1
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Kucerova E, Clifton SW, Xia XQ, Long F, Porwollik S, Fulton L, Fronick C, Minx P, Kyung K, Warren W, Fulton R, Feng D, Wollam A, Shah N, Bhonagiri V, Nash WE, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Wilson RK, McClelland M, Forsythe SJ. Genome sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii BAA-894 and comparative genomic hybridization analysis with other Cronobacter species. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9556. [PMID: 20221447 PMCID: PMC2833190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Cronobacter (formerly called Enterobacter sakazakii) is composed of five species; C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. muytjensii, and C. dublinensis. The genus includes opportunistic human pathogens, and the first three species have been associated with neonatal infections. The most severe diseases are caused in neonates and include fatal necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis. The genetic basis of the diversity within the genus is unknown, and few virulence traits have been identified. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here the first sequence of a member of this genus, C. sakazakii strain BAA-894. The genome of Cronobacter sakazakii strain BAA-894 comprises a 4.4 Mb chromosome (57% GC content) and two plasmids; 31 kb (51% GC) and 131 kb (56% GC). The genome was used to construct a 387,000 probe oligonucleotide tiling DNA microarray covering the whole genome. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was undertaken on five other C. sakazakii strains, and representatives of the four other Cronobacter species. Among 4,382 annotated genes inspected in this study, about 55% of genes were common to all C. sakazakii strains and 43% were common to all Cronobacter strains, with 10-17% absence of genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE CGH highlighted 15 clusters of genes in C. sakazakii BAA-894 that were divergent or absent in more than half of the tested strains; six of these are of probable prophage origin. Putative virulence factors were identified in these prophage and in other variable regions. A number of genes unique to Cronobacter species associated with neonatal infections (C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus and C. turicensis) were identified. These included a copper and silver resistance system known to be linked to invasion of the blood-brain barrier by neonatal meningitic strains of Escherichia coli. In addition, genes encoding for multidrug efflux pumps and adhesins were identified that were unique to C. sakazakii strains from outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kucerova
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Elnitski L, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Hardison R, Miller W. PipMaker: a World Wide Web server for genomic sequence alignments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 10:Unit 10.2. [PMID: 18428692 DOI: 10.1002/0471250953.bi1002s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PipMaker is a World-Wide Web site used to compare two long genomic sequences and identify conserved segments between them. This unit describes the use of the PipMaker server and explains the resulting output files. PipMaker provides an efficient method of aligning genomic sequences and returns a compact, but easy-to-interpret form of output, the percent identity plot (pip). For each aligning segment between two sequences the pip shows both the position relative to the first sequence and the degree of similarity. Optional annotations on the pip provide additional information to assist in the interpretation of the alignment. The default parameters of the underlying blastz alignment program are tuned for human-mouse alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elnitski
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Lu G, Jiang L, Helikar RMK, Rowley TW, Zhang L, Chen X, Moriyama EN. GenomeBlast: a web tool for small genome comparison. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7 Suppl 4:S18. [PMID: 17217510 PMCID: PMC1780113 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-s4-s18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative genomics has become an essential approach for identifying homologous gene candidates and their functions, and for studying genome evolution. There are many tools available for genome comparisons. Unfortunately, most of them are not applicable for the identification of unique genes and the inference of phylogenetic relationships in a given set of genomes. Results GenomeBlast is a Web tool developed for comparative analysis of multiple small genomes. A new parameter called "coverage" was introduced and used along with sequence identity to evaluate global similarity between genes. With GenomeBlast, the following results can be obtained: (1) unique genes in each genome; (2) homologous gene candidates among compared genomes; (3) 2D plots of homologous gene candidates along the all pairwise genome comparisons; and (4) a table of gene presence/absence information and a genome phylogeny. We demonstrated the functions in GenomeBlast with an example of multiple herpesviral genome analysis and illustrated how GenomeBlast is useful for small genome comparison. Conclusion We developed a Web tool for comparative analysis of small genomes, which allows the user not only to identify unique genes and homologous gene candidates among multiple genomes, but also to view their graphical distributions on genomes, and to reconstruct genome phylogeny. GenomeBlast runs on a Linux server with 4 CPUs and 4 GB memory. The online version of GenomeBlast is available to public by using a Web browser with the URL .
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Liying Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Resa MK Helikar
- Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Thaine W Rowley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Luwen Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Etsuko N Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Plant Science Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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4
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Boulanger A, Francez-Charlot A, Conter A, Castanié-Cornet MP, Cam K, Gutierrez C. Multistress regulation in Escherichia coli: expression of osmB involves two independent promoters responding either to sigmaS or to the RcsCDB His-Asp phosphorelay. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:3282-6. [PMID: 15838058 PMCID: PMC1082829 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.9.3282-3286.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the Escherichia coli osmB gene is induced by several stress conditions. osmB is expressed from two promoters, osmBp1 and osmBp2. The downstream promoter, osmBp2, is induced after osmotic shock or upon entry into stationary phase in a sigma(S)-dependent manner. The upstream promoter, osmBp1, is independent of sigma(S) and is activated by RcsB, the response regulator of the His-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system RcsCDB. RcsB is responsible for the induction of osmBp1 following treatment with chlorpromazine. Activation of osmBp1 by RcsB requires a sequence upstream of its -35 element similar to the RcsB binding site consensus, suggesting a direct regulatory role. osmB appears as another example of a multistress-responsive gene whose transcription involves both a sigma(S)-dependent promoter and a second one independent of sigma(S) but controlled by stress-specific transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boulanger
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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5
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Rijnkels M, Elnitski L, Miller W, Rosen JM. Multispecies comparative analysis of a mammalian-specific genomic domain encoding secretory proteins. Genomics 2004; 82:417-32. [PMID: 13679022 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian-specific casein gene cluster comprises 3 or 4 evolutionarily related genes and 1 physically linked gene with a functional association. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the entire casein cluster at the genomic level we initiated a multispecies comparative sequence analysis. Despite the high level of divergence at the coding level, these studies have identified uncharacterized family members within two species and the presence at orthologous positions of previously uncharacterized genes. Also the previous suggestion that the histatin/statherin gene family, located in this region, was primate specific was ruled out. All 11 genes identified in this region appear to encode secretory proteins. Conservation of a number of noncoding regions was observed; one coincides with an element previously suggested to be important for beta-casein gene expression in human and cow. The conserved regions might have biological importance for the regulation of genes in this genomic "neighborhood."
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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6
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Sibley MH, Raleigh EA. Cassette-like variation of restriction enzyme genes in Escherichia coli C and relatives. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:522-34. [PMID: 14744977 PMCID: PMC373321 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A surprising result of comparative bacterial genomics has been the large amount of DNA found to be present in one strain but not in another of the same species. We examine in detail one location where gene content varies extensively, the restriction cluster in Escherichia coli. This region is designated the Immigration Control Region (ICR) for the density and variability of restriction functions found there. To better define the boundaries of this variable locus, we determined the sequence of the region from a restrictionless strain, E.coli C. Here we compare the 13.7 kb E.coli C sequence spanning the site of the ICR with corresponding sequences from five E.coli strains and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. To discuss this variation, we adopt the term 'framework' to refer to genes that are stable components of genomes within related lineages, while 'migratory' genes are transient inhabitants of the genome. Strikingly, seven different migratory DNA segments, encoding different sets of genes and gene fragments, alternatively occupy a single well-defined location in the seven strains examined. The flanking framework genes, yjiS and yjiA, display approximately normal patterns of conservation. The patterns observed are consistent with the action of a site-specific recombinase. Since no nearby gene codes for a likely recombinase of known families, such a recombinase must be of a new family or unlinked.
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7
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Abstract
Comparing the genomes of two different species allow the exploration of a host of intriguing evolutionary and genetic questions
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8
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Herron-Olson L, Freeman J, Zhang Q, Retzel EF, Kapur V. MGView: an alignment and visualization tool to enhance gap closure of microbial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:e106. [PMID: 12930980 PMCID: PMC212826 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gng107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap closure is a challenging phase in microbial random shotgun genome sequencing projects, particularly since genome assemblies are often complicated by the presence of repeat elements, insertion sequences and other similar factors that contribute to sequence misassemblies. While it is well recognized that the conservation of genetic information between microbial genomes, combined with the exponential increase in available microbial sequences, can be exploited to increase the efficiency of gap closure, we lack the computational tools to aid in this process. We describe here a new tool, MGView, which was developed to create a graphical depiction of the alignment of a set of microbial contigs against a completed microbial genome. The results of our assembly of the Staphylococcus aureus RF122 genome show that MGView enables a considerable reduction in time and economic cost associated with closure. Together, the results also show that the application of MGView not only enables a reduction in fold-coverage requirements of the random shotgun sequence phase, but also provides interesting insights into differences in gene content and organization between finished and unfinished microbial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Herron-Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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9
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Yang J, Wang J, Yao ZJ, Jin Q, Shen Y, Chen R. GenomeComp: a visualization tool for microbial genome comparison. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 54:423-6. [PMID: 12842490 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a software tool, GenomeComp, for summarizing, parsing and visualizing the genome sequences comparison results derived from voluminous BLAST textual output. With GenomeComp, the variation between genomes can be easily highlighted, such as repeat regions, insertions, deletions and rearrangements of genomic segments. This software provides a new visualizing tool for microbe comparative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Datun Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
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10
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Abstract
Comparative genomics and microarrays reveal that the genomes of different Salmonella enterica serovars are distinguished from each other by the presence or absence of hundreds of genes. The distribution of these variable genome regions is often not clonal. Therefore, lateral gene transfer (LGT) plays an important role in diversity among Salmonella. Overall, almost one quarter of the entire S. enterica sv Typhimurium genome may have been introduced by LGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Porwollik
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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11
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Sturny R, Cam K, Gutierrez C, Conter A. NhaR and RcsB independently regulate the osmCp1 promoter of Escherichia coli at overlapping regulatory sites. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:4298-304. [PMID: 12867437 PMCID: PMC165750 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.15.4298-4304.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the Escherichia coli osmC gene is induced by several stress conditions. osmC is expressed from two overlapping promoters, osmCp1 and osmCp2. The proximal promoter, osmCp2, is transcribed at the entry into the stationary phase by the sigma(s) sigma factor. The distal promoter, osmCp1, is activated by NhaR and RcsB. NhaR is a positive regulator of the LysR family and is known to be an activator of the nhaA gene encoding an Na(+)/H(+) antiporter. RcsB is the response regulator of the RcsCDB His-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Genetic data indicated that activation of osmCp1 by both NhaR and RcsB requires the same short sequences upstream of the -35 region of the promoter. Accordingly, DNase I footprint analysis indicated that both activators protect an overlapping region close to the -35 box of the promoter and suggested that the regulatory effect is direct. Despite the overlap of the binding sites, each activator acts independent of the other and is specific for a particular stress. NhaR can stimulate osmCp1 in response to an osmotic signal even in the absence of RcsB. RcsB is responsible for the induction of osmCp1 by alteration of the cell envelope, even in the absence of NhaR. osmCp1 as an example of multiple-stress-responsive promoter is discussed in light of a comparison of the NhaR and RcsB target regions in the Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sturny
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaire, UMR5100 CNRS-Université Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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12
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Florea L, McClelland M, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Miller W. EnteriX 2003: Visualization tools for genome alignments of Enterobacteriaceae. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:3527-32. [PMID: 12824359 PMCID: PMC168958 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe EnteriX, a suite of three web-based visualization tools for graphically portraying alignment information from comparisons among several fixed and user-supplied sequences from related enterobacterial species, anchored on a reference genome (http://bio.cse.psu.edu/). The first visualization, Enteric, displays stacked pairwise alignments between a reference genome and each of the related bacteria, represented schematically as PIPs (Percent Identity Plots). Encoded in the views are large-scale genomic rearrangement events and functional landmarks. The second visualization, Menteric, computes and displays 1 Kb views of nucleotide-level multiple alignments of the sequences, together with annotations of genes, regulatory sites and conserved regions. The third, a Java-based tool named Maj, displays alignment information in two formats, corresponding roughly to the Enteric and Menteric views, and adds zoom-in capabilities. The uses of such tools are diverse, from examining the multiple sequence alignment to infer conserved sites with potential regulatory roles, to scrutinizing the commonalities and differences between the genomes for pathogenicity or phylogenetic studies. The EnteriX suite currently includes >15 enterobacterial genomes, generates views centered on four different anchor genomes and provides support for including user sequences in the alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Florea
- Informatics Research, Celera/Applied Biosystems, 45 W. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The sequencing of entire bacterial genomes is becoming increasingly routine, promising to revolutionise approaches to identifying putative antimicrobial drug targets. In silico methods can be used to identify putative gene products by comparing sequences of biochemically characterised enzymes and proteins with data produced by sequencing projects. Comparative genomics between a pathogenic bacterium versus nonpathogen as well as pathogen versus host can identify molecular targets that would be ideal for future investigation. The aim of these comparisons would be to identify genes that code for pathogenicity factors in the bacterium or genes essential for bacterial survival. The latter set of genes includes those that are nonfunctional or redundant in the host as well as genes absent from the host but essential in the pathogen. The products of these genes would be ideal targets for antimicrobial compounds. If compounds could be generated that disrupt the pathogen's ability to thrive but not affect the host, since there is a lack of the targeted protein, they could prove to be powerful therapeutics. An elegant example illustrating the power of comparative genomics involves comparison of the pathways of bacterial and eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis. Comparison of pathogenic bacterial genomes shows that many bacteria lack the genes encoding either one or two specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, enzymes involved in ensuring correct aminoacylation of tRNA for subsequent translation of the genetic code. Bacteria have an alternative pathway by which amide aminoacyl-tRNAs are formed. Comparative genomics has demonstrated that this pathway is uniquely prokaryotic/archaeal and also relatively widely found in pathogenic bacteria, indicating the potential of the catalytic enzymes of the pathway as targets for novel antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fritz
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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14
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Couronne O, Poliakov A, Bray N, Ishkhanov T, Ryaboy D, Rubin E, Pachter L, Dubchak I. Strategies and tools for whole-genome alignments. Genome Res 2003; 13:73-80. [PMID: 12529308 PMCID: PMC430965 DOI: 10.1101/gr.762503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the assembled mouse genome makes possible, for the first time, an alignment and comparison of two large vertebrate genomes. We investigated different strategies of alignment for the subsequent analysis of conservation of genomes that are effective for assemblies of different quality. These strategies were applied to the comparison of the working draft of the human genome with the Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium assembly, as well as other intermediate mouse assemblies. Our methods are fast and the resulting alignments exhibit a high degree of sensitivity, covering more than 90% of known coding exons in the human genome. We obtained such coverage while preserving specificity. With a view towards the end user, we developed a suite of tools and Web sites for automatically aligning and subsequently browsing and working with whole-genome comparisons. We describe the use of these tools to identify conserved non-coding regions between the human and mouse genomes, some of which have not been identified by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Couronne
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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15
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Zafar N, Mazumder R, Seto D. Application of global computational tools GeneOrder and CoreGenes to the comparative analyses of chordopoxvirus genomes. Inf Sci (N Y) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-0255(02)00220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Kone J, Arroyo J, Savinelli T, Lin S, Boyd K, Wu Y, Nimmakayalu M, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Qumsiyeh M, Hu P, Prescott A, Wu H, Yang L, Roe B, Perkins AS. F-MuLV acceleration of myelomonocytic tumorigenesis in SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice is accompanied by retroviral insertion at Fli1 and a novel locus, Fim4. Leukemia 2002; 16:1827-34. [PMID: 12200699 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Accepted: 02/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the development of a murine system for the identification of genes involved in myelomonocytic neoplasms. Transgenic C57BL/6J mice expressing SV40 early region under a myelomonocytic promoter develop histiocytic sarcomas with a latency of 167 days. We used retroviral proviral tagging to accelerate tumorigenesis and to uncover genetic changes that contribute to tumor development. Infection of transgenic mice with Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) shortened the latency of morbidity to 103 days (P< 0.001); this was associated with clonal proviral integrations in tumor DNA. As expected for F-MuLV, proviral insertions occurred at Fli1 in both transgenic and nontransgenic tumors. Four insertions were found at a novel locus, termed Fim4, on chromosome 6. This region is syntenic to human 7q32, a region that is commonly deleted in human myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. A murine BAC containing Fim4 was sequenced and analyzed, and while there was significant human-mouse homology in the area of the insertions, no candidate gene has been identified. Thus we have established a system to identify genes involved in myelomonocytic tumors, and have used it to identify Fim4, a new common site of proviral insertion. Study of this locus may provide insight into genes involved in AML-associated 7q32 deletions in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/metabolism
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Friend murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/metabolism
- Leukemia, Experimental/virology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proviruses/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/virology
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kone
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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de Brevern AG, Loirat F, Badel-Chagnon A, André C, Vincens P, Hazout S. Genome compartimentation by a hybrid chromosome model (HXM). Application to Saccharomyces cerevisae subtelomeres. COMPUTERS & CHEMISTRY 2002; 26:437-45. [PMID: 12144174 DOI: 10.1016/s0097-8485(02)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a new approach, called 'Hybrid Chromosome Model' (HXM), which allows both the extraction of regions of similarity between two sequences, and the compartimentation of a set of DNA sequences. The principle of the method consists in compacting a set of sequences (split into fragments of fixed length) into a 'hybrid chromosome', which results from the stacking of the whole sequence fragments. We have illustrated our approach on the 32 subtelomeres of Saccharomyces cerevisae. The compartimentation of these chromosome extremities into common regions of similarity has been carried out. The approach HXM is a fast and efficient tool for mapping entire genomes and for extracting ancient duplications within or between genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre G de Brevern
- Equipe de Bioinformatique Génomique et Moléculaire, Unité INSERM U436, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
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18
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Rodionov DA, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS. Transcriptional regulation of pentose utilisation systems in the Bacillus/Clostridium group of bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 205:305-14. [PMID: 11750820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis, utilisation of xylose, arabinose and ribose is controlled by the transcriptional factors XylR, AraR and RbsR, respectively. Here we apply the comparative approach to the analysis of these regulons in the Bacillus/Clostridium group. Evolutionary variability of operon structures is demonstrated and operator sites for the main transcription factors are predicted. The consensus sequences for the XylR and RbsR binding sites vary in different subgroups of genomes. The functional coupling of gene clusters and the conservation of regulatory sites allow for detection of non-orthologous gene displacement of ribulose kinase in Enterococcus faecium and Clostridium acetobutylicum. Moreover, candidate catabolite responsive elements found upstream of most pentose-utilising genes suggest CcpA-mediated catabolite repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rodionov
- State Scientific Center GosNIIGenetika, Moscow, Russia.
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19
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McClelland M, Sanderson KE, Spieth J, Clifton SW, Latreille P, Courtney L, Porwollik S, Ali J, Dante M, Du F, Hou S, Layman D, Leonard S, Nguyen C, Scott K, Holmes A, Grewal N, Mulvaney E, Ryan E, Sun H, Florea L, Miller W, Stoneking T, Nhan M, Waterston R, Wilson RK. Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature 2001; 413:852-6. [PMID: 11677609 DOI: 10.1038/35101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1414] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies I, serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, and is used as a mouse model of human typhoid fever. The incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis is increasing worldwide, causing millions of infections and many deaths in the human population each year. Here we sequenced the 4,857-kilobase (kb) chromosome and 94-kb virulence plasmid of S. typhimurium strain LT2. The distribution of close homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 genes in eight related enterobacteria was determined using previously completed genomes of three related bacteria, sample sequencing of both S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hybridization of three unsequenced genomes to a microarray of S. typhimurium LT2 genes. Lateral transfer of genes is frequent, with 11% of the S. typhimurium LT2 genes missing from S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi), and 29% missing from Escherichia coli K12. The 352 gene homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 confined to subspecies I of S. enterica-containing most mammalian and bird pathogens-are useful for studies of epidemiology, host specificity and pathogenesis. Most of these homologues were previously unknown, and 50 may be exported to the periplasm or outer membrane, rendering them accessible as therapeutic or vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McClelland
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Abstract
Comparative genomics is enhanced by data mining the rapidly expanding DNA sequence databases. Because of the immense amount of data, computational tools and methods are needed to augment traditional manual visualizations and manipulations of these data. GeneOrder2.0, a Java-based interactive software programme, organizes genome sequence data into tabular and graphical visualizations of the extent of colinearity of genes between any two chromosome genomes of < or =250 kilobases. Both GenBank and proprietary data can be analyzed with this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zafar
- School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University, 10900 University Boulevard, MSN 4E3, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Wilson MD, Riemer C, Martindale DW, Schnupf P, Boright AP, Cheung TL, Hardy DM, Schwartz S, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, Miller W, Koop BF. Comparative analysis of the gene-dense ACHE/TFR2 region on human chromosome 7q22 with the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 5. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:1352-65. [PMID: 11239002 PMCID: PMC29746 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.6.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 7q22 has been the focus of many cytogenetic and molecular studies aimed at delineating regions commonly deleted in myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. We have compared a gene-dense, GC-rich sub-region of 7q22 with the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 5. A physical map of 640 kb of genomic DNA from mouse chromosome 5 was derived from a series of overlapping bacterial artificial chromosomes. A 296 kb segment from the physical map, spanning ACHE: to Tfr2, was compared with 267 kb of human sequence. We identified a conserved linkage of 12 genes including an open reading frame flanked by ACHE: and Asr2, a novel cation-chloride cotransporter interacting protein Cip1, Ephb4, Zan and Perq1. While some of these genes have been previously described, in each case we present new data derived from our comparative sequence analysis. Adjacent unfinished sequence data from the mouse contains an orthologous block of 10 additional genes including three novel cDNA sequences that we subsequently mapped to human 7q22. Methods for displaying comparative genomic information, including unfinished sequence data, are becoming increasingly important. We supplement our printed comparative analysis with a new, Web-based program called Laj (local alignments with java). Laj provides interactive access to archived pairwise sequence alignments via the WWW. It displays synchronized views of a dot-plot, a percent identity plot, a nucleotide-level local alignment and a variety of relevant annotations. Our mouse-human comparison can be viewed at http://web.uvic.ca/~bioweb/laj.html. Laj is available at http://bio.cse.psu.edu/, along with online documentation and additional examples of annotated genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wilson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental Health, PO Box 3020, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2001. [PMCID: PMC2447194 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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McClelland M, Florea L, Sanderson K, Clifton SW, Parkhill J, Churcher C, Dougan G, Wilson RK, Miller W. Comparison of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome with sampled genomes of a Klebsiella pneumoniae and three salmonella enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Typhi and Paratyphi. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:4974-86. [PMID: 11121489 PMCID: PMC115240 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.24.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli K-12 genome (ECO) was compared with the sampled genomes of the sibling species Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Typhi and Paratyphi A (collectively referred to as SAL) and the genome of the close outgroup Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPN). There are at least 160 locations where sequences of >400 bp are absent from ECO but present in the genomes of all three SAL and 394 locations where sequences are present in ECO but close homologs are absent in all SAL genomes. The 394 sequences in ECO that do not occur in SAL contain 1350 (30.6%) of the 4405 ECO genes. Of these, 1165 are missing from both SAL and KPN. Most of the 1165 genes are concentrated within 28 regions of 10-40 kb, which consist almost exclusively of such genes. Among these regions were six that included previously identified cryptic phage. A hypothetical ancestral state of genomic regions that differ between ECO and SAL can be inferred in some cases by reference to the genome structure in KPN and the more distant relative Yersinia pestis. However, many changes between ECO and SAL are concentrated in regions where all four genera have a different structure. The rate of gene insertion and deletion is sufficiently high in these regions that the ancestral state of the ECO/SAL lineage cannot be inferred from the present data. The sequencing of other closely related genomes, such as S.bongori or Citrobacter, may help in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McClelland
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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