molecular biology approaches. Nucleosomes containing one or five GAL4 binding sites were reconstituted with hypoacetylated or hyperacetylated core histones. Within these reconstituted particles, UV laser-induced histone-DNA cross-linking was found to occur only via the nonstructured histone tails and thus presented a unique tool for studying histone tail interactions with nucleosomal DNA. Importantly, these studies demonstrated that the NH2 tails were not released from nucleosomal DNA upon histone acetylation, although some weakening of their interactions was observed at elevated ionic strengths. Moreover, the binding of up to five GAL4-AH dimers to nucleosomes occupying the central 90 bp occurred without displacement of the histone NH2 tails from DNA. GAL4-AH binding perturbed the interaction of each histone tail with nucleosomal DNA to different degrees. However, in all cases, greater than 50% of the interactions between the histone tails and DNA was retained upon GAL4-AH binding, even if the tails were highly acetylated. These data illustrate an interaction of acetylated or nonacetylated histone tails with DNA that persists in the presence of simultaneously bound transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Mutskov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Russmann C, Stollhof J, Weiss C, Beigang R, Beato M. Two wavelength femtosecond laser induced DNA-protein crosslinking. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:3967-70. [PMID: 9705506 PMCID: PMC147806 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.17.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-protein interactions are essential for storage, reproduction and expression of genetic information. Biochemical methods, such as dimethyl sulfate genomic footprinting, have been developed to study stable protein-DNA interactions in vivo and chemical crosslinking has been used for less stable interactions, but the chemical agents are slow, damage cells and perturb native equilibria. To avoid these perturbations, UV laser crosslinking offers an alternative, although the energies required for significant crosslinking cause extensive DNA damage. We find that a combination of femtosecond laser pulses at two different wavelengths, in the UV and the visible range, increases the crosslinking efficiency while minimizing DNA damage. This technique also allowed us to directly measure the singlet S1lifetime of native DNA (tauS1 = 3.2 +/- 0.2 ps), which is mainly determined by the lifetime of thymine [tauS1 = 2.8 +/- 0.4 ps for (dT)16], the photochemically most reactive base. Our results suggest that two wavelength femtosecond laser pulses are well suited for the identification of transcription factors interacting with defined sequences and for studying the kinetics of protein-nucleic acid interactions in intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Russmann
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 46, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dobrov EN, Nikogosyan DN. UV-Induced Nucleic Acid–Protein Cross-Linking: Manual on Planning of Irradiation Experiments and Calculation of Absorbed Dose and Quantum Yield. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Mutskov V, Angelov D, Pashev I. A preparative method for crosslinking proteins to DNA in nuclei by single-pulse UV laser irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:42-5. [PMID: 9230703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photocrosslinking of proteins to DNA by single-pulse UV laser has been used only in analytical experiments, carried out with reconstituted complexes of a single DNA binding protein and a labeled target sequence. Here we propose a large-scale technique for irradiation of nuclei, generating preparative quantities of covalently linked protein-DNA complexes for further analysis of the partner molecules. The use of a flow cuvette allows a milligram of DNA in either nuclei or chromatin to be irradiated by a single pulse within few minutes. The efficiency of crosslinking varies from 6 to 12% of the total nuclear proteins. The presence of histones and other chromosomal proteins in the crosslinked protein-DNA complexes was demonstrated by using specific antibodies. The irradiation procedure can be fully automated using a microcomputer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Mutskov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Russmann C, Truss M, Fix A, Naumer C, Herrmann T, Schmitt J, Stollhof J, Beigang R, Beato M. Crosslinking of progesterone receptor to DNA using tuneable nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond UV laser pulses. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:2478-84. [PMID: 9171102 PMCID: PMC146765 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.12.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UV laser crosslinking is a potentially powerful tool to investigate transient DNA-protein interactions and binding kinetics in intact cells. As the processes underlying UV laser crosslinking are not fully understood, we have performed a study of the influence of laser pulses with different physical parameters on crosslinking of the progesterone receptor to an oligonucleotide containing a hormone-responsive element. We also studied the influence of the various parameters on the amount of laser-irradiated DNA that can be correctly primer extended as an operational measurement of DNA integrity. A strong influence of pulse intensity and pulse length on the crosslink yield was found, likely due to a change in the 'two photon' processes responsible for crosslinking. The highest efficiency of protein crosslinking to DNA was achieved with femtosecond pulses and should be sufficient to enable use of this technique for in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Russmann
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lalwani R, Maiti S, Mukherji S. Involvement of H1 and other chromatin proteins in the formation of DNA-protein cross-links induced by visible light in the presence of methylene blue. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1995; 27:117-22. [PMID: 7714672 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(94)07065-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The formation of DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs), induced by irradiation with visible light, was studied in methylene blue-treated (MB-treated) chromatin and H1-depleted chromatin. The effects of the MB concentration and radiation dose were studied using sodium dodecylsulphate-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol assay and sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under identical experimental conditions, DPC formation was less in H1-depleted chromatin (70%) than in chromatin (92%). The non-histone proteins and core proteins of chromatin contributed towards DPC formation. Of the core proteins, H2A was more cross-linked than H4, whereas the bands for H2B and H3 melted into one in chromatin and H1-depleted chromatin. In both cases, the gel pattern showed the appearance of two new protein bands with approximate molecular weights of 27 kDa and 29 kDa as a result of histone-histone cross-linking. Viscometric studies showed that the dissociation of the compact structure of chromatin in 2 M NaCl was more extensive in irradiated, MB-treated, H1-depleted chromatin than in irradiated, MB-treated chromatin, indicating a reduction in the amount of DPC formation in H1-depleted chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lalwani
- Department of Biophysics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li W, Nagaraja S, Delcuve GP, Hendzel MJ, Davie JR. Effects of histone acetylation, ubiquitination and variants on nucleosome stability. Biochem J 1993; 296 ( Pt 3):737-44. [PMID: 8280071 PMCID: PMC1137757 DOI: 10.1042/bj2960737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the nucleosomes of a salt-soluble, transcriptionally active gene-enriched fraction of chicken erythrocyte chromatin were evaluated by hydroxyapatite dissociation chromatography. We have demonstrated previously that the salt-soluble, transcriptionally active gene-enriched polynucleosomes are enriched in dynamically acetylated and ubiquitinated histones, and in an atypical U-shaped nucleosome that possessed about 20% less protein than a typical nucleosome. Further, newly synthesized histones H2A and H2B exchange preferentially with the nucleosomal histones H2A and H2B of this salt-soluble chromatin fraction. Analysis of the histones eluting from the hydroxyapatite-bound chromatin demonstrated that hyperacetylated and ubiquitinated (u), including multi-ubiquitinated, H2A-H2B.1 dimers dissociated at lower concentrations of NaCl than unmodified dimers or dimers with histone variants H2A.Z and/or H2B.2. Cross-linking studies revealed that at least 50% of uH2B.1 was paired with uH2A. uH2A-uH2B.1 dimers dissociated at lower NaCl concentrations than H2A-uH2B.1 dimers. Hyperacetylated histone (H3-H4)2 tetramers also eluted at lower concentrations of NaCl than unmodified tetramers. Our results support the idea that acetylation and ubiquitination of histones H2A and H2B.1 increase the lability of H2A-H2B.1 dimers in transcriptionally active nucleosomes. In contrast, our observations suggest that histone variants H2A.Z and H2B.2. stabilize the association of the H2A-H2B dimer in nucleosomes. The elevated lability of the H2A-H2B dimer may facilitate processes such as the exchange of these dimers with newly synthesized histones, the elongation process of transcription and transcription factor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kubasek WL, Spann D, Hockensmith JW. Laser cross-linking of proteins to nucleic acids: photodegradation and alternative photoproducts of the bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:1-10. [PMID: 8378427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed laser cross-linking provides a means of introducing a covalent bond between proteins and the nucleic acids to which they are bound. This rapid cross-linking effectively traps the equilibrium that exists at the moment of irradiation and thus allows examination of the protein-nucleic acid interactions that existed. Laser irradiation may also induce photodestruction of protein and we have used the bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein to investigate this phenomenon. Our results show that both nonspecific and specific photoproducts can occur, specifically at wavelengths where the peptide backbone of proteins is known to absorb. These results demonstrate that nonspecific photodegradation can be correlated with the formation of a specific photodegradation product. The formation of this product was monitored to show that product yield is nonlinearly dependent on laser power and wavelength. We have also investigated an unexpected photoproduct whose formation is dependent on the length of the polynucleotide to which the gene 32 protein binds and that further demonstrates the complexities of analyzing protein-nucleic acid interactions through the use of UV laser cross-linking. These data provide essential information for the establishment of appropriate conditions for future studies that use UV cross-linking of protein-nucleic acid complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Kubasek
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Belikov SV, Belgovsky AI, Preobrazhenskaya OV, Karpov VL, Mirzabekov AD. Two non-histone proteins are associated with the promoter region and histone HI with the transcribed region of active hsp-70 genes as revealed by UV-induced DNA-protein crosslinking in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:1031-4. [PMID: 8451170 PMCID: PMC309240 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.4.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We described here an approach for mapping proteins on any sequence of genomic DNA. UV-induced DNA-protein crosslinking within whole cells and the 'protein image' hybridization technique (1) were applied to test the proteins bound to different regions of the D. melanogaster hsp-70 gene. The histone H1-DNA association with the coding region is shown to be maintained, even during very intensive transcription, but is absent in the promoter. Two non-histone proteins with apparent molecular masses of 50 kD (p50) and 100 kD (p100) are crosslinked only to the active hsp-70 gene regulatory region and preferentially bind to its complementary and coding DNA strands, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Belikov
- W.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kurochkina L, Kolomijtseva G. Photo-induced crosslinking of histones H3 and H1 to DNA in deoxyribonucleoprotein: implication in studying histone-DNA interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187:261-7. [PMID: 1520306 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A thymine-modified derivative of histone H3, isolated as a result of heat treatment of covalently crosslinked DNA-protein photoadduct from UV-irradiated chromatin, was obtained. Sequence analysis of one of its tryptic peptides revealed that lysine-14 of the N-terminal tail of the histone H3 molecule covalently binds to thymine residue of DNA. This type of UV-crosslinking is most probably the only type for histone H3 and, possibly, for H1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kurochkina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, USSR
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dimitrov SI, Tateossyan HN, Stefanovsky VYu, Russanova VR, Karagyozov L, Pashev IG. Binding of histones to Xenopus laevis ribosomal genes with different levels of expression. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:977-81. [PMID: 1551397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The association of ribosomal RNA genes with histones as a function of their expression has been studied in Xenopus laevis erythrocytes, where the genes are silent, and tadpoles at stage 40, where these genes are actively transcribed. Isolated nuclei were either treated with formaldehyde or irradiated with an ultraviolet laser to cross-link proteins to DNA. The covalently linked protein-DNA complexes were purified by centrifugation through CsCl and immunoprecipitated with antibodies against H1, H2A and H4. DNA from the precipitated complexes was analysed for the presence of ribosomal DNA sequences by hybridization to specific probes. The actively transcribed ribosomal genes from X. laevis embryos are associated with H1, H2A and H4 as are the non-transcribed genes in the erythrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Dimitrov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Srebreva LN, Zlatanova JS. Antibodies specific to histone H1 inhibit in vitro transcription in isolated mammalian nuclei. Mol Cell Biochem 1992; 110:91-100. [PMID: 1579133 DOI: 10.1007/bf02385010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The issue of whether histone H1 is present in transcriptionally active chromatin has been approached by studying the effect specific anti-H1 antibodies have on in vitro transcription in isolated nuclei. To that end, the incorporation of radioactive RNA precursors into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was compared for control nuclei and nuclei that had been preincubated with specific anti-H1 antibody populations (whole sera, affinity-purified immunoglobulins and monovalent Fab fragments). The anti-H1 antibodies significantly and reproducibly inhibited the transcriptional activity in isolated nuclei. Experiments were also performed to exclude the possibility that the inhibition observed was due to some long-distance effect of the binding of the antibodies to chromatin. The results are interpreted as indicating that active gene chromatin does contain histone H1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L N Srebreva
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pashev IG, Dimitrov SI, Angelov D. Crosslinking proteins to nucleic acids by ultraviolet laser irradiation. Trends Biochem Sci 1991; 16:323-6. [PMID: 1835191 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90133-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can initiate complex formation between proteins and DNA or RNA and so can be used to study such interactions. However, crosslink formation by standard UV light sources can take up to several hours. More recently, a beam of monochromatic UV light from a laser has been used to initiate crosslinking in nano- and picosecond time intervals. As noted in an earlier TIBS article 'the advantages of short pulse times and high-energy fluxes should make this a valuable technique in the future'. In this review we characterize laser-induced crosslinking and explore the applications of this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I G Pashev
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wood MJ, Yau P, Imai BS, Goldberg MW, Lambert SJ, Fowler AG, Baldwin JP, Godfrey JE, Moudrianakis EN, Koch MH. Neutron and x-ray scatter studies of the histone octamer and amino and carboxyl domain trimmed octamers. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
43
|
Angelov D, Berger M, Cadet J, Getoff N, Keskinova E, Solar S. Comparison of the effects of high-power U.V.-laser pulses and ionizing radiation on nucleic acids and related compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0197(91)90171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
44
|
Dimitrov SI, Stefanovsky VYu, Karagyozov L, Angelov D, Pashev IG. The enhancers and promoters of the Xenopus laevis ribosomal spacer are associated with histones upon active transcription of the ribosomal genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:6393-7. [PMID: 2243781 PMCID: PMC332518 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.21.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of histones on the enhancer-promoter region of the X.laevis ribosomal spacer has been studied in embryos at stage 40, where the ribosomal genes are actively transcribed. Isolated tadpole nuclei were either fixed with formaldehyde or irradiated with UV laser to crosslink histones to DNA. The purified protein-DNA complexes were immunoprecipitated with antibodies to the histones H1, H2A and H4 and the DNA fragments carrying the respective histones were analyzed for the presence of spacer enhancer-promoter sequences by hybridization to specific DNA probe. The two independent crosslinking procedures revealed the presence of these DNA sequences in the precipitated DNA. The quantitative analysis of the UV laser-crosslinked complexes showed that histones H2A and H4 were associated with enhancer-promoter DNA in amounts similar to those found for bulk DNA, whilst the content of H1 was reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Dimitrov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|