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Nock S, Karim E, Unsworth AJ. Pim Kinases: Important Regulators of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11582. [PMID: 37511341 PMCID: PMC10380471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pim Kinases; Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3, are a family of constitutively active serine/threonine kinases, widely associated with cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Historically considered to be functionally redundant, independent roles for the individual isoforms have been described. Whilst most established for their role in cancer progression, there is increasing evidence for wider pathological roles of Pim kinases within the context of cardiovascular disease, including inflammation, thrombosis, and cardiac injury. The Pim kinase isoforms have widespread expression in cardiovascular tissues, including the heart, coronary artery, aorta, and blood, and have been demonstrated to be upregulated in several co-morbidities/risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Pim kinase inhibition may thus be a desirable therapeutic for a multi-targeted approach to treat cardiovascular disease and some of the associated risk factors. In this review, we discuss what is known about Pim kinase expression and activity in cells of the cardiovascular system, identify areas where the role of Pim kinase has yet to be fully explored and characterised and review the suitability of targeting Pim kinase for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda J. Unsworth
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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2
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Super-enhancers conserved within placental mammals maintain stem cell pluripotency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204716119. [PMID: 36161929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204716119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite pluripotent stem cells sharing key transcription factors, their maintenance involves distinct genetic inputs. Emerging evidence suggests that super-enhancers (SEs) can function as master regulatory hubs to control cell identity and pluripotency in humans and mice. However, whether pluripotency-associated SEs share an evolutionary origin in mammals remains elusive. Here, we performed comprehensive comparative epigenomic and transcription factor binding analyses among pigs, humans, and mice to identify pluripotency-associated SEs. Like typical enhancers, SEs displayed rapid evolution in mammals. We showed that BRD4 is an essential and conserved activator for mammalian pluripotency-associated SEs. Comparative motif enrichment analysis revealed 30 shared transcription factor binding motifs among the three species. The majority of transcriptional factors that bind to identified motifs are known regulators associated with pluripotency. Further, we discovered three pluripotency-associated SEs (SE-SOX2, SE-PIM1, and SE-FGFR1) that displayed remarkable conservation in placental mammals and were sufficient to drive reporter gene expression in a pluripotency-dependent manner. Disruption of these conserved SEs through the CRISPR-Cas9 approach severely impaired stem cell pluripotency. Our study provides insights into the understanding of conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying the maintenance of pluripotency as well as species-specific modulation of the pluripotency-associated regulatory networks in mammals.
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3
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Rathi A, Kumar D, Hasan GM, Haque MM, Hassan MI. Therapeutic targeting of PIM KINASE signaling in cancer therapy: Structural and clinical prospects. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129995. [PMID: 34455019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIM kinases are well-studied drug targets for cancer, belonging to Serine/Threonine kinases family. They are the downstream target of various signaling pathways, and their up/down-regulation affects various physiological processes. PIM family comprises three isoforms, namely, PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3, on alternative initiation of translation and they have different levels of expression in different types of cancers. Its structure shows a unique ATP-binding site in the hinge region which makes it unique among other kinases. SCOPE OF REVIEW PIM kinases are widely reported in hematological malignancies along with prostate and breast cancers. Currently, many drugs are used as inhibitors of PIM kinases. In this review, we highlighted the physiological significance of PIM kinases in the context of disease progression and therapeutic targeting. We comprehensively reviewed the PIM kinases in terms of their expression and regulation of different physiological roles. We further predicted functional partners of PIM kinases to elucidate their role in the cellular physiology of different cancer and mapped their interaction network. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A deeper mechanistic insight into the PIM signaling involved in regulating different cellular processes, including transcription, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell migration and senescence, is provided. Furthermore, structural features of PIM have been dissected to understand the mechanism of inhibition and subsequent implication of designed inhibitors towards therapeutic management of prostate, breast and other cancers. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Being a potential drug target for cancer therapy, available drugs and PIM inhibitors at different stages of clinical trials are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Rathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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4
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Unsworth AJ, Bye AP, Sage T, Gaspar RS, Eaton N, Drew C, Stainer A, Kriek N, Volberding PJ, Hutchinson JL, Riley R, Jones S, Mundell SJ, Cui W, Falet H, Gibbins JM. Antiplatelet properties of Pim kinase inhibition are mediated through disruption of thromboxane A2 receptor signaling. Haematologica 2021; 106:1968-1978. [PMID: 32467143 PMCID: PMC8252961 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.223529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim kinases are upregulated in several forms of cancer, contributing to cell survival and tumor development, but their role in platelet function and thrombotic disease has not been explored. We report for the first time that Pim-1 kinase is expressed in human and mouse platelets. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Pim kinase results in reduced thrombus formation but is not associated with impaired hemostasis. Attenuation of thrombus formation was found to be due to inhibition of the thromboxane A2 receptor as effects on platelet function were non-additive to inhibition caused by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist GR32191. Treatment with Pim kinase inhibitors caused reduced surface expression of the thromboxane A2 receptor and resulted in reduced responses to thromboxane A2 receptor agonists, indicating a role for Pim kinase in the regulation of thromboxane A2 receptor function. Our research identifies a novel, Pim kinase-dependent regulatory mechanism for the thromboxane A2 receptor and represents a new targeting strategy that is independent of cyclo-oxygenase-1 inhibition or direct antagonism of the thromboxane A2 receptor that, while attenuating thrombosis, does not increase bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Unsworth
- University of Reading and Dept. of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander P Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular, Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Tanya Sage
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Renato S Gaspar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Nathan Eaton
- Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Caleb Drew
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexander Stainer
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Neline Kriek
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Peter J Volberding
- Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James L Hutchinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ryan Riley
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart J Mundell
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hervé Falet
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Park H, Jeon J, Kim K, Choi S, Hong S. Structure-Based Virtual Screening and De Novo Design of PIM1 Inhibitors with Anticancer Activity from Natural Products. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030275. [PMID: 33803840 PMCID: PMC8003278 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the proviral insertion site of Moloney murine leukemia (PIM) 1 kinase has served as a therapeutic target for various human cancers due to the enhancement of cell proliferation and the inhibition of apoptosis. METHODS to identify effective PIM1 kinase inhibitors, structure-based virtual screening of natural products of plant origin and de novo design were carried out using the protein-ligand binding free energy function improved by introducing an adequate dehydration energy term. RESULTS as a consequence of subsequent enzyme inhibition assays, four classes of PIM1 kinase inhibitors were discovered, with the biochemical potency ranging from low-micromolar to sub-micromolar levels. The results of extensive docking simulations showed that the inhibitory activity stemmed from the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds in combination with hydrophobic interactions in the ATP-binding site. Optimization of the biochemical potency by chemical modifications of the 2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)-one scaffold led to the discovery of several nanomolar inhibitors with antiproliferative activities against human breast cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS these new PIM1 kinase inhibitors are anticipated to serve as a new starting point for the development of anticancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.H.); Tel.: +82-23-408-3766 (H.P.); +82-42-350-2811 (S.H.)
| | - Jinwon Jeon
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.J.); (K.K.); (S.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kewon Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.J.); (K.K.); (S.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.J.); (K.K.); (S.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.J.); (K.K.); (S.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.H.); Tel.: +82-23-408-3766 (H.P.); +82-42-350-2811 (S.H.)
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Sugita M, Onishi I, Irisa M, Yoshida N, Hirata F. Molecular Recognition and Self-Organization in Life Phenomena Studied by a Statistical Mechanics of Molecular Liquids, the RISM/3D-RISM Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:E271. [PMID: 33430461 PMCID: PMC7826681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two molecular processes that are essential for living bodies to maintain their life: the molecular recognition, and the self-organization or self-assembly. Binding of a substrate by an enzyme is an example of the molecular recognition, while the protein folding is a good example of the self-organization process. The two processes are further governed by the other two physicochemical processes: solvation and the structural fluctuation. In the present article, the studies concerning the two molecular processes carried out by Hirata and his coworkers, based on the statistical mechanics of molecular liquids or the RISM/3D-RISM theory, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Sugita
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W8-76, 2-12-1, Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Itaru Onishi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; (I.O.); (M.I.)
| | - Masayuki Irisa
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; (I.O.); (M.I.)
| | - Norio Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan;
| | - Fumio Hirata
- Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Targeting cytokine- and therapy-induced PIM1 activation in preclinical models of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 2020; 135:1685-1695. [PMID: 32315407 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) are aggressive hematological malignancies that are currently treated with high-dose chemotherapy. Over the last several years, the search toward novel and less-toxic therapeutic strategies for T-ALL/T-LBL patients has largely focused on the identification of cell-intrinsic properties of the tumor cell. However, non-cell-autonomous activation of specific oncogenic pathways might also offer opportunities that could be exploited at the therapeutic level. In line with this, we here show that endogenous interleukin 7 (IL7) can increase the expression of the oncogenic kinase proviral integration site for Moloney-murine leukemia 1 (PIM1) in CD127+ T-ALL/T-LBL, thereby rendering these tumor cells sensitive to in vivo PIM inhibition. In addition, using different CD127+ T-ALL/T-LBL xenograft models, we also reveal that residual tumor cells, which remain present after short-term in vivo chemotherapy, display consistent upregulation of PIM1 as compared with bulk nontreated tumor cells. Notably, this effect was transient as increased PIM1 levels were not observed in reestablished disease after abrogation of the initial chemotherapy. Furthermore, we uncover that this phenomenon is, at least in part, mediated by the ability of glucocorticoids to cause transcriptional upregulation of IL7RA in T-ALL/T-LBL patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells, ultimately resulting in non-cell-autonomous PIM1 upregulation by endogenous IL7. Finally, we confirm in vivo that chemotherapy in combination with a pan-PIM inhibitor can improve leukemia survival in a PDX model of CD127+ T-ALL. Altogether, our work reveals that IL7 and glucocorticoids coordinately drive aberrant activation of PIM1 and suggests that IL7-responsive CD127+ T-ALL and T-LBL patients could benefit from PIM inhibition during induction chemotherapy.
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8
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Tan DJY, Winnerdy FR, Lim KW, Phan AT. Coexistence of two quadruplex-duplex hybrids in the PIM1 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11162-11171. [PMID: 32976598 PMCID: PMC7641742 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer which lacks of targeted therapies, exhibits a poor prognosis. It was shown recently that the PIM1 oncogene is highly related to the proliferation of TNBC cells. A quadruplex-duplex hybrid (QDH) forming sequence was recently found to exist near the transcription start site of PIM1. This structure could be an attractive target for regulation of the PIM1 gene expression and thus the treatment of TNBC. Here, we present the solution structures of two QDHs that could coexist in the human PIM1 gene. Form 1 is a three-G-tetrad-layered (3+1) G-quadruplex containing a propeller loop, a lateral loop and a stem-loop made up of three G•C Watson-Crick base pairs. On the other hand, Form 2 is an anti-parallel G-quadruplex comprising two G-tetrads and a G•C•G•C tetrad; the structure has three lateral loops with the middle stem-loop made up of two Watson-Crick G•C base pairs. These structures provide valuable information for the design of G-quadruplex-specific ligands for PIM1 transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Y Tan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Fernaldo Richtia Winnerdy
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kah Wai Lim
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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9
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Zhang X, Zou Y, Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhu J, Zhang J, Chen X, Zhang R, Li J. Inhibition of PIM1 kinase attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by modulating the ZEB1/E-cadherin pathway in alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:15-22. [PMID: 32619930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PIM1 is serine/threonine protein kinase that is involved in numerous biological processes. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic pathological result of the dysfunctional repair of lung injury without effective therapeutic treatments. In the current study, we investigated whether PIM1 inhibition would improve bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In a BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, PIM1 was persistently upregulated in fibrotic lung tissues. Furthermore, PIM1 inhibition by the PIM1-specific inhibitor SMI-4a showed protective effects against BLM-induced mortality. Furthermore, SMI-4a suppressed hydroxyproline deposition and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) formation, which was characterized by E-cadherin and α-SMA expression in vivo. More importantly, the ZEB1/E-cadherin pathway was found to be closely associated with BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. After the in vitro treatment of A549 cells, PIM1 regulated E-cadherin expression by dependently modulating the activity of the transcription factor ZEB1. These findings were verified in vivo after SMI-4a administration. Finally, an shPIM1-expressing adeno-associated virus was delivered via intratracheal injection to induce a long-term PIM1 deficiency in the alveolar epithelium. AAV-mediated PIM1 knockdown in the lung tissues alleviated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as indicated by collagen accumulation reduction, pulmonary histopathological mitigation and EMT reversion. These findings enhance our understanding of the roles of PIM1 in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis and suggest PIM1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in chronic pulmonary injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumeng Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Chen J, Tang G. PIM-1 kinase: a potential biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6267-6273. [PMID: 31496730 PMCID: PMC6690594 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s212752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis, and effective biomarkers for targeted diagnosis and treatment are lacking. The tumorigenicity of the provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM-1) gene has been studied for many years. However, its significance in breast cancer remains unclear. In this review we briefly summarized the physiological characteristics and regulation of PIM-1 kinase, and subsequently focused on the role of PIM-1 in tumors, especially breast cancer. Oncogene PIM-1 was found to be upregulated in breast cancer, especially in triple-negative breast cancer. Moreover, it is involved in tumorigenesis and the development of drug resistance, and linked to poor prognosis. A highly selective probe targeting PIM-1 for imaging has emerged, suggesting that PIM-1 may be a potential biomarker for the accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zou Y, Cao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Xiong Y. The role of dorsal root ganglia PIM1 in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134375. [PMID: 31349016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury is a complex and chronic state that is accompanied by poor quality of life. However, whether PIM1 (proviral integration site 1) contributes to the development of nociceptive hypersensitivity induced by nerve injury remains unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of PIM1 on spinal nerve ligation (SNL) induced pain hypersensitivity. Here, we found that PIM1 positive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were colocalized with nociceptive neuronal markers CGRP, IB4 and substance P and were upregulated after SNL surgery. Knockdown PIM1 in the DRG by AAV5-shPIM1 alleviated SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity. In neuroblastoma cells (neuro-2a), PIM1 regulated the expression of CXCR4 phosphorylated at ser339 (pCXCR4) as well as the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway. In the DRG tissues, we found that PIM1 was co-expressed with CXCR4, and knockdown of PIM1 attenuated pCXCR4 (ser339) protein expression but had little effect on total CXCR4 protein expression after SNL surgery. These findings suggest that PIM1 contributes to nerve injury-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity. Based on these findings and the characteristics of PIM1, we speculate that PIM1 might be a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Yumeng Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20080, China.
| | - Yuanchang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Discovery of novel triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-3-yl-quinoline derivatives as PIM inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:87-109. [PMID: 30802730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PIM kinase family (PIM-1, PIM-2 and PIM-3) is an appealing target for the discovery and development of selective inhibitors, useful in various disease conditions in which these proteins are highly expressed, such as cancer. The significant effort put, in the recent years, towards the development of small molecules exhibiting inhibitory activity against this protein family has ended up with several molecules entering clinical trials. As part of our ongoing exploration for potential drug candidates that exhibit affinity towards this protein family, we have generated a novel chemical series of triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine based tricycles by applying a scaffold hopping strategy over our previously reported potent pan-PIM inhibitor ETP-47453 (compound 2). The structure-activity relationship studies presented herein demonstrate a rather selective PIM-1/PIM-3 biochemical profile for this novel series of tricycles, although pan-PIM and PIM-1 inhibitors have also been identified. Selected examples show significant inhibition of the phosphorylation of BAD protein in a cell-based assay. Moreover, optimized and highly selective compounds, such as 42, did not show significant hERG inhibition at 20 μM concentration, and proved its antiproliferative activity and utility in combination with particular antitumoral agents in several tumor cell lines.
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13
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Ha YJ, Choi YS, Han DW, Kang EH, Yoo IS, Kim JH, Kang SW, Lee EY, Song YW, Lee YJ. PIM-1 kinase is a novel regulator of proinflammatory cytokine-mediated responses in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 58:154-164. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- You-Jung Ha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong Seok Choi
- Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Han
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In Seol Yoo
- Daejeon Rheumatoid & Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Kim
- Daejeon Rheumatoid & Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong Wook Kang
- Daejeon Rheumatoid & Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- WCU Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Hasegawa T, Sugita M, Kikuchi T, Hirata F. A Systematic Analysis of the Binding Affinity between the Pim-1 Kinase and Its Inhibitors Based on the MM/3D-RISM/KH Method. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:2789-2798. [PMID: 29019402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the binding affinities of 16 lead compounds targeting the Pim-1 kinase based on the 3D-RISM/KH theory and MD simulations is reported. The results show a correlation coefficient R = 0.69 between the theoretical and experimental values of the binding free energy. This demonstrates that the method is applicable to the problem of compound screening and lead optimization, for which relative values of the free energy among the compounds have significance. We elucidate the contribution of the ligand fragments to the binding free energy. Our results indicate that the interactions between the residues and the triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine scaffold as well as the phenyl ring of the ligand molecule make significant contributions to stabilization of the complex. Using the 3D-RISM/KH theory, we further analyze the probability distribution of a ligand fragment around the protein-ligand complex in which the substituent around the phenyl ring is removed from the ligand. The results demonstrate that the 3D-RISM/KH theory is capable of predicting the position of substitution on a ligand that has a higher affinity to a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hasegawa
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masatake Sugita
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Fumio Hirata
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute , 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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15
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PIM1: a promising target in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Med Oncol 2017; 34:142. [PMID: 28721678 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have poor prognosis, and chemotherapy remains the mainstay of therapy because of lack of discovered possible target. MYC were found overexpressed in TNBCs compared with other subtypes and especially in those resistant to chemotherapy, but the inhibition has been challenging to achieve. Recently, the cooperation of PIM1 and MYC was identified involved in cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis of TNBCs, which has been reported in hematological malignancy and prostatic cancer. Inhibition of PIM1 can promote the apoptosis of tumor cells and enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy. Notably, PIM1-null mice develop normally and are fertile, suggesting the side effects can be tolerated. Thus, PIM1 may be a promising target in TNBCs and further investigation, both in vivo and in vitro, needs to be carried out.
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16
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Abnous K, Manavi H, Mehri S, Alibolandi M, Kamali H, Ghandadi M, Hadizadeh F. In vitro evaluation of dihydropyridine-3-carbonitriles as potential cytotoxic agents through PIM-1 protein kinase inhibition. Res Pharm Sci 2017. [PMID: 28626477 PMCID: PMC5465828 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM-1 protein kinase inhibitor belongs to a novel class of serine/threonine kinases. As PIM-1 is overexpressed in cancer cells and possesses oncogenic functions, its inhibition provides a new option in cancer therapy. In this study, in vitro inhibitory effects of seven analogues of 1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives Ia-c, IIa-d on the activity of recombinant PIM-1 were evaluated using dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The PIM-1 protein kinase inhibitory potencies and the cytotoxicity effects of tested compounds were respectively as follows: Ic > IIa > Ia > IIb > Ib > IId > IIc and IIb > IIa > Ia > IIc > Ic > Ib > IId, respectively. The compound Ic with methylthio imidazole substituent at C-3 position and benzodioxole substituent at C-6 position of 2-imino-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3- carbonitrile structure showed the strongest PIM-1 inhibitory effect (IC50 = 111.01 nM), while the compound IIc with methythio imidazole substituent at C-3 position and benzodioxole substituent at C-6 position of 2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3- carbonitrile structure exhibited the least inhibition activity (IC50 = 433.71 nM). The docking results showed that all tested compounds localized appropriately in the middle of binding cavity after docking procedure, demonstrating suitable interactions between ligands and protein. This study demonstrated that the PIM-1 inhibitory potencies of newly synthesized compounds were in submicromolar concentrations (IC50 < 150 nM) while they exhibited low cytotoxicity on HT-29 cell line (IC50> 130 μM). Altogether, our data indicated that compounds Ic, IIa, Ia could be considered as new potent non-toxic PIM-1 inhibitors which could be used in combination with routine anti-proliferative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Hesam Manavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Kamali
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Morteza Ghandadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
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17
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Brasó-Maristany F, Filosto S, Catchpole S, Marlow R, Quist J, Francesch-Domenech E, Plumb DA, Zakka L, Gazinska P, Liccardi G, Meier P, Gris-Oliver A, Cheang MCU, Perdrix-Rosell A, Shafat M, Noël E, Patel N, McEachern K, Scaltriti M, Castel P, Noor F, Buus R, Mathew S, Watkins J, Serra V, Marra P, Grigoriadis A, Tutt AN. PIM1 kinase regulates cell death, tumor growth and chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Med 2016; 22:1303-1313. [PMID: 27775704 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have poor prognosis and lack targeted therapies. Here we identified increased copy number and expression of the PIM1 proto-oncogene in genomic data sets of patients with TNBC. TNBC cells, but not nonmalignant mammary epithelial cells, were dependent on PIM1 for proliferation and protection from apoptosis. PIM1 knockdown reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2, and dynamic BH3 profiling of apoptotic priming revealed that PIM1 prevents mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in TNBC cell lines. In TNBC tumors and their cellular models, PIM1 expression was associated with several transcriptional signatures involving the transcription factor MYC, and PIM1 depletion in TNBC cell lines decreased, in a MYC-dependent manner, cell population growth and expression of the MYC target gene MCL1. Treatment with the pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 impaired the growth of both cell line and patient-derived xenografts and sensitized them to standard-of-care chemotherapy. This work identifies PIM1 as a malignant-cell-selective target in TNBC and the potential use of PIM1 inhibitors for sensitizing TNBC to chemotherapy-induced apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fara Brasó-Maristany
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simone Filosto
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steven Catchpole
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Marlow
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jelmar Quist
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Cancer Bioinformatics, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erika Francesch-Domenech
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Darren A Plumb
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Leila Zakka
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Pascal Meier
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Albert Gris-Oliver
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maggie Chon U Cheang
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Perdrix-Rosell
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manar Shafat
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elodie Noël
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nirmesh Patel
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pau Castel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Farzana Noor
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Richard Buus
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sumi Mathew
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Johnathan Watkins
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierfrancesco Marra
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Cancer Bioinformatics, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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18
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Curi DA, Beauchamp EM, Blyth GT, Arslan AD, Donato NJ, Giles FJ, Altman JK, Platanias LC. Pre-clinical evidence of PIM kinase inhibitor activity in BCR-ABL1 unmutated and mutated Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemias. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33206-16. [PMID: 26375673 PMCID: PMC4741759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of targeting the PIM kinase pathway in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemias. We provide evidence that inhibition of PIM, with the pan-PIM inhibitor SGI-1776, results in suppression of classic PIM effectors and also elements of the mTOR pathway, suggesting interplay between PIM and mTOR signals. Our data demonstrate that PIM inhibition enhances the effects of imatinib mesylate on Ph+ leukemia cells. We also found that PIM inhibition results in suppression of leukemic cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis of Ph+ leukemia cells, including those resistant to imatinib mesylate. Importantly, inhibition of PIM results in enhanced suppression of primary leukemic progenitors from patients with CML. Altogether these findings suggest that pharmacological PIM targeting may provide a unique therapeutic approach for the treatment of Ph+ leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany A Curi
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elspeth M Beauchamp
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gavin T Blyth
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahmet Dirim Arslan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Donato
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Francis J Giles
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Velazquez R, Shaw DM, Caccamo A, Oddo S. Pim1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:52. [PMID: 27412291 PMCID: PMC4944476 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, AD is characterized by impairments of memory and cognitive functions. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles are the prominent neuropathologies in patients with AD. Strong evidence indicates that an imbalance between production and degradation of key proteins contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in maintaining protein homeostasis as it regulates both protein synthesis and degradation. A key regulator of mTOR activity is the proline-rich AKT substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40), which directly binds to mTOR and reduces its activity. Notably, AD patients have elevated levels of phosphorylated PRAS40, which correlate with Aβ and tau pathologies as well as cognitive deficits. Physiologically, PRAS40 phosphorylation is regulated by Pim1, a protein kinase of the protoconcogene family. Here, we tested the effects of a selective Pim1 inhibitor (Pim1i), on spatial reference and working memory and AD-like pathology in 3xTg-AD mice. Results We have identified a Pim1i that crosses the blood brain barrier and reduces PRAS40 phosphorylation. Pim1i-treated 3xTg-AD mice performed significantly better than their vehicle treated counterparts as well as non-transgenic mice. Additionally, 3xTg-AD Pim1i-treated mice showed a reduction in soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels, as well as a 45.2 % reduction in Aβ42 plaques within the hippocampus. Furthermore, phosphorylated tau immunoreactivity was reduced in the hippocampus of Pim1i–treated 3xTg-AD mice by 38 %. Mechanistically, these changes were linked to a significant increase in proteasome activity. Conclusion These results suggest that reductions in phosphorylated PRAS40 levels via Pim1 inhibition reduce Aβ and Tau pathology and rescue cognitive deficits by increasing proteasome function. Given that Pim1 inhibitors are already being tested in ongoing human clinical trials for cancer, the results presented here may open a new venue of drug discovery for AD by developing more Pim1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Velazquez
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Darren M Shaw
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Antonella Caccamo
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Salvatore Oddo
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA. .,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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20
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Xu Z, Gwin KA, Li Y, Medina KL. Developmental stage-specific effects of Pim-1 dysregulation on murine bone marrow B cell development. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:16. [PMID: 27287229 PMCID: PMC4902936 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serine threonine kinase Pim-1 has documented roles in hematopoietic progenitor and B cell precursor proliferation and survival. Pim-1 is a molecular target of the transcription factor Hoxa9. Previous studies showed that Pim-1 deficiency phenocopied the hematopoietic progenitor defect in hoxa9-/- mice and forced expression of Pim-1 normalized the in vitro proliferation defect inherent to hoxa9-/- hematopoietic progenitors. Pim-1 is induced by cytokine signaling, including the early lymphoid/B lineage regulators Flt3 and IL-7, and expression levels were shown to influence the size of the B cell compartment in bone marrow (BM). Results In this study, we sought to determine if transgenic expression of Pim-1, driven by the immunoglobulin enhancer, Eμ, was sufficient to rescue the lymphoid/B cell precursor defect in hoxa9 or flt3-ligand (flt3l) deficient mice. Unexpectedly, expression of Eμ − Pim1 exacerbated lymphoid progenitor deficiencies in flt3l-/-, and to a lesser extent, hoxa9-/- mice. Furthermore, Eμ − Pim1 expression alone reduced early myeloid and lymphoid, but not erythroid, progenitors. In contrast, Pim-1 deficiency had no significant effect on early lymphoid/B cell development through the Pre-Pro-B cell stage, but caused a significant reduction in IgM− B cell precursors. Importantly, loss of Pim-1 did not phenocopy hoxa9- or flt3l-deficiency on the lymphoid/early B cell progenitor pools. Conclusions These experimental findings demonstrate that Pim-1 overexpression has developmental-stage-specific effects on B lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis. Importantly, these suggest that Pim-1 deficiency does not contribute significantly to the early lymphoid/B cell developmental deficiency in hoxa9-/- or flt3l-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xu
- The Key Laboratory Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kimberly A Gwin
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kay L Medina
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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21
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Identification of quinones as novel PIM1 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3187-3191. [PMID: 27173800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PIM1 is a proto-oncogene encoding the serine/threonine PIM1 kinase. PIM1 kinase plays important roles in regulating aspects of cell cycle progression, apoptosis resistance, and has been implicated in the development of such malignancies as prostate cancer and acute myeloid leukemia among others. Knockout of PIM1 kinase in mice has been shown to be non-lethal without any obvious phenotypic changes, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Our investigation of anthraquinones as kinase inhibitors revealed a series of quinone analogs showing high selectivity for inhibition of the PIM kinases. Molecular modeling studies were used to identify key interactions and binding poses of these compounds within the PIM1 binding pocket. Compounds 1, 4, 7 and 9 inhibited the growth of DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines with a potency of 8.21μM, 4.06μM, 3.21μM and 2.02μM.
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22
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Kim JE, Son JE, Jeong H, Joon Kim D, Seo SK, Lee E, Lim TG, Kim JR, Chen H, Bode AM, Lee KW, Dong Z. A Novel Cinnamon-Related Natural Product with Pim-1 Inhibitory Activity Inhibits Leukemia and Skin Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2716-2728. [PMID: 25948588 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pim-1 kinase regulates cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation and is overexpressed frequently in many malignancies, including leukemia and skin cancer. In this study, we used kinase profiling analysis to demonstrate that 2'-hydroxycinnamicaldehyde (2'-HCA), a compound found in cinnamon, specifically inhibits Pim-1 activity. Cocrystallography studies determined the hydrogen bonding pattern between 2'-HCA and Pim-1. Notably, 2'-HCA binding altered the apo kinase structure in a manner that shielded the ligand from solvent, thereby acting as a gatekeeper loop. Biologically, 2'-HCA inhibited the growth of human erythroleukemia or squamous epidermoid carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis. The compound was also effective as a chemopreventive agent against EGF-mediated neoplastic transformation. Finally, 2'-HCA potently suppressed the growth of mouse xenografts representing human leukemia or skin cancer. Overall, our results offered preclinical proof of concept for 2'-HCA as a potent anticancer principle arising from direct targeting of the Pim-1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Republic of Korea.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Jeong
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Sang Kwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.,Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Lim
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Republic of Korea.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Jong Rhan Kim
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Herzog S, Fink MA, Weitmann K, Friedel C, Hadlich S, Langner S, Kindermann K, Holm T, Böhm A, Eskilsson E, Miletic H, Hildner M, Fritsch M, Vogelgesang S, Havemann C, Ritter CA, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE, Rauch B, Hoffmann W, Kroemer HK, Schroeder H, Bien-Möller S. Pim1 kinase is upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme and mediates tumor cell survival. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:223-42. [PMID: 25155357 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive and common primary brain tumor of adults, involves surgery and a combined radiochemotherapy that controls tumor progression only for a limited time window. Therefore, the identification of new molecular targets is highly necessary. Inhibition of kinases has become a standard of clinical oncology, and thus the oncogenic kinase Pim1 might represent a promising target for improvement of GBM therapy. METHODS Expression of Pim1 and associated signaling molecules was analyzed in human GBM samples, and the potential role of this kinase in patients' prognosis was evaluated. Furthermore, we analyzed the in vivo role of Pim1 in GBM cell growth in an orthotopic mouse model and examined the consequences of Pim1 inhibition in vitro to clarify underlying pathways. RESULTS In comparison with normal brain, a strong upregulation of Pim1 was demonstrated in human GBM samples. Notably, patients with short overall survival showed a significantly higher Pim1 expression compared with GBM patients who lived longer than the median. In vitro experiments with GBM cells and analysis of patients' GBM samples suggest that Pim1 regulation is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor. Furthermore, inhibition of Pim1 resulted in reduced cell viability accompanied by decreased cell numbers and increased apoptotic cells, as seen by elevated subG1 cell contents and caspase-3 and -9 activation, as well as modulation of several cell cycle or apoptosis regulatory proteins. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, Pim1 could be a novel therapeutic target, which should be further analyzed to improve the outcome of patients with aggressive GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Herzog
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Matthias Alexander Fink
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Kerstin Weitmann
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Claudius Friedel
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Stefan Hadlich
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Sönke Langner
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Katharina Kindermann
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Tobias Holm
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Andreas Böhm
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Eskil Eskilsson
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Markus Hildner
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Michael Fritsch
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Silke Vogelgesang
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Christoph Havemann
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Christoph Alexander Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Henriette Elisabeth Meyer zu Schwabedissen
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Bernhard Rauch
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Heyo Klaus Kroemer
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Henry Schroeder
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
| | - Sandra Bien-Möller
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT (S.H., M.H., M.A.F., T.H., A.B., H.E.M.z.S., H.K.K., B.R., S.B-M.); Institute of Pathology (S.V.); Institute of Pharmacy (C.A.R.); Institute for Community Medicine (K.W., C.H., W.H.); Clinic of Neurosurgery (C.F., M.F., H.S.); Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (S.H., K.K., S.L.); Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.); Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.E., H.M.)
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Aguirre E, Renner O, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C. Genetic Modeling of PIM Proteins in Cancer: Proviral Tagging and Cooperation with Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Carcinogens. Front Oncol 2014; 4:109. [PMID: 24860787 PMCID: PMC4030178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM proteins, which were initially discovered as proviral insertion sites in Moloney-murine leukemia virus infection, are a family of highly homologous serine/threonine kinases that have been reported to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The PIM proteins have also been associated with metastasis and overall treatment responses and implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, metabolism, the cell cycle, and homing and migration, which makes these proteins interesting targets for anti-cancer drug discovery. The use of retroviral insertional mutagenesis and refined approaches such as complementation tagging has allowed the identification of myc, pim, and a third group of genes (including bmi1 and gfi1) as complementing genes in lymphomagenesis. Moreover, mouse modeling of human cancer has provided an understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in tumor initiation and progression at the physiological level. In particular, genetically modified mice have allowed researchers to further elucidate the role of each of the Pim isoforms in various tumor types. PIM kinases have been identified as weak oncogenes because experimental overexpression in lymphoid tissue, prostate, and liver induces tumors at a relatively low incidence and with a long latency. However, very strong synergistic tumorigenicity between Pim1/2 and c-Myc and other oncogenes has been observed in lymphoid tissues. Mouse models have also been used to study whether the inhibition of specific PIM isoforms is required to prevent carcinogen-induced sarcomas, indicating that the absence of Pim2 and Pim3 greatly reduces sarcoma growth and bone invasion; the extent of this effect is similar to that observed in the absence of all three isoforms. This review will summarize some of the animal models that have been used to understand the isoform-specific contribution of PIM kinases to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enara Aguirre
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Oliver Renner
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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An N, Lin YW, Mahajan S, Kellner JN, Wang Y, Li Z, Kraft AS, Kang Y. Pim1 serine/threonine kinase regulates the number and functions of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1202-12. [PMID: 23495171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genes and pathways that govern the functions and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of serine/threonine Pim kinases in hematopoiesis in mice. We generated PIM1 transgenic mice (Pim1-Tx) overexpressing human PIM1 driven by vav hematopoietic promoter/regulatory elements. Compared to wild-type littermates, Pim1-Tx mice showed enhanced hematopoiesis as demonstrated by increased numbers of Lin(-) Sca-1 (+) c-Kit (+) (LSK) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cobblestone area forming cells, higher BrdU incorporation in long-term HSC population, and a better ability to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice. We then extended our study using Pim1(-/-), Pim2(-/-), Pim3(-/-) single knockout (KO) mice. HSCs from Pim1(-/-) KO mice showed impaired long-term hematopoietic repopulating capacity in secondary and competitive transplantations. Interestingly, these defects were not observed in HSCs from Pim2(-/-) or Pim3(-/-) KO mice. Limiting dilution competitive transplantation assay estimated that the frequency of LSKCD34(-) HSCs was reduced by approximately 28-fold in Pim1(-/-) KO mice compared to wild-type littermates. Mechanistic studies demonstrated an important role of Pim1 kinase in regulating HSC cell proliferation and survival. Finally, our polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and confirmatory real-time PCR (RT-PCR) studies identified several genes including Lef-1, Pax5, and Gata1 in HSCs that were affected by Pim1 deletion. Our data provide the first direct evidence for the important role of Pim1 kinase in the regulation of HSCs. Our study also dissects out the relative role of individual Pim kinase in HSC functions and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Alexander A, Keyomarsi K. Exploiting Cell Cycle Pathways in Cancer Therapy: New (and Old) Targets and Potential Strategies. NUCLEAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TARGETING TRANSCRIPTION IN CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8039-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Renard S, Paulin R, Breuils-Bonnet S, Simard S, Pibarot P, Bonnet S, Provencher S. Pim-1: A new biomarker in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:74-81. [PMID: 23662177 PMCID: PMC3641743 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim-1) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in lungs from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients and involved in cell proliferation via the activation of the NFAT/STAT3 signaling pathway. We hypothesized that Pim-1 plasma levels would predict the presence of PAH and correlate with disease severity. Pim-1 plasma levels were measured at the time of catheterization in 49 PAH patients, including nonvasoreactive ( n = 19) and vasoreactive idiopathic PAH (n = 5), and PAH related to connective tissue disease (n = 16) and congenital heart disease (n = 9). Fifty controls were also recruited. The capacity of Pim-1 to discriminate PAH from controls and its association with disease severity were assessed. Pim-1 plasma levels were higher in PAH than in controls (9.6 ± 4.0 vs. 7.2 ± 2.4 ng/mL, P < 0.01). Pim-1 appropriately discriminated proliferative PAH from controls (AUC = 0.78 to 0.94 using ROC curves). Among PAH patients, Pim-1 correlated with traditional markers of PAH severity. The 1-year survival was 97% and 47% for PAH patients with baseline Pim-1 levels lower and higher than 11.1 ng/mL, respectively (HR 11.4 (3.3-39.7); P < 0.01). After adjustment for hemodynamic and biochemical variables, Pim-1 levels remained an independent predictor of mortality (P < 0.01). Pim-1 is a promising new biomarker in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Renard
- Pulmonary Hypertension Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada ; Cardiology, Center Hospital University Timone, Public Assistance Hospitals of Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Kass EM, Helgadottir HR, Chen CC, Barbera M, Wang R, Westermark UK, Ludwig T, Moynahan ME, Jasin M. Double-strand break repair by homologous recombination in primary mouse somatic cells requires BRCA1 but not the ATM kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5564-9. [PMID: 23509290 PMCID: PMC3619303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216824110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Homology-directed repair (HDR) is a critical pathway for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells. Efficient HDR is thought to be crucial for maintenance of genomic integrity during organismal development and tumor suppression. However, most mammalian HDR studies have focused on transformed and immortalized cell lines. We report here the generation of a Direct Repeat (DR)-GFP reporter-based mouse model to study HDR in primary cell types derived from diverse lineages. Embryonic and adult fibroblasts from these mice as well as cells derived from mammary epithelium, ovary, and neonatal brain were observed to undergo HDR at I-SceI endonuclease-induced DSBs at similar frequencies. When the DR-GFP reporter was crossed into mice carrying a hypomorphic mutation in the breast cancer susceptibility gene Brca1, a significant reduction in HDR was detected, showing that BRCA1 is critical for HDR in somatic cell types. Consistent with an HDR defect, Brca1 mutant mice are highly sensitive to the cross-linking agent mitomycin C. By contrast, loss of the DSB signaling ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase did not significantly alter HDR levels, indicating that ATM is dispensable for HDR. Notably, chemical inhibition of ATM interfered with HDR. The DR-GFP mouse provides a powerful tool for dissecting the genetic requirements of HDR in a diverse array of somatic cell types in a normal, nontransformed cellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hildur R. Helgadottir
- Developmental Biology Program
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, and
| | - Chun-Chin Chen
- Developmental Biology Program
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, and
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Ludwig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mary Ellen Moynahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, and
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An N, Kraft AS, Kang Y. Abnormal hematopoietic phenotypes in Pim kinase triple knockout mice. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:12. [PMID: 23360755 PMCID: PMC3610283 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pim (proviral insertion in murine lymphoma) kinases are a small family of constitutively active, highly conservative serine/threonine oncogenic kinases and have 3 members: Pim1, Pim2, and Pim3. Pim kinases are also implicated in the regulation of B- and T- cell responses to cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors. The roles of Pim kinases in the regulation of primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are largely unknown. Methods In the current study, Pim1−/−2−/−3−/− triple knockout (TKO) mice were used to determine the role of Pim kinases in hematopoiesis. Peripheral blood hematological parameters were measured in Pim TKO mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Primary, secondary, and competitive transplantations were performed to assay the long-term repopulating HSCs in Pim TKO mice. In vivo BrdU incorporation assay and ex vivo Ki67 staining and caspase 3 labeling were performed to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of HSCs in Pim TKO mice. Results Compared to age-matched WT controls, Pim TKO mice had lower peripheral blood platelet count and exhibited erythrocyte hypochromic microcytosis. The bone marrow cells from Pim TKO mice demonstrated decreased hematopoietic progenitor colony-forming ability. Importantly, Pim TKO bone marrow cells had significantly impaired capacity in rescuing lethally irradiated mice and reconstituting hematopoiesis in primary, secondary and competitive transplant models. In vivo BrdU incorporation in long-term HSCs was reduced in Pim TKO mice. Finally, cultured HSCs from Pim TKO mice showed reduced proliferation evaluated by Ki67 staining and higher rate of apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Conclusions Pim kinases are not only essential in the hematopoietic lineage cell development, but also important in HSC expansion, self-renewal, and long-term repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Hollings Cancer Center Rm# HO307, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Ogawa N, Yuki H, Tanaka A. Insights from Pim1 structure for anti-cancer drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1177-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Cecilia Y, Peregrina S, Garcia-Serelde B, Munoz-Galvan S, Canamero M, Carnero A. The essential role of PIM kinases in sarcoma growth and bone invasion. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1479-1486. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Nakano H, Saito N, Parker L, Tada Y, Abe M, Tsuganezawa K, Yokoyama S, Tanaka A, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T. Rational Evolution of a Novel Type of Potent and Selective Proviral Integration Site in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Kinase 1 (PIM1) Inhibitor from a Screening-Hit Compound. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5151-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nakano
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Nae Saito
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Lorien Parker
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuganezawa
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
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Levy D, Davidovich A, Zirkin S, Frug Y, Cohen AM, Shalom S, Don J. Activation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by the proto-oncogene Pim-2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34736. [PMID: 22506047 PMCID: PMC3323563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent survival effects have been ascribed to the serine/threonine kinase proto-oncogene PIM-2. Elevated levels of PIM-2 are associated with various malignancies. In human cells, a single Pim-2 transcript gives rise mainly to two protein isoforms (34, 41 kDa) that share an identical catalytic site but differ at their N-terminus, due to in-frame alternative translation initiation sites. In this study we observed that the 34 kDa PIM-2 isoform has differential nuclear and cytoplasmic forms in all tested cell lines, suggesting a possible role for the balance between these forms for PIM-2's function. To further study the cellular role of the 34 kDa isoform of PIM-2, an N-terminally HA-tagged form of this isoform was transiently expressed in HeLa cells. Surprisingly, this resulted in increased level of G1 arrested cells, as well as of apoptotic cells. These effects could not be obtained by a Flag-tagged form of the 41 kDa isoform. The G1 arrest and apoptotic effects were associated with an increase in T14/Y15 phosphorylation of CDK2 and proteasom-dependent down-regulation of CDC25A, as well as with up-regulation of p57, E2F-1, and p73. No such effects were obtained upon over-expression of a kinase-dead form of the HA-tagged 34 kDa PIM-2. By either using a dominant negative form of p73, or by over-expressing the 34 kDa PIM-2 in p73-silenced cells, we demonstrated that these effects were p73-dependent. These results demonstrate that while PIM-2 can function as a potent survival factor, it can, under certain circumstances, exhibit pro-apoptotic effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ateret Davidovich
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shahar Zirkin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yulia Frug
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amos M. Cohen
- Hemato-Oncology Unit, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Sara Shalom
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jeremy Don
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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PIM1 gene cooperates with human BCL6 gene to promote the development of lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5735-9. [PMID: 22451912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201168109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in humans are associated with chromosomal rearrangements (∼40%) and/or mutations disrupting autoregulation (∼16%) involving the BCL6 gene. Studies of lymphoma development in humans and mouse models have indicated that lymphomagenesis evolves through the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. Based on our prior studies, which indicated that carcinogen-induced DNA mutations enhance the incidence of lymphomas in our mouse model expressing a human BCL6 transgene, we hypothesized that mutated genes are likely to play an important cooperative role in BCL6-associated lymphoma development. We used retroviral insertional mutagenesis in an effort to identify which genes cooperate with BCL6 in lymphomagenesis in our BCL6 transgenic mice. We identified PIM1 as the most frequently recurring cooperating gene in our murine BCL6-associated lymphomas (T- and B-cell types), and we observed elevated levels of PIM1 mRNA and protein expression in these neoplasms. Further, immunohistochemical staining, which was performed in 20 randomly selected BCL6-positive human B- and T-cell lymphomas, revealed concurrent expression of BCL6 and PIM1 in these neoplasms. As PIM1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase, PIM1 kinase inhibition may be a promising therapy for BCL6/PIM1-positive human lymphomas.
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Abstract
The PIM genes represent a family of proto-oncogenes that encode three different serine/threonine protein kinases (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3) with essential roles in the regulation of signal transduction cascades, which promote cell survival, proliferation and drug resistance. PIM kinases are overexpressed in several hematopoietic tumors and support in vitro and in vivo malignant cell growth and survival, through cell cycle regulation and inhibition of apoptosis. PIM kinases do not have an identified regulatory domain, which means that these proteins are constitutively active once transcribed. They appear to be critical downstream effectors of important oncoproteins and, when overexpressed, can mediate drug resistance to available agents, such as rapamycin. Recent crystallography studies reveal that, unlike other kinases, they possess a hinge region, which creates a unique binding pocket for ATP, offering a target for an increasing number of potent small-molecule PIM kinase inhibitors. Preclinical studies in models of various hematologic cancers indicate that these novel agents show promising activity and some of them are currently being evaluated in a clinical setting. In this review, we profile the PIM kinases as targets for therapeutics in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Road, MC8232, San Antonio, 78229, TX, USA
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Pastor J, Oyarzabal J, Saluste G, Alvarez RM, Rivero V, Ramos F, Cendón E, Blanco-Aparicio C, Ajenjo N, Cebriá A, Albarrán M, Cebrián D, Corrionero A, Fominaya J, Montoya G, Mazzorana M. Hit to lead evaluation of 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines as PIM kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1591-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Walpen T, Peier M, Haas E, Kalus I, Schwaller J, Battegay E, Humar R. Loss ofPim1Imposes a Hyperadhesive Phenotype on Endothelial Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000341484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Strzalkowska A, Unrug-Bielawska K, Bluszcz A, Sandowska-Markiewicz Z, Karaszewska J, Pysniak K, Gajewska M, Wirth-Dzieciolowska E. Quantitative trait loci analysis for peripheral blood parameters in a (BALB/cW × C57BL/6J-Mpl (hlb219)/J) F(2) mice. Exp Anim 2011; 60:405-16. [PMID: 21791880 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of the peripheral blood cell parameters is not fully elucidated. Thus, it is essential to research the correlation between blood cell counts levels and the genome in laboratory animals and subsequently in humans. In the present study, we examined 288 F(2) mice from a cross between BALB/cW and C57BL/6J-Mpl(hlb219)/J. The C57BL/6J-Mpl (hlb219)/J strain is a mouse model of thrombocytopenia. We found very strong correlations for PLT counts and revealed some highly significant correlations for RBC counts. On the basis of the obtained results, we presume that genetic control of erythrocyte parameters is divided into two pathways: first, the morphological determinants responsible for the red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and second, the functional pathway determining the hemoglobin content (HGB). The locus on Chromosome 4 is the only detected quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing the analyzed platelets parameters. We also detected highly significant correlations for erythrocyte parameters on Chromosome 1 (RBC, MCV, MCH), Chr 7 (HGB), Chr 9 (MCHC), Chr 11 (RBC), and Chr 17 (MCH). Finally, with regards to the given correlations, using the Mouse Genome Database resource, we proposed candidate genes with possible meaning for the level of these parameters: cytokine receptor genes (e.g., Mpl), transcription factor genes (e.g., Xbp1, Ikzf1), hemoglobin chain genes (e.g., Hbb-b1, Hbb-ar), and many others localized in the confidence intervals of found QTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Strzalkowska
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Animal Breeding, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, W. K. Roentgen St. 5, 02-871 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Studies of epilepsy have mainly focused on the membrane proteins that control neuronal excitability. Recently, attention has been shifting to intracellular proteins and their interactions, signaling cascades and feedback regulation as they relate to epilepsy. The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signal transduction pathway, especially, has been suggested to play an important role in this regard. These pathways are involved in major physiological processes as well as in numerous pathological conditions. Here, involvement of the mTOR pathway in epilepsy will be reviewed by presenting; an overview of the pathway, a brief description of key signaling molecules, a summary of independent reports and possible implications of abnormalities of those molecules in epilepsy, a discussion of the lack of experimental data, and questions raised for the understanding its epileptogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Cho
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Abstract
PIM1 kinase and MYC are commonly co-expressed in human prostate cancer and synergize to induce rapidly progressing prostate cancer in mouse models. Deficiency of the Pim kinase genes is well tolerated in vivo, suggesting that PIM1 inhibition might offer an attractive therapeutic modality for prostate cancer, particularly for MYC-expressing tumors. Here we examine the molecular consequences of Pim1 and MYC over-expression in the prostate as well as the effects of depleting Pim1 in prostate carcinoma cells with high levels of MYC. Over-expression of Pim1 in the mouse prostate induces several pro-tumorigenic genetic programs including cell cycle genes and Myc-regulated genes prior to the induction of any discernible pathology. Pim1 depletion by RNA interference in mouse and human prostate cancer cells decreased cellular proliferation, survival, Erk signaling, and tumorigenicity even when MYC levels were not significantly altered. These results indicate that PIM1 may be necessary to maintain tumorigenicity, and further support efforts aimed at developing PIM1 inhibitors for prostate cancer therapy.
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Paulin R, Courboulin A, Meloche J, Mainguy V, Dumas de la Roque E, Saksouk N, Côté J, Provencher S, Sussman MA, Bonnet S. Signal transducers and activators of transcription-3/pim1 axis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of human pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2011; 123:1205-15. [PMID: 21382889 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.963314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a proliferative disorder associated with enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. The sustainability of this phenotype required the activation of a prosurvival transcription factor like signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT). Because these factors are implicated in several physiological processes, their inhibition in PAH patients could be associated with detrimental effects. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism accounting for their expression/activation in PAH pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is of great therapeutic interest. METHODS AND RESULTS Using multidisciplinary and translational approaches, we demonstrated that STAT3 activation in both human and experimental models of PAH accounts for the expression of both NFATc2 and the oncoprotein kinase Pim1, which trigger NFATc2 activation. Because Pim1 expression correlates with the severity of PAH in humans and is confined to the PAH pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell, Pim1 was identified as an attractive therapeutic target for PAH. Indeed, specific Pim1 inhibition in vitro decreases pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis, all of which are sustained by NFATc2 inhibition. In vivo, tissue-specific inhibition of Pim1 by nebulized siRNA reverses monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats, whereas Pim1 knockout mice are resistant to PAH development. CONCLUSION We demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of the inappropriate activation of STAT3/Pim1 axis is a novel, specific, and attractive therapeutic strategy to reverse PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Centre de recherche de L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 10 Rue McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
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Magnuson NS, Wang Z, Ding G, Reeves R. Why target PIM1 for cancer diagnosis and treatment? Future Oncol 2011; 6:1461-78. [PMID: 20919829 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved proto-oncogenic protein PIM1 is an unusual serine or threonine kinase, in part because it is constitutively active. Overexpression of PIM1 experimentally leads to tumor formation in mice, while complete knockout of the protein has no observable phenotype. It appears to contribute to cancer development in three major ways when it is overexpressed; by inhibiting apoptosis, by promoting cell proliferation and by promoting genomic instability. Expression in normal tissues is nearly undetectable. However, in hematopoietic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors, increased PIM1 expression has been shown to correlate with the stage of disease. This characteristic suggests it can serve as a useful biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Several specific and potent inhibitors of PIM1’s kinase activity have also been shown to induce apoptotic death of cancer cells, to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and to synergize with other anti-tumor agents, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Magnuson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–7520, USA
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Yang J, Li X, Hanidu A, Htut TM, Sellati R, Wang L, Jiang H, Li J. Proviral integration site 2 is required for interleukin-6 expression induced by interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide. Immunology 2011; 131:174-82. [PMID: 20465571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PIM (proviral integration site) kinases are a distinct class of serine/threonine-specific kinases consisting of PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3. PIM2 is known to function in apoptosis pathways. Expression of PIM2 is highly induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli but the role of PIM2 in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines is unclear. In this study, we showed that over-expression of PIM2 in HeLa cells as well as in human umbilical vein endothelial cells enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) -induced and tumour necrosis factor-α-induced IL-6 expression, whereas over-expression of a kinase-dead PIM2 mutant had the opposite effect. Studies with small interfering RNA specific to PIM2 further confirmed that IL-6 expression in HeLa cells requires PIM2. To investigate the function of PIM2 further, we generated PIM2-deficient mice. It was found that IL-6 production was significantly decreased from PIM2-deficient spleen cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, we demonstrated an important function of PIM2 in controlling the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. PIM2 inhibitors may be beneficial for IL-6-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Yang
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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Abstract
Pim oncogenes are overexpressed in a wide range of tumours from a haematological and epithelial origin. Pim genes encode serine/threonine kinases that have been shown to counteract the increased sensitivity to apoptosis induction that is associated with MYC-driven tumorigenesis. Recently, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the pathways of PIM-mediated survival signalling. Given the unique structure of their active site and the minimal phenotype of mice mutant for all Pim family members, these oncogenes might be promising targets for highly specific and selective drugs with favourable toxicity profiles. In this Review, we discuss the physiological functions and oncogenic activities of Pim kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zheng Q, Schaefer AM, Nonet ML. Regulation of C. elegans presynaptic differentiation and neurite branching via a novel signaling pathway initiated by SAM-10. Development 2010; 138:87-96. [PMID: 21115607 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about transcriptional control of neurite branching or presynaptic differentiation, events that occur relatively late in neuronal development. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans mechanosensory circuit as an in vivo model, we show that SAM-10, an ortholog of mammalian single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSDP), functions cell-autonomously in the nucleus to regulate synaptic differentiation, as well as positioning of, a single neurite branch. PLM mechanosensory neurons in sam-10 mutants exhibit abnormal placement of the neurite branch point, and defective synaptogenesis, characterized by an overextended synaptic varicosity, underdeveloped synaptic morphology and disrupted colocalization of active zone and synaptic vesicles. SAM-10 functions coordinately with Lim domain-binding protein 1 (LDB-1), demonstrated by our observations that: (1) mutations in either gene show similar defects in PLM neurons; and (2) LDB-1 is required for SAM-10 nuclear localization. SAM-10 regulates PLM synaptic differentiation by suppressing transcription of prk-2, which encodes an ortholog of the mammalian Pim kinase family. PRK-2-mediated activities of SAM-10 are specifically involved in PLM synaptic differentiation, but not other sam-10 phenotypes such as neurite branching. Thus, these data reveal a novel transcriptional signaling pathway that regulates neuronal specification of neurite branching and presynaptic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Iadevaia V, Caldarola S, Biondini L, Gismondi A, Karlsson S, Dianzani I, Loreni F. PIM1 kinase is destabilized by ribosomal stress causing inhibition of cell cycle progression. Oncogene 2010; 29:5490-9. [PMID: 20639905 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PIM1 is a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase regulated by cytokines, growth factors and hormones. It has been implicated in the control of cell cycle progression and apoptosis and its overexpression has been associated with various kinds of lymphoid and hematopoietic malignancies. The activity of PIM1 is dependent on the phosphorylation of several targets involved in transcription, cell cycle and apoptosis. We have recently observed that PIM1 interacts with ribosomal protein (RP)S19 and cosediments with ribosomes. Defects in ribosome synthesis (ribosomal stress) have been shown to activate a p53-dependent growth arrest response. To investigate if PIM1 could have a role in the response to ribosomal stress, we induced ribosome synthesis alterations in TF-1 and K562 erythroid cell lines. We found that RP deficiency, induced by RNA interference or treatment with inhibitor of nucleolar functions, causes a drastic destabilization of PIM1. The lower level of PIM1 induces an increase in the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) and blocks cell proliferation even in the absence of p53. Notably, restoring PIM1 level by transfection causes a recovery of cell growth. Our data indicate that PIM1 may act as a sensor for ribosomal stress independently of or in concert with the known p53-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Iadevaia
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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47
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Sliman F, Blairvacq M, Durieu E, Meijer L, Rodrigo J, Desmaële D. Identification and structure–activity relationship of 8-hydroxy-quinoline-7-carboxylic acid derivatives as inhibitors of Pim-1 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2801-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Gu JJ, Davitt C, Reeves R, Magnuson NS. Pim-2 phosphorylation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) enhances its stability and inhibits cell proliferation in HCT116 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1030-8. [PMID: 20307683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pim-2 kinase is one of the three highly conserved Pim family members which are known to be involved in cell survival and cell proliferation. Here we demonstrate that like Pim-1, Pim-2 also phosphorylates the cell cycle inhibitor p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21) on Thr145 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of Pim-2 in HCT116 cells leads to the increased stability of p21 and results in enhanced levels of both exogenous and endogenous p21 proteins. Knockdown of Pim-2 expression via siRNA results in reduced level of endogenous p21, indicating that like Pim-1, Pim-2 is another legitimate p21 kinase. However, Pim-2 has no influence on the nuclear localization of p21 in HCT116 cells. In addition, Pim-2 is able to arrest the cell cycle at G1/S phase and inhibit cell proliferation through phosphorylation of p21 in HCT116 cells. These data suggest that Pim-2 phosphorylation of p21 enhances p21's stability and inhibits cell proliferation in HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Wang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
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Brault L, Gasser C, Bracher F, Huber K, Knapp S, Schwaller J. PIM serine/threonine kinases in the pathogenesis and therapy of hematologic malignancies and solid cancers. Haematologica 2010; 95:1004-15. [PMID: 20145274 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.017079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification as cooperating targets of Proviral Integrations of Moloney virus in murine lymphomas suggested early on that PIM serine/threonine kinases play an important role in cancer biology. Whereas elevated levels of PIM1 and PIM2 were mostly found in hematologic malignancies and prostate cancer, increased PIM3 expression was observed in different solid tumors. PIM kinases are constitutively active and their activity supports in vitro and in vivo tumor cell growth and survival through modification of an increasing number of common as well as isoform-specific substrates including several cell cycle regulators and apoptosis mediators. PIM1 but not PIM2 seems also to mediate homing and migration of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells by regulating chemokine receptor surface expression. Knockdown experiments by RNA interference or dominant-negative acting mutants suggested that PIM kinases are important for maintenance of a transformed phenotype and therefore potential therapeutic targets. Determination of the protein structure facilitated identification of an increasing number of potent small molecule PIM kinase inhibitors with in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Ongoing efforts aim to identify isoform-specific PIM inhibitors that would not only help to dissect the kinase function but hopefully also provide targeted therapeutics. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of PIM serine/threonine kinases for the pathogenesis and therapy of hematologic malignancies and solid cancers, and we highlight structural principles and recent progress on small molecule PIM kinase inhibitors that are on their way into first clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brault
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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