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Pazhayam NM, Frazier LK, Sekelsky J. Centromere-proximal suppression of meiotic crossovers in Drosophila is robust to changes in centromere number, repetitive DNA content, and centromere-clustering. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad216. [PMID: 38150397 PMCID: PMC10917511 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis depends on both the presence and the regulated placement of crossovers (COs). The centromere effect, or CO exclusion in pericentromeric regions of the chromosome, is a meiotic CO patterning phenomenon that helps prevent nondisjunction, thereby protecting against chromosomal disorders and other meiotic defects. Despite being identified nearly a century ago, the mechanisms behind this fundamental cellular process remain unknown, with most studies of the Drosophila centromere effect focusing on local influences of the centromere and pericentric heterochromatin. In this study, we sought to investigate whether dosage changes in centromere number and repetitive DNA content affect the strength of the centromere effect, using phenotypic recombination mapping. Additionally, we studied the effects of repetitive DNA function on centromere effect strength using satellite DNA-binding protein mutants displaying defective centromere-clustering in meiotic nuclei. Despite what previous studies suggest, our results show that the Drosophila centromere effect is robust to changes in centromere number, repetitive DNA content, as well as repetitive DNA function. Our study suggests that the centromere effect is unlikely to be spatially controlled, providing novel insight into the mechanisms behind the Drosophila centromere effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nila M Pazhayam
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leah K Frazier
- SURE-REU Program in Biological Mechanisms, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Hinch R, Donnelly P, Hinch AG. Meiotic DNA breaks drive multifaceted mutagenesis in the human germ line. Science 2023; 382:eadh2531. [PMID: 38033082 PMCID: PMC7615360 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination commences with hundreds of programmed DNA breaks; however, the degree to which they are accurately repaired remains poorly understood. We report that meiotic break repair is eightfold more mutagenic for single-base substitutions than was previously understood, leading to de novo mutation in one in four sperm and one in 12 eggs. Its impact on indels and structural variants is even higher, with 100- to 1300-fold increases in rates per break. We uncovered new mutational signatures and footprints relative to break sites, which implicate unexpected biochemical processes and error-prone DNA repair mechanisms, including translesion synthesis and end joining in meiotic break repair. We provide evidence that these mechanisms drive mutagenesis in human germ lines and lead to disruption of hundreds of genes genome wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hinch
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
- Genomics plc; Oxford, UK
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3
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Abstract
The raison d'être of meiosis is shuffling of genetic information via Mendelian segregation and, within individual chromosomes, by DNA crossing-over. These outcomes are enabled by a complex cellular program in which interactions between homologous chromosomes play a central role. We first provide a background regarding the basic principles of this program. We then summarize the current understanding of the DNA events of recombination and of three processes that involve whole chromosomes: homolog pairing, crossover interference, and chiasma maturation. All of these processes are implemented by direct physical interaction of recombination complexes with underlying chromosome structures. Finally, we present convergent lines of evidence that the meiotic program may have evolved by coupling of this interaction to late-stage mitotic chromosome morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Zickler
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nancy Kleckner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
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4
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Pazhayam NM, Frazier LK, Sekelsky J. Centromere-Proximal Suppression of Meiotic Crossovers in Drosophila is Robust to Changes in Centromere Number and Repetitive DNA Content. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562696. [PMID: 37905008 PMCID: PMC10614898 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis depends on both the presence and regulated placement of crossovers (COs). The centromere effect (CE), or CO exclusion in pericentromeric regions of the chromosome, is a meiotic CO patterning phenomenon that helps prevent nondisjunction (NDJ), thereby protecting against chromosomal disorders and other meiotic defects. Despite being identified nearly a century ago, the mechanisms behind this fundamental cellular process remain unknown, with most studies of the Drosophila CE focusing on local influences of the centromere and pericentric heterochromatin. In this study, we sought to investigate whether dosage changes in centromere number and repetitive DNA content affect the strength of the CE, using phenotypic recombination mapping. Additionally, we also studied the effects of repetitive DNA function on CE strength using satellite-DNA binding protein mutants shown to have defective centromere clustering. Despite what previous studies suggest, our results show that the Drosophila CE is robust to dosage changes in centromere number and repetitive DNA content, and potentially also to repetitive DNA function. Our study suggests that the CE is unlikely to be spatially controlled, providing novel insight into the mechanisms behind the Drosophila centromere effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nila M. Pazhayam
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Leah K. Frazier
- SURE-REU Program in Biological Mechanisms, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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González-Marín B, Calderón-Segura ME, Sekelsky J. ATM/Chk2 and ATR/Chk1 Pathways Respond to DNA Damage Induced by Movento ® 240SC and Envidor ® 240SC Keto-Enol Insecticides in the Germarium of Drosophila melanogaster. TOXICS 2023; 11:754. [PMID: 37755764 PMCID: PMC10535977 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in keto-enol genotoxicity have not been characterized, and few studies have reported genotoxic effects in non-target organisms. The present study shows that concentrations of 11.2, 22.4, 37.3 mg/L of Movento® 240SC and 12.3, 24.6, 41.1 mg/L of Envidor® 240SC for 72 h oral exposure induced DSBs by significantly increasing the percentage of γH2AV expression in regions 2b and 3 from the germarium of wild type females of Drosophila melanogaster Oregon R, compared to the control group (0.0 mg/L of insecticides), via confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. The comparison between both insecticides' reveals that only the Envidor® 240SC induces concentration-dependent DNA damage, as well as structural changes in the germarium. We determined that the DDR induced by Movento® 240SC depends on the activation of the ATMtefu, Chk1grp and Chk2lok kinases by significantly increasing the percentage of expression of γH2AV in regions 2b and 3 of the germarium, and that ATRmei-29D and p53dp53 kinases only respond at the highest concentration of 37.3 mg/L of Movento® 240SC. With the Envidor® 240SC insecticide, we determined that the DDR depends on the activation of the ATRmei-29D/Chk1grp and ATMtefu/Chk2lok kinases, and p53dp53 by significantly increasing the percentage of expression of γH2AV in the germarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenyce González-Marín
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - María Elena Calderón-Segura
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Department of Biology and Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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Shaltz S, Jinks-Robertson S. Genetic control of the error-prone repair of a chromosomal double-strand break with 5' overhangs in yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539391. [PMID: 37205473 PMCID: PMC10187297 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A targeted double-strand break introduced into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is repaired by the relatively error-prone nonhomologous-end joining (NHEJ) pathway when homologous recombination is not an option. A ZFN cleavage site was inserted out-of-frame into the LYS2 locus of a haploid yeast strain to study the genetic control of NHEJ when the ends contain 5' overhangs. Repair events that destroyed the cleavage site were identified either as Lys + colonies on selective medium or as surviving colonies on rich medium. Junction sequences in Lys + events solely reflected NHEJ and were influenced by the nuclease activity of Mre11 as well as by the presence/absence of the NHEJ-specific polymerase Pol4 and the translesion-synthesis DNA polymerases Pol σ and Pol 11. Although most NHEJ events were dependent on Pol4, a 29-bp deletion with endpoints in 3-bp repeats was an exception. The Pol4-independent deletion required TLS polymerases as well as the exonuclease activity of the replicative Pol DNA polymerase. Survivors were equally split between NHEJ events and 1 kb or 11 kb deletions that reflected microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). MMEJ events required the processive resection activity of Exo1/Sgs1, but there unexpectedly was no dependence on the Rad1-Rad10 endonuclease for the removal of presumptive 3' tails. Finally, NHEJ was more efficient in non-growing than in growing cells and was most efficient in G0 cells. These studies provide novel insight into the flexibility and complexity of error-prone DSB repair in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Shaltz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sue Jinks-Robertson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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Iqbal Z, Sadaf S. A patent-based consideration of latest platforms in the art of directed evolution: a decade long untold story. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 38:133-246. [PMID: 35200115 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.2017638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Directed (or in vitro) evolution of proteins and metabolic pathways requires tools for creating genetic diversity and identifying protein variants with new or improved functional properties. Besides simplicity, reliability, speed, versatility, universal applicability and economy of the technique, the new science of synthetic biology requires improved means for construction of smart and high-quality mutant libraries to better navigate the sequence diversity. In vitro CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenic (ICM) system and machine-learning (ML)-assisted approaches to directed evolution are now in the field to achieve the goal. This review describes the gene diversification strategies, screening and selection methods, in silico (computer-aided), Cas9-mediated and ML-based approaches to mutagenesis, developed especially in the last decade, and their patent position. The objective behind is to emphasize researchers the need for noting which mutagenesis, screening or selection method is patented and then selecting a suitable restriction-free approach to sequence diversity. Techniques and evolved products subject to patent rights need commercial license if their use is for purposes other than private or experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Iqbal
- IP Litigation Department, PakPat World Intellectual Property Protection Services, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Sadaf
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Lewandowska D, Orr J, Schreiber M, Colas I, Ramsay L, Zhang R, Waugh R. The proteome of developing barley anthers during meiotic prophase I. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1464-1482. [PMID: 34758083 PMCID: PMC8890616 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants reproduce sexually by combining a haploid male and female gametophyte during fertilization. Male gametophytes are localized in the anthers, each containing reproductive (meiocyte) and non-reproductive tissue necessary for anther development and maturation. Meiosis, where chromosomes pair and exchange their genetic material during a process called recombination, is one of the most important and sensitive stages in breeding, ensuring genetic diversity. Most anther development studies have focused on transcript variation, but very few have been correlated with protein abundance. Taking advantage of a recently published barley anther transcriptomic (BAnTr) dataset and a newly developed sensitive mass spectrometry-based approach to analyse the barley anther proteome, we conducted high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of barley anthers, collected at six time points and representing their development from pre-meiosis to metaphase. Each time point was carefully staged using immunocytology, providing a robust and accurate staging mirroring our previous BAnTr dataset. We identified >6100 non-redundant proteins including 82 known and putative meiotic proteins. Although the protein abundance was relatively stable throughout prophase I, we were able to quantify the dynamic variation of 336 proteins. We present the first quantitative comparative proteomics study of barley anther development during meiotic prophase I when the important process of homologous recombination is taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Lewandowska
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jamie Orr
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Miriam Schreiber
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Isabelle Colas
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Luke Ramsay
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Runxuan Zhang
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Lukaszewicz A, Lange J, Keeney S, Jasin M. De novo deletions and duplications at recombination hotspots in mouse germlines. Cell 2021; 184:5970-5984.e18. [PMID: 34793701 PMCID: PMC8616837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) arise during meiosis to initiate homologous recombination. These DSBs are usually repaired faithfully, but here, we uncover a distinct type of mutational event in which deletions form via joining of ends from two closely spaced DSBs (double cuts) within a single hotspot or at adjacent hotspots on the same or different chromatids. Deletions occur in normal meiosis but are much more frequent when DSB formation is dysregulated in the absence of the ATM kinase. Events between chromosome homologs point to multi-chromatid damage and aborted gap repair. Some deletions contain DNA from other hotspots, indicating that double cutting at distant sites creates substrates for insertional mutagenesis. End joining at double cuts can also yield tandem duplications or extrachromosomal circles. Our findings highlight the importance of DSB regulation and reveal a previously hidden potential for meiotic mutagenesis that is likely to affect human health and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukaszewicz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Zhang W, Gou P, Dupret JM, Chomienne C, Rodrigues-Lima F. Etoposide, an anticancer drug involved in therapy-related secondary leukemia: Enzymes at play. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101169. [PMID: 34243013 PMCID: PMC8273223 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Etoposide is a semi-synthetic glycoside derivative of podophyllotoxin, also known as VP-16. It is a widely used anticancer medicine in clinics. Unfortunately, high doses or long-term etoposide treatment can induce therapy-related leukemia. The mechanism by which etoposide induces secondary hematopoietic malignancies is still unclear. In this article, we review the potential mechanisms of etoposide induced therapy-related leukemia. Etoposide related leukemogenesis is known to depend on reactive oxidative metabolites of etoposide, notably etoposide quinone, which interacts with cellular proteins such as topoisomerases II (TOP2), CREB-binding protein (CREBBP), and T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (TCPTP). CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 metabolize etoposide to etoposide catechol, which readily oxidizes to etoposide quinone. As a poison of TOP2 enzymes, etoposide and its metabolites induce DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB), and the accumulation of DSB triggers cell apoptosis. If the cell survives, the DSB gives rise to the likelihood of faulty DNA repair events. The gene translocation could occur in mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene, which is well-known in leukemogenesis. Recently, studies have revealed that etoposide metabolites, especially etoposide quinone, can covalently bind to cysteines residues of CREBBP and TCPTP enzymes, . This leads to enzyme inhibition and further affects histone acetylation and phosphorylation of the JAK-STAT pathway, thus putatively altering the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). In brief, current studies suggest that etoposide and its metabolites contribute to etoposide therapy-related leukemia through TOP2 mediated DSB and impairs specific enzyme activity, such as CREBBP and TCPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Panhong Gou
- Inserm UMR-S1131, Université de Paris, IRSL, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - Christine Chomienne
- Inserm UMR-S1131, Université de Paris, IRSL, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Jakutis G, Stainier DYR. Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in the Context of Transcriptional Adaptation and Genetic Robustness. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:71-91. [PMID: 34314597 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulations with a robust and predictable outcome are critical to investigate gene function, as well as for therapeutic genome engineering. For many years, knockdown approaches and reagents including RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides dominated functional studies; however, with the advent of precise genome editing technologies, CRISPR-based knockout systems have become the state-of-the-art tools for such studies. These technologies have helped decipher the role of thousands of genes in development and disease. Their use has also revealed how limited our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships is. The recent discovery that certain mutations can trigger the transcriptional modulation of other genes, a phenomenon called transcriptional adaptation, has provided an additional explanation for the contradicting phenotypes observed in knockdown versus knockout models and increased awareness about the use of each of these approaches. In this review, we first cover the strengths and limitations of different gene perturbation strategies. Then we highlight the diverse ways in which the genotype-phenotype relationship can be discordant between these different strategies. Finally, we review the genetic robustness mechanisms that can lead to such discrepancies, paying special attention to the recently discovered phenomenon of transcriptional adaptation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielius Jakutis
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhine-Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
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12
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Yadav VK, Claeys Bouuaert C. Mechanism and Control of Meiotic DNA Double-Strand Break Formation in S. cerevisiae. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642737. [PMID: 33748134 PMCID: PMC7968521 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmentally programmed formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by Spo11 initiates a recombination mechanism that promotes synapsis and the subsequent segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Although DSBs are induced to high levels in meiosis, their formation and repair are tightly regulated to minimize potentially dangerous consequences for genomic integrity. In S. cerevisiae, nine proteins participate with Spo11 in DSB formation, but their molecular functions have been challenging to define. Here, we describe our current view of the mechanism of meiotic DSB formation based on recent advances in the characterization of the structure and function of DSB proteins and discuss regulatory pathways in the light of recent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corentin Claeys Bouuaert
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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