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Bieber BV, Lockett SG, Glasser SK, St Clair FA, Portillo NO, Adler LS, Povelones ML. Genetic modification of the bee parasite Crithidia bombi for improved visualization and protein localization. Exp Parasitol 2024; 262:108789. [PMID: 38762201 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Crithidia bombi is a trypanosomatid parasite that infects several species of bumble bees (Bombus spp.), by adhering to their intestinal tract. Crithidia bombi infection impairs learning and reduces survival of workers and the fitness of overwintering queens. Although there is extensive research on the ecology of this host-pathogen system, we understand far less about the mechanisms that mediate internal infection dynamics. Crithidia bombi infects hosts by attaching to the hindgut via the flagellum, and one previous study found that a nectar secondary compound removed the flagellum, preventing attachment. However, approaches that allow more detailed observation of parasite attachment and growth would allow us to better understand factors mediating this host-pathogen relationship. We established techniques for genetic manipulation and visualization of cultured C. bombi. Using constructs established for Crithidia fasciculata, we successfully generated C. bombi cells expressing ectopic fluorescent transgenes using two different selectable markers. To our knowledge, this is the first genetic modification of this species. We also introduced constructs that label the mitochondrion and nucleus of the parasite, showing that subcellular targeting signals can function across parasite species to highlight specific organelles. Finally, we visualized fluorescently tagged parasites in vitro in both their swimming and attached forms, and in vivo in bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) hosts. Expanding our cell and molecular toolkit for C. bombi will help us better understand how factors such as host diet, immune system, and physiology mediate outcomes of infection by these common parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah G Lockett
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Sonja K Glasser
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Faith A St Clair
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Neida O Portillo
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Megan L Povelones
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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How RNases Shape Mitochondrial Transcriptomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116141. [PMID: 35682820 PMCID: PMC9181182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the power houses of eukaryote cells. These endosymbiotic organelles of prokaryote origin are considered as semi-autonomous since they have retained a genome and fully functional gene expression mechanisms. These pathways are particularly interesting because they combine features inherited from the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria with characteristics that appeared during eukaryote evolution. RNA biology is thus particularly diverse in mitochondria. It involves an unexpectedly vast array of factors, some of which being universal to all mitochondria and others being specific from specific eukaryote clades. Among them, ribonucleases are particularly prominent. They play pivotal functions such as the maturation of transcript ends, RNA degradation and surveillance functions that are required to attain the pool of mature RNAs required to synthesize essential mitochondrial proteins such as respiratory chain proteins. Beyond these functions, mitochondrial ribonucleases are also involved in the maintenance and replication of mitochondrial DNA, and even possibly in the biogenesis of mitochondrial ribosomes. The diversity of mitochondrial RNases is reviewed here, showing for instance how in some cases a bacterial-type enzyme was kept in some eukaryotes, while in other clades, eukaryote specific enzymes were recruited for the same function.
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Ravoitytė B, Wellinger RE. Non-Canonical Replication Initiation: You're Fired! Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020054. [PMID: 28134821 PMCID: PMC5333043 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells produces two cells that inherit a perfect copy of the genetic material originally derived from the mother cell. The initiation of canonical DNA replication must be coordinated to the cell cycle to ensure the accuracy of genome duplication. Controlled replication initiation depends on a complex interplay of cis-acting DNA sequences, the so-called origins of replication (ori), with trans-acting factors involved in the onset of DNA synthesis. The interplay of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors ensures that cells initiate replication at sequence-specific sites only once, and in a timely order, to avoid chromosomal endoreplication. However, chromosome breakage and excessive RNA:DNA hybrid formation can cause break-induced (BIR) or transcription-initiated replication (TIR), respectively. These non-canonical replication events are expected to affect eukaryotic genome function and maintenance, and could be important for genome evolution and disease development. In this review, we describe the difference between canonical and non-canonical DNA replication, and focus on mechanistic differences and common features between BIR and TIR. Finally, we discuss open issues on the factors and molecular mechanisms involved in TIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazilė Ravoitytė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos g. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ralf Erik Wellinger
- CABIMER-Universidad de Sevilla, Avd Americo Vespucio sn, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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Kramer S. Developmental regulation of gene expression in the absence of transcriptional control: The case of kinetoplastids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 181:61-72. [PMID: 22019385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A second mitochondrial DNA primase is essential for cell growth and kinetoplast minicircle DNA replication in Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:445-54. [PMID: 21257796 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00308-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes contains two types of circular DNAs, minicircles and maxicircles. Both minicircles and maxicircles replicate from specific replication origins by unidirectional theta-type intermediates. Initiation of the minicircle leading strand and also that of at least the first Okazaki fragment involve RNA priming. The Trypanosoma brucei genome encodes two mitochondrial DNA primases, PRI1 and PRI2, related to the primases of eukaryotic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. These primases are members of the archeoeukaryotic primase superfamily, and each of them contain an RNA recognition motif and a PriCT-2 motif. In Leishmania species, PRI2 proteins are approximately 61 to 66 kDa in size, whereas in Trypanosoma species, PRI2 proteins have additional long amino-terminal extensions. RNA interference (RNAi) of T. brucei PRI2 resulted in the loss of kinetoplast DNA and accumulation of covalently closed free minicircles. Recombinant PRI2 lacking this extension (PRI2ΔNT) primes poly(dA) synthesis on a poly(dT) template in an ATP-dependent manner. Mutation of two conserved aspartate residues (PRI2ΔNTCS) resulted in loss of enzymatic activity but not loss of DNA binding. We propose that PRI2 is directly involved in initiating kinetoplast minicircle replication.
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A mitochondrial DNA primase is essential for cell growth and kinetoplast DNA replication in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1319-28. [PMID: 20065037 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01231-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplast DNA in African trypanosomes contains a novel form of mitochondrial DNA consisting of thousands of minicircles and dozens of maxicircles topologically interlocked to form a two-dimensional sheet. The replication of this unusual form of mitochondrial DNA has been studied for more than 30 years, and although a large number of kinetoplast replication genes and proteins have been identified, in vitro replication of these DNAs has not been possible since a kinetoplast DNA primase has not been available. We describe here a Trypanosoma brucei DNA primase gene, PRI1, that encodes a 70-kDa protein that localizes to the kinetoplast and is essential for both cell growth and kinetoplast DNA replication. The expression of PRI1 mRNA is cyclic and reaches maximum levels at a time corresponding to duplication of the kinetoplast DNA. A 3'-hydroxyl-terminated oligoriboadenylate is synthesized on a poly(dT) template by a recombinant form of the PRI1 protein and is subsequently elongated by DNA polymerase and added dATP. Poly(dA) synthesis is dependent on both PRI1 protein and ATP and is inhibited by RNase H treatment of the product of PRI1 synthesis.
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Liu B, Wang J, Yildirir G, Englund PT. TbPIF5 is a Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial DNA helicase involved in processing of minicircle Okazaki fragments. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000589. [PMID: 19779567 PMCID: PMC2743194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei's mitochondrial genome, kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), is a giant network of catenated DNA rings. The network consists of a few thousand 1 kb minicircles and several dozen 23 kb maxicircles. Here we report that TbPIF5, one of T. brucei's six mitochondrial proteins related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA helicase ScPIF1, is involved in minicircle lagging strand synthesis. Like its yeast homolog, TbPIF5 is a 5′ to 3′ DNA helicase. Together with other enzymes thought to be involved in Okazaki fragment processing, TbPIF5 localizes in vivo to the antipodal sites flanking the kDNA. Minicircles in wild type cells replicate unidirectionally as theta-structures and are unusual in that Okazaki fragments are not joined until after the progeny minicircles have segregated. We now report that overexpression of TbPIF5 causes premature removal of RNA primers and joining of Okazaki fragments on theta structures. Further elongation of the lagging strand is blocked, but the leading strand is completed and the minicircle progeny, one with a truncated H strand (ranging from 0.1 to 1 kb), are segregated. The minicircles with a truncated H strand electrophorese on an agarose gel as a smear. This replication defect is associated with kinetoplast shrinkage and eventual slowing of cell growth. We propose that TbPIF5 unwinds RNA primers after lagging strand synthesis, thus facilitating processing of Okazaki fragments. Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes human sleeping sickness in sub-Saharan Africa. Trypanosomes are primitive eukaryotes and they have many unusual biological features. One prominent example is their mitochondrial genome, known as kinetoplast DNA or kDNA. kDNA, with a structure unique in nature, is a giant network of interlocked DNA rings known as minicircles and maxicircles. kDNA superficially resembles chain mail in medieval armor. The network structure dictates an extremely complex mechanism for replication, the process by which two progeny networks, each identical to their parent, are formed. These progeny networks then segregate into the daughter cells during cell division. One feature of this replication pathway, in which discontinuously synthesized strands of minicircles are joined together in a reaction involving an enzyme known as a helicase, is the subject of this paper. Since there is nothing resembling kDNA in human or animal cells, and since kDNA is required for viability of the parasite, enzymes involved in this pathway are promising targets for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyu Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianyang Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gokben Yildirir
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Englund
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Benabdellah K, González-Rey E, González A. Alternative trans-splicing of the Trypanosoma cruzi LYT1 gene transcript results in compartmental and functional switch for the encoded protein. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:1559-67. [PMID: 17824931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has a complex life cycle that includes infective and non-infective stages in distinct hosts. Control of gene expression by the parasite must adjust to rather diverse circumstances. Through stage-regulated, alternative trans-splicing of the primary transcript, the T. cruzi LYT1 gene generates two protein products differing in the presence or absence of 28 amino acids at their amino end. We find that the shorter protein, kLYT1, is located at two spots in the mitochondrial kinetoflagellar zone and its expression reverts the 'accelerated stage development' phenotype of the LYT1-null mutant. The larger product, mLYT1, localizes on the plasma membrane. The signal for membrane localization presents characteristics of a type II anchor including the possibility of cleavage. Expression of mLYT1 reverts the 'loss of virulence' phenotype associated to diminished haemolytic activity at acid pH, but stage development still progresses at an accelerated rate. This compartmentalization switch of LYT1 results in two surprisingly different functions: haemolytic activity at acid pH for mLYT1, and a putative involvement in mitochondrial metabolism for kLYT1. We conclude that alternative trans-splicing plays an important role in stage-regulated control of gene expression in trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benabdellah
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina, CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, E-18100 Armilla (Granada), Spain
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Lira CBB, Siqueira Neto JL, Giardini MA, Winck FV, Ramos CHI, Cano MIN. LaRbp38: a Leishmania amazonensis protein that binds nuclear and kinetoplast DNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:854-60. [PMID: 17506988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis causes a wide spectrum of leishmaniasis. There are no vaccines or adequate treatment for leishmaniasis, therefore there is considerable interest in the identification of new targets for anti-leishmania drugs. The central role of telomere-binding proteins in cell maintenance makes these proteins potential targets for new drugs. In this work, we used a combination of purification chromatographies to screen L. amazonensis proteins for molecules capable of binding double-stranded telomeric DNA. This approach resulted in the purification of a 38kDa polypeptide that was identified by mass spectrometry as Rbp38, a trypanosomatid protein previously shown to stabilize mitochondrial RNA and to associate with nuclear and kinetoplast DNAs. Western blotting and supershift assays confirmed the identity of the protein as LaRbp38. Competition and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that LaRbp38 interacted with kinetoplast and nuclear DNAs in vivo and suggested that LaRbp38 may have dual cellular localization and more than one function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B B Lira
- Departamento de Genética, IB, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, UNESP, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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10
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Kochiwa H, Itaya M, Tomita M, Kanai A. Stage-specific expression of Caenorhabditis elegans ribonuclease H1 enzymes with different substrate specificities and bivalent cation requirements. FEBS J 2006; 273:420-9. [PMID: 16403028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease H1 (RNase H1) is a widespread enzyme found in a range of organisms from viruses to humans. It is capable of degrading the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA hybrids and requires a bivalent ion for activity. In contrast with most eukaryotes, which have one gene encoding RNase H1, the activity of which depends on Mg(2+) ions, Caenorhabditis elegans has four RNase H1-related genes, and one of them has an isoform produced by alternative splicing. However, little is known about the enzymatic features of the proteins encoded by these genes. To determine the differences between these enzymes, we compared the expression patterns of each RNase H1-related gene throughout the development of the nematode and the RNase H activities of their recombinant proteins. We found gene-specific expression patterns and different enzymatic features. In particular, besides the enzyme that displays the highest activity in the presence of Mg(2+) ions, C. elegans has another enzyme that shows preference for Mn(2+) ion as a cofactor. We characterized this Mn(2+)-dependent RNase H1 for the first time in eukaryotes. These results suggest that there are at least two types of RNase H1 in C. elegans depending on the developmental stage of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kochiwa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
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11
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Liu Y, Motyka SA, Englund PT. Effects of RNA interference of Trypanosoma brucei structure-specific endonuclease-I on kinetoplast DNA replication. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35513-20. [PMID: 16096280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507296200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplast DNA, the mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid protozoa, is a network containing several thousand topologically interlocked DNA minicircles. Kinetoplast DNA synthesis involves release of minicircles from the network, replication of the free minicircles, and reattachment of the progeny back onto the network. One enzyme involved in this process is structure-specific endonuclease-I. This enzyme, originally purified from Crithidia fasciculata, has been proposed to remove minicircle replication primers (Engel, M. L., and Ray, D. S. (1998) Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 4773-4778). We have studied the structure-specific endonuclease-I homolog from Trypanosoma brucei, showing it to be localized in the antipodal sites flanking the kinetoplast DNA disk, as previously shown in C. fasciculata. RNA interference of structure-specific endonuclease-I caused persistence of a single ribonucleotide at the 5' end of both the leading strand and at least the first Okazaki fragment in network minicircles, demonstrating that this enzyme in fact functions in primer removal. Probably because of the persistence of primers, RNA interference also impeded the reattachment of newly replicated free minicircles to the network and caused a delay in kinetoplast DNA segregation. These effects ultimately led to shrinkage and loss of the kinetoplast DNA network and cessation of growth of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Onn I, Milman-Shtepel N, Shlomai J. Redox potential regulates binding of universal minicircle sequence binding protein at the kinetoplast DNA replication origin. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 3:277-87. [PMID: 15075258 PMCID: PMC387648 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.2.277-287.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplast DNA, the mitochondrial DNA of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata, is a remarkable structure containing 5,000 topologically linked DNA minicircles. Their replication is initiated at two conserved sequences, a dodecamer, known as the universal minicircle sequence (UMS), and a hexamer, which are located at the replication origins of the minicircle L- and H-strands, respectively. A UMS-binding protein (UMSBP), binds specifically the conserved origin sequences in their single stranded conformation. The five CCHC-type zinc knuckle motifs, predicted in UMSBP, fold into zinc-dependent structures capable of binding a single-stranded nucleic acid ligand. Zinc knuckles that are involved in the binding of DNA differ from those mediating protein-protein interactions that lead to the dimerization of UMSBP. Both UMSBP DNA binding and its dimerization are sensitive to redox potential. Oxidation of UMSBP results in the protein dimerization, mediated through its N-terminal domain, with a concomitant inhibition of its DNA-binding activity. UMSBP reduction yields monomers that are active in the binding of DNA through the protein C-terminal region. C. fasciculata trypanothione-dependent tryparedoxin activates the binding of UMSBP to UMS DNA in vitro. The possibility that UMSBP binding at the minicircle replication origin is regulated in vivo by a redox potential-based mechanism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Onn
- Department of Parasitology, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Cerritelli SM, Frolova EG, Feng C, Grinberg A, Love PE, Crouch RJ. Failure to produce mitochondrial DNA results in embryonic lethality in Rnaseh1 null mice. Mol Cell 2003; 11:807-15. [PMID: 12667461 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although ribonucleases H (RNases H) have long been implicated in DNA metabolism, they are not required for viability in prokaryotes or unicellular eukaryotes. We generated Rnaseh1(-/-) mice to investigate the role of RNase H1 in mammals and observed developmental arrest at E8.5 in null embryos. A fraction of the mainly nuclear RNase H1 was targeted to mitochondria, and its absence in embryos resulted in a significant decrease in mitochondrial DNA content, leading to apoptotic cell death. This report links RNase H1 to generation of mitochondrial DNA, providing direct support for the strand-coupled mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication. These findings also have important implications for therapy of mitochondrial dysfunctions and drug development for the structurally related RNase H of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Cerritelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zavala-Castro JE, Acosta-Viana K, Baylon-Pacheco L, González-Robles A, Guzmán-Marín E, Rosales-Encina JL. Kinetoplast DNA-binding protein profile in the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi. Arch Med Res 2002; 33:250-6. [PMID: 12031629 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Trypanosomatidae family possesses one of the most unusual DNAs found in nature: the kinetoplast genome. It consists of a few dozen maxicircles that encode for some subunits of mitochondrial enzymes and rRNAs in a cryptic pattern and thousands of minicircles that encode for the guide RNAs (gRNAs), all catenated and constituting a dense network. The complexity of kinetoplast genome based on its intricate DNA structure is well known; however, only a small number of proteins associated with kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) have been described, and the majority are related with the replication process. METHODS We describe the protein profile obtained using formaldehyde as a cross-linking agent to obtain the kinetoplast DNA-protein complex, and Southwestern assay to identify the kDNA binding proteins present in the complex. RESULTS We identified seven proteins eluted from the kDNA complex fixed by formaldehyde. Polyclonal antiserum developed against the kDNA-protein complex recognized only four proteins in crude extracts of epimastigote stage, suggesting immunogenic differences among these proteins and/or their availability in the kinetoplast genome. Southwestern assay using minicircle fragments showed nine kDNA binding proteins in crude extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote. CONCLUSIONS We describe several proteins associated with the kDNA. Some could be involved in the essential process for parasite life and also could be a good target for drug or vaccine development. The results contribute to understanding the organization of the kinetoplast genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Zavala-Castro
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV del IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovská 31, Ceské Budĕjovice, 37005, Czech Republic
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