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Ulloa-Stanojlović FM, Aguiar B, Jara LM, Sato MIZ, Guerrero JA, Hachich E, Matté GR, Dropa M, Matté MH, de Araújo RS. Occurrence of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium sp. in wastewater samples from São Paulo State, Brazil, and Lima, Peru. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22197-22205. [PMID: 27638793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in wastewater samples obtained from five cities with high transit of people in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and at the entrance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected and concentrated by centrifugation. The genomic DNA was extracted for molecular characterization by nested PCR for Cryptosporidium and double nested PCR for Giardia, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. G. intestinalis was found in 63.6 % of the samples, and the human assemblages A and B were identified. Cryptosporidium sp. was found in 36.4 % of the samples, and the species were corresponding to Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, and Cryptosporidium muris. Results revealed the presence of human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and G. intestinalis human pathogenic assemblages. Molecular tools highlight the importance to map the genetic diversity of these parasites, as well as to detect their epidemiological circulation pathway in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Aguiar
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis M Jara
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Elayse Hachich
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo-CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Dropa
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Ticks are the most common arthropod vector, after mosquitoes, and are capable of transmitting the greatest variety of pathogens. For both humans and animals, the worldwide emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne disease is becoming increasingly problematic. Despite being such an important issue, our knowledge of pathogen transmission by ticks is incomplete. Several recent studies, reviewed here, have reported that the expression of some tick factors can be modulated in response to pathogen infection, and that some of these factors can impact on the pathogenic life cycle. Delineating the specific tick factors required for tick-borne pathogen transmission should lead to new strategies in the disruption of pathogen life cycles to combat emerging tick-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ye Liu
- USC INRA Bartonella-tiques, UMR BIPAR ENVA-ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sarah I. Bonnet
- USC INRA Bartonella-tiques, UMR BIPAR ENVA-ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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Luo R, Zhang D. Partial strands synthesizing leads to inevitable aborting and complicated products in consecutive polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:548-56. [PMID: 17653678 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-007-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various abnormal phenomena have been observed during PCR so far. The present study performed a series of consecutive PCRs (including many rounds of re-amplification continuously) and found that the abortion of re-amplification was inevitable as long as a variety of complicated product appeared. The aborting stages varied, according to the lengths of targets. Longer targets reached the abortion earlier than the shorter ones, marked by appearance of the complex that was immobile in electrophoresis. Denatured gel-electrophoresis revealed that the complex was mainly made up of shorter or partially synthesized strands, together with small amounts of full-length ones. Able to be digested by S1 nuclease but unable by restriction endonucleases (REs), the complex was proved to consist of both single regions and double-helix regions that kept the complex stable thermodynamically. Simulations gave evidence that partial strands, even at lower concentration, could disturb re-amplification effectively and lead to the abortion of re-amplifications finally. It was pointed out that the partial strands formed chiefly via polymerase's infidelity, and hence the solution to lighten the abnormality was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Casimiro S, Tenreiro R, Monteiro AA. Identification of pathogenesis-related ESTs in the crucifer downy mildew oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica by high-throughput differential display analysis of distinct phenotypic interactions with Brassica oleracea. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:466-78. [PMID: 16545472 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crucifer downy mildew is caused by the obligatory biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica (formerly Peronospora parasitica). So far, isolates infecting Arabidopsis thaliana have proven to be non-pathogenic on other crucifers and, despite its unequivocal merit as a research model, the pathosystem A. thaliana-H. parasitica by itself will not provide all the answers onto crucifer downy mildew genetics and biology. In this report, we present the development of a differential display (DD)-based strategy, suitable for high-throughput analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in plant-pathogen interactions, in this work applied to the analysis of the pathosystem Brassica oleracea-H. parasitica interaction transcriptome. Our purpose was the mining for pathogen-specific ESTs that can be used in future research for virulence factors and Avr genes. A total of 743 specific cDNAs showing differential expression in B. oleracea seedlings infected with H. parasitica, as opposed to healthy seedlings, were isolated by DD-PCR. We found 21 exclusively H. parasitica cDNAs from 433 sequenced DD clones, 18 encoding for potential new genes. Our results reinforce the abilities of DD-PCR for differential screening of pathosystems transcriptomes, leading to the finding of more new potential genes than the previously used techniques. Both the improved DD-based methodology and the graphical representations based on Venn diagrams from polyominoes are appropriate for large-scale analysis of multiple interaction transcriptomes. The obtained data are also innovative since this is the first approach to study the interaction of H. parasitica with its natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Casimiro
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular and Instituto de Ciência Aplicada e Tecnologia, Edifício ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Bonnet S, Prévot G, Jacques JC, Boudin C, Bourgouin C. Transcripts of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that are differentially regulated in the midgut upon exposure to invasive stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:449-58. [PMID: 11437831 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and its main vector, Anopheles gambiae, would be of great help in developing new malaria control strategies. The malaria parasite undergoes several developmental transitions in the mosquito midgut and suffers population losses to which mosquito factors presumably contribute. To identify such factors, we analysed An. gambiae midgut transcripts whose expression is regulated upon ingestion of invasive or non-invasive forms of P. falciparum using a differential display approach. Sixteen cDNA were studied in detail; 12 represent novel genes of An. gambiae including a gene encoding profilin. Four transcripts were specifically regulated by P. falciparum gametocytes (invasive forms), whereas the others were regulated by either non-invasive or both non-invasive and invasive forms of the parasite. This differential regulation of some genes may reflect the adaptation of P. falciparum to its natural vector. These genes may be involved in the development of P. falciparum in An. gambiae or in the defence reaction of the mosquito midgut towards the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonnet
- Ecologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. IRD-OCEAC, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Applications of differential-display reverse transcription-PCR to molecular pathogenesis and medical mycology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000. [PMID: 10885984 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.3.408-427.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-fungus interaction is characterized by changes in gene expression in both host and pathogen. Differential-display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) is a PCR-based method that allows extensive analysis of gene expression among several cell populations. Several limitations and drawbacks to this procedure have now been addressed, including the large number of false-positive results and the difficulty in confirming differential expression. Modifications that simplify the reaction time, allow the use of minute quantities of RNA, or address unusual species- or gene-specific sequences have been reported. DDRT-PCR has been used to address biological questions in mammalian systems, including cell differentiation, cell activation, cell stress, and identification of drug targets. In microbial pathogenesis and plant pathogenesis, DDRT-PCR has allowed the identification of virulence factors, genes involved in cell death, and signaling genes. In Candida albicans, DDRT-PCR studies identified TIF-2, which may play a role in the upregulation of phospholipases, and the stress-related genes, CIP1 and CIP2. In Histoplasma capsulatum and C. albicans, genes involved in the host-pathogen interaction, including a member of the 100-kDa family in Histoplasma and an ALS and 14-3-3 gene in Candida, were potentially identified by DDRT-PCR. Although very few reports have been published in medical mycology, studies in mammalian, nonfungal microbial, and plant pathogen systems are easily applied to basic questions in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal therapeutics.
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Sturtevant J. Applications of differential-display reverse transcription-PCR to molecular pathogenesis and medical mycology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:408-27. [PMID: 10885984 PMCID: PMC88940 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.3.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-fungus interaction is characterized by changes in gene expression in both host and pathogen. Differential-display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) is a PCR-based method that allows extensive analysis of gene expression among several cell populations. Several limitations and drawbacks to this procedure have now been addressed, including the large number of false-positive results and the difficulty in confirming differential expression. Modifications that simplify the reaction time, allow the use of minute quantities of RNA, or address unusual species- or gene-specific sequences have been reported. DDRT-PCR has been used to address biological questions in mammalian systems, including cell differentiation, cell activation, cell stress, and identification of drug targets. In microbial pathogenesis and plant pathogenesis, DDRT-PCR has allowed the identification of virulence factors, genes involved in cell death, and signaling genes. In Candida albicans, DDRT-PCR studies identified TIF-2, which may play a role in the upregulation of phospholipases, and the stress-related genes, CIP1 and CIP2. In Histoplasma capsulatum and C. albicans, genes involved in the host-pathogen interaction, including a member of the 100-kDa family in Histoplasma and an ALS and 14-3-3 gene in Candida, were potentially identified by DDRT-PCR. Although very few reports have been published in medical mycology, studies in mammalian, nonfungal microbial, and plant pathogen systems are easily applied to basic questions in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sturtevant
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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