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Soares DM, Gonçalves LP, Machado CO, Esteves LC, Stevani CV, Oliveira CC, Dörr FA, Pinto E, Adachi FM, Hotta CT, Bastos EL. Reannotation of Fly Amanita l-DOPA Dioxygenase Gene Enables Its Cloning and Heterologous Expression. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16070-16079. [PMID: 35571802 PMCID: PMC9097196 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The l-DOPA dioxygenase of Amanita muscaria (AmDODA) participates in the biosynthesis of betalain- and hygroaurin-type natural pigments. AmDODA is encoded by the dodA gene, whose DNA sequence was inferred from cDNA and gDNA libraries almost 30 years ago. However, reports on its heterologous expression rely on either the original 5'-truncated cDNA plasmid or artificial gene synthesis. We provide unequivocal evidence that the heterologous expression of AmDODA from A. muscaria specimens is not possible by using the coding sequence previously inferred for dodA. Here, we rectify and reannotate the full-length coding sequence for AmDODA and express a 205-aa His-tagged active enzyme, which was used to produce the l-DOPA hygroaurin, a rare fungal pigment. Moreover, AmDODA and other isozymes from bacteria were submitted to de novo folding using deep learning algorithms, and their putative active sites were inferred and compared. The wide catalytic pocket of AmDODA and the presence of the His-His-His and His-His-Asp motifs can provide insight into the dual cleavage of l-DOPA at positions 2,3 and 4,5 as per the mechanism proposed for nonheme dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
M. M. Soares
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São
Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Letícia
C. P. Gonçalves
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São
Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Caroline O. Machado
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São
Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Larissa C. Esteves
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São
Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Cassius V. Stevani
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São
Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carla C. Oliveira
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Dörr
- Departamento
de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade
de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Departamento
de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade
de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
- Centro
de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade
de São Paulo, 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Flávia M.
M. Adachi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos T. Hotta
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Erick L. Bastos
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São
Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Gressler M, Löhr NA, Schäfer T, Lawrinowitz S, Seibold PS, Hoffmeister D. Mind the mushroom: natural product biosynthetic genes and enzymes of Basidiomycota. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:702-722. [PMID: 33404035 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2020 Mushroom-forming fungi of the division Basidiomycota have traditionally been recognised as prolific producers of structurally diverse and often bioactive secondary metabolites, using the methods of chemistry for research. Over the past decade, -omics technologies were applied on these fungi, and sophisticated heterologous gene expression platforms emerged, which have boosted research into the genetic and biochemical basis of the biosyntheses. This review provides an overview on experimentally confirmed natural product biosyntheses of basidiomycete polyketides, amino acid-derived products, terpenoids, and volatiles. We also present challenges and solutions particular to natural product research with these fungi. 222 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Nikolai A Löhr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Paula Sophie Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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