The recognition of DNA cleavage sites by porcine spleen topoisomerase II

Multilevel therapeutic targeting by topoisomerase inhibitors

The successful use of cytotoxic agents in the clinical management of LCH depends upon the selective targeting of cells participating in the disease process. The topoisomerase 'poisons', currently used extensively in the treatment of aggressive malignancies, represent an intriguing class of cytotoxic agents exerting their cytostatic and cytotoxic effects at multiple levels according to cell type. The non-DNA intercalating topoisomerase II poison, etoposide (VP-16), is the "drug of first choice" in the treatment of LCH by cytotoxic chemotherapy. This major anticancer agent traps the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase II on DNA in a sequence-specific manner, the processing of trapped complexes giving rise to a plethora of cellular effects not least the potential activation of pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This short review describes the principles of topoisomerase inhibition, the multiplicity of cellular effects and the concept of cellular targeting in LCH. The successful treatment of LCH by cytotoxic chemotherapy will depend on both the identity of the target tissues and a clear view of therapeutic intent, given the potential for induction of haematological neoplasia.

Selection for spontaneous null mutations in a chromosomally-integrated HSV-1 thymidine kinase gene yields deletions and a mutation caused by intragenic illegitimate recombination

Spontaneous null mutations represent low frequency events that irreversibly and completely inactivate a gene, and can often consist of major gene alterations. To study the molecular mechanisms leading to recessive spontaneous null mutations in the human genome, we designed and tested a selection procedure in cell culture to enrich for this rare class of spontaneous mutations. The KT cell line contains the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene and the neomycin-resistance gene (neo), from plasmid pSV2neoKT, integrated as a single-copy in the human tk- cell line 143B. The HSV-1 tk gene was the target for spontaneous gene inactivation, and antiviral drugs (acyclovir, trifluorothymidine and ganciclovir) were used, in combination, to provide a selective enrichment for null mutations over the background of more frequent and revertible point mutations. The tk- mutations obtained with this multiple drug selection assay appeared at a very low frequency, rarely reverted to wild-type (tk+), and the TK protein was observed only in 4.8% of these null mutants. Deletions of the entire tk gene, or its 3' region, constituted the major class of DNA rearrangements seen in the null mutations. Additionally, one of the null mutants contained an intragenic 106-bp duplication within a 43-bp deleted region of the tk gene. We propose this mutation to be the outcome of an intragenic gene conversion event which may have been facilitated by short regions of junctional homology.